Growing onions more cheaplycetulare.ucanr.edu/files/137888.pdf · ”More with Less” …...
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Growing onions more cheaply
Jeff Mitchell
Department of Plant Sciences
University of California, Davis
California Garlic and Onion Symposium 2012
Agriculture Building Auditorium
UC Cooperative Extension Tulare County
February 13, 2012
Thank you for the opportunity to be with you this afternoon.
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Partners
Tom TuriniKurt HembreeAnil Shrestha
Joe CoelhoPete Dominguez
John DienerScott Schmidt
Armando GalvanDan Munk
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No-till onion experimentationPatos de Minos, BRAZIL
2006
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High residue no-till establishedonion seedlings
Patos de Minos, BRAZIL2006
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No-till tomato transplantingTurkey2009
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Intensity of soil disturbance
Crop rotation
Co
nve
nti
on
al a
gri
cult
ure
Conventional MinimumTillage
Direct seeding
Sustainable agriculture
Surface crop retention
Sayre et al., 2012
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … has developed to be a technically viable, sustainable, and economic alternative to current crop production practices,
• … is gaining acceptance in many parts of the world as an alternative to both conventional agriculture and organic agriculture
• … is the integration of ecological management with modern, scientific, agricultural production
Dumanski et al., 2006
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … is not ‘business as usual,’ based primarily or solely on maximizing yields,
• … rather, it is based on optimizing yields and profits to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits,
• …it advocates that the combined economic and social benefits gained from combining production and protecting the environment, including reduced input and labor costs, are greater than those from production alone.
Dumanski et al., 2006
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• Minimal soil disturbance
• Preservation of residues that provide permanent soil cover
• Diverse crop rotations
• Use of cover crops
• Integrated pest management
• Reliance on precision, highly efficient irrigation
• Controlled or limited mechanical traffic over agricultural soils
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”More with Less”
… agriculture in the future will have to sustainably produce more food, feed, fiber and energy on less land
through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact
on the environment in order to meet growing population demands.
This will become a global imperative.
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
…links production with sustainability.
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USA 26.5
Canada 13.5
Australia 17
Europe 1
Kazakhstan 1
Africa 0.5
Brazil 26
Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha
Argentina 26
Paraguay 2.5
China 1
tropical savannah
continental, dry
temperate, moist
temperate, moist
continental, dry
irrigated
smallholder
smallholder
smallholder
arid
aridlarge scale
large scale
large scale
large scale
large scale
large scale
subtropical, dry
tropical savannah
other LA 2
>50%
<25%
>70%
up to 90%Friedrich, 2012
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Brazil
Harvest
Planting
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CA Adoption in percent by region worldwide
South America
North America
Australia,New Zealand
AsiaEurope
Africa
Friedrich, 2012
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It is estimated that in less than a decade > 85% of the cultivated area will be under No-till.
(Derpsch & Friedrich, 2008)
25,0%
75,0%
70,0%
30,0%
No-tillConventional
69,0%
31,0%
75,0%
25,0%
Argentina Paraguay
USA Brazil
CA Adoption relative to total cropland
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Mil
lion
hec
tare
s
Fonte: EMATER-RS, EPAGRI-SC, EMATER-PR, CATI-SP, FUNDAÇÃO MS, APDC (Cerrado)
Brazil - Area under CA from 1972 to 2006
Área 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.35 2.03 3.00 3.80 5.50 8.85 11.3313.37 14.97 17.4 18.7 20.2 21.9 23.6 25.5
72/ 73
73/ 74
74/ 75
75/ 76
76/ 77
77/ 78
78/ 79
79/ 80
80/ 81
81/ 82
82/ 83
83/ 84
84/ 85
85/ 86
86/ 87
87/ 88
88/ 89
89/ 90
90/ 91
91/ 92
92/ 93
93/ 94
94/ 95
95/ 96
96/ 97
97/ 98
98/ 99
99/ 00
00/ 01
01/.02
02/.03
03/.04
04/.05
05/.06
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
18000000
20000000
1977
/78
1978
/86
1986
/87
1987
/88
1988
/89
1989
/90
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
Argentina - CA from 1977 to 2006
Estimated farmer adoption of no-till in WA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Ad
op
tio
n (
%)
(Surce: CAPECO-MAG)92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Thousend ha
Starting of GTZ/MAG Soil Conservation Project
Paraguay – CA area 1992-20011300
CA globally - history and adoption
Friedrich, 2012
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No Till RT/ST Mulch Till Subtotal Minimum Tillage
2004 5,265 690 51,150 57,105 64,613
2006 17,181 9,020 42,964 69,165 318,006
2008 27,308 121,055 79,434 227,797 416,035
2010 32,387 157,824 96,267 286,478 701,760
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
Acr
es
Increases in CT 2004 - 2010
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100
Dustbowl
1930 20001950 1980 1990
50
Mill
. ha
History and Adoption of CA
1970Friedrich, 2012
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Strip-till seeded onions in wheat cover cropMoses Lake, WA
2010
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Center-pivot mechanized irrigation is used.Moses Lake, WA
2010
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Labor required for drip tape removal and reinstallation
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Our experimental context and field set-up
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Eight seed lines across a 60” bed
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Establishment with overhead irrigation
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Commercial state-of-the-art dehydrator onion fieldunder center pivot irrigaton
Five Points, CA2011
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Irrigation Amounts
• Overhead 14.1 inches
• Drip 13.6 inches
March – June 2011
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Evidence of actual production
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Commercial scale and equipment harvestingFive Points, CA
August 2011
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Strip-tilling ahead of following transplanted broccoli cropFive Points, CA
2011
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Onion Plant Populations
• OVERHEAD 49 / m2
• DRIP 33 / m2
The effect of irrigation on plant population was significant (P = 0.02).
There were no effects of tillage or interactions between irrigation and tillage.
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There was no effect of irrigation or tillage on onion sizes.
• Small < 5.7 cm
• Medium < 6.2 cm
• Large < 7.2 cm
• X-Large < 8.4 cm
• XX-Large< 9.8 cm
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Onion Yields 2010 - 2011
• Drip 29.3 tons/ac
• Overhead 37.3 tons/ac (P = 0.04)
• No effect of tillage
• No interactions between irrigation and tillage
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Conclusions and next steps
• Figure in all costs
• Improve production practices
• Figure out seeding operations
• Is residue a problem in harvesting?
• The goal is increased competitiveness with sustainability.
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