Growing Division and Reform Chapter 2.2. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In 1819 Missouri applied for...

Growing Division and Growing Division and ReformReform

Chapter 2.2Chapter 2.2

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism In 1819 Missouri applied for In 1819 Missouri applied for

statehood as a slave state.statehood as a slave state. This set off the divisive issue as to This set off the divisive issue as to

whether slavery should expand whether slavery should expand westward.westward.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The Union had 11 free states and The Union had 11 free states and

11 slave states.11 slave states.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Admitting any new state, either Admitting any new state, either

slave or free, would upset the slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the balance of political power in the Senate. Senate.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The The Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

called for admitting called for admitting MaineMaine as a as a free state and free state and MissouriMissouri as a slave as a slave state. state.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism An amendment was An amendment was

added to the added to the compromise that compromise that prohibited slavery in the prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s border.of Missouri’s border.

Henry ClayHenry Clay steered the steered the compromise, and the compromise, and the House of House of Representatives Representatives accepted it. accepted it.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Four Republican candidates ran for Four Republican candidates ran for

president in 1824, indicating the president in 1824, indicating the strong sectionalism within the strong sectionalism within the Republican Party. Republican Party.

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun Henry ClayHenry Clay

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism

Andrew Jackson won the popular Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College.majority in the Electoral College.

The election went to the House of The election went to the House of Representatives to select the Representatives to select the president from the three president from the three candidates with the highest candidates with the highest number of electoral votes.number of electoral votes.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Henry Clay was eliminated, so he Henry Clay was eliminated, so he

threw his support to John Quincy threw his support to John Quincy Adams.Adams.

John Q. Adams won the House John Q. Adams won the House vote. (1825)vote. (1825)

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Jackson’s supporters accused Jackson’s supporters accused

Adams and Clay of a “corrupt Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain,” in which Clay was bargain,” in which Clay was accused of winning votes for accused of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.post of secretary of state.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism JacksonJackson and his supporters took and his supporters took

the name the name Democratic Democratic RepublicansRepublicans, later shortened to , later shortened to DemocratsDemocrats..

AdamsAdams and his followers became and his followers became known as the known as the National National RepublicansRepublicans..

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism In the early 1800s, many states In the early 1800s, many states

eliminated property ownership as eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting.a qualification for voting.

As a result, hundreds of As a result, hundreds of thousands of white males gained thousands of white males gained the right to vote.the right to vote.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The presidential The presidential

candidates for the candidates for the election of 1828 were election of 1828 were John Quincy Adams and John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.Andrew Jackson.

The candidates The candidates resorted to resorted to mudslingingmudslinging, criticizing , criticizing each other’s each other’s personalities and personalities and morals.morals.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Jackson won the election of 1828.Jackson won the election of 1828. Many voters who supported him Many voters who supported him

were from the West and South, were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent thought Jackson would represent their interest.their interest.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism President Jackson believed in the President Jackson believed in the

participation of the average participation of the average citizen in government.citizen in government.

He supported the He supported the spoils systemspoils system, , the practice of appointing people the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support.of party loyalty and support.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism He believed that this practice He believed that this practice

extended democracy and opened extended democracy and opened up the government to average up the government to average citizens.citizens.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism To make the political system more To make the political system more

democratic, President Jackson democratic, President Jackson supported a new say in which supported a new say in which presidential candidates where presidential candidates where chosen.chosen.

At that time, they were chosen At that time, they were chosen through a closed meeting, or through a closed meeting, or caucuscaucus, , in which congressional party in which congressional party members would choose the nominee.members would choose the nominee.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Under this system, delegates Under this system, delegates

from the states met at from the states met at conventions to choose the party’s conventions to choose the party’s presidential nominee.presidential nominee.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism In the early 1800s, South In the early 1800s, South

Carolina’s economy was Carolina’s economy was weakening, and many people weakening, and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs.blamed the nation’s tariffs.

South Carolina purchased most of South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from its manufactured goods from England, and the high tariffs England, and the high tariffs made these goods expensive.made these goods expensive.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism When Congress levied a new tariff When Congress levied a new tariff

in 1828 (called the “in 1828 (called the “Tariff of Tariff of AbominationsAbominations” by critics) South ” by critics) South Carolina threatened to Carolina threatened to secede, secede, or withdraw from the Union.or withdraw from the Union.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice , the nation’s vice

president, was torn between president, was torn between supporting the nation’s policies supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South and supporting fellow South Carolinians.Carolinians.

Instead of supporting secession, Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of he proposed the idea of nullificationnullification..

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism This idea argued that because This idea argued that because

states had not created the federal states had not created the federal union, they had the right to union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not declare a federal law null, or not valid.valid.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The issue of nullification The issue of nullification

erupted again in 1830 in a erupted again in 1830 in a debate between Senator debate between Senator Robert HayneRobert Hayne of South of South Carolina and Senator Carolina and Senator Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster of of Massachusetts on the Massachusetts on the Senate floor.Senate floor.

Hayne defended states’ Hayne defended states’ rights, while Webster rights, while Webster defended the Union.defended the Union.


President Jackson defended the President Jackson defended the Union.Union.

After Congress passed another After Congress passed another tariff law in 1832, South Carolina tariff law in 1832, South Carolina called a special convention that called a special convention that declared the tariffs of 1828 and declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional.1832 unconstitutional.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Jackson considered the Jackson considered the

declaration an act of treason.declaration an act of treason. After Senator Henry Clay pushed After Senator Henry Clay pushed

through a bill that would lower through a bill that would lower tariffs gradually until 1842, South tariffs gradually until 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law.of the tariff law.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Slavery remained a Slavery remained a

divisive issue.divisive issue. However, Jackson However, Jackson

largely ignored the largely ignored the issue, focusing issue, focusing instead on Native instead on Native Americans.Americans.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism President Jackson supported the President Jackson supported the

idea of moving all Native idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white Americans out of the way of white settlers.settlers.


In 1830 he signed the In 1830 he signed the Indian Indian Removal ActRemoval Act, which helped the states , which helped the states relocate the Native Americans to relocate the Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The Cherokee in Georgia fought The Cherokee in Georgia fought

the Indian Removal Act by the Indian Removal Act by appealing to the Supreme Court.appealing to the Supreme Court.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism In In Cherokee Nation v. GeorgiaCherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831), and (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall supported the Cherokees’ right to supported the Cherokees’ right to control their land.control their land.

President Jackson refused to President Jackson refused to support the decision.support the decision.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism In 1838 Jackson’s successor, In 1838 Jackson’s successor,

Martin Van Buren, sent in an army Martin Van Buren, sent in an army to force the remaining Cherokee to force the remaining Cherokee out of Georgia.out of Georgia.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Thousands of Cherokee died on Thousands of Cherokee died on

the journey that became known the journey that became known as the as the Trail of TearsTrail of Tears..

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Although most Americans Although most Americans

supported the removal policy, supported the removal policy, some members of Congress and a some members of Congress and a few religious denominations few religious denominations condemned it.condemned it.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson

opposed the Second Bank of the opposed the Second Bank of the United States, regarding it as a United States, regarding it as a benefit to the wealthy.benefit to the wealthy.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism At the time, the Bank was At the time, the Bank was

instrumental in keeping the instrumental in keeping the nation’s money supply stable.nation’s money supply stable.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Many Western settlers who Many Western settlers who

needed easy credit opposed the needed easy credit opposed the Bank’s policies.Bank’s policies.

President Jackson believed the President Jackson believed the Bank was unconstitutional, even Bank was unconstitutional, even though the Supreme Court ruled though the Supreme Court ruled otherwise.otherwise.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism President Jackson vetoed a bill that President Jackson vetoed a bill that

would extend the charter of the Bank would extend the charter of the Bank for another 20 years.for another 20 years.

During the 1832 presidential election During the 1832 presidential election President Jackson opposed the Bank.President Jackson opposed the Bank.

He removed the government’s He removed the government’s deposits from the Bank, forcing it to deposits from the Bank, forcing it to call in its loans and stop lending.call in its loans and stop lending.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism By the mid-1830s, a new political By the mid-1830s, a new political

party called the party called the WhigsWhigs formed to formed to oppose President Jackson.oppose President Jackson.

Many members were former Many members were former National Republicans, whose National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart.party had fallen apart.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Unlike Jackson’s Democrats, Unlike Jackson’s Democrats,

Whigs advocated expanding the Whigs advocated expanding the federal government and federal government and encouraging commercial encouraging commercial development.development.


The Whigs could not settle on one The Whigs could not settle on one presidential candidate in the 1836 presidential candidate in the 1836 election.election.

As a result, they ran three As a result, they ran three candidates.candidates.

Jackson’s popularity and the Jackson’s popularity and the nation’s continued economic nation’s continued economic prosperity helped Democrat prosperity helped Democrat Martin Martin Van BurenVan Buren win. win.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism However, shortly after Van Buren However, shortly after Van Buren

took office, the country took office, the country experienced an economic crisis, experienced an economic crisis, known as the known as the Panic of 1837Panic of 1837..

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Thousands of farmers lost their Thousands of farmers lost their

land in foreclosures, and land in foreclosures, and unemployment soared. unemployment soared.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The Whigs saw the economic The Whigs saw the economic

crisis as an opportunity to defeat crisis as an opportunity to defeat the Democrats.the Democrats.

In the 1840 election they In the 1840 election they nominated nominated General William Henry General William Henry HarrisonHarrison for president and for president and John John TylerTyler, a former Democrat, for vice , a former Democrat, for vice president.president.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism The Whig candidate The Whig candidate

defeated Van Buren.defeated Van Buren. However, Harrison However, Harrison

died one month after died one month after his inauguration, and his inauguration, and Tyler then succeeded Tyler then succeeded to the presidency. to the presidency.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism Tyler actually opposed many Tyler actually opposed many

Whig policies and sided with the Whig policies and sided with the Democrats on issues such as Democrats on issues such as refusing to support a new national refusing to support a new national bank or a higher tariff.bank or a higher tariff.

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism President Tyler did establish a firm President Tyler did establish a firm

boundary between the United States and boundary between the United States and Canada in the Canada in the 1842 Webster-Ashburton 1842 Webster-Ashburton TreatyTreaty..

The Resurgence of The Resurgence of SectionalismSectionalism What issue helped the Whig What issue helped the Whig

candidate win the presidency candidate win the presidency in 1840?in 1840?

The economic crisis of 1837. (The The economic crisis of 1837. (The Panic of 1837)Panic of 1837)

The Reform SpiritThe Reform Spirit

In the mid-1800s, many In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to Americans worked to reform various aspects reform various aspects of society.of society.

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix worked for worked for improved treatment of improved treatment of the mentally ill.the mentally ill.


Religious leaders organized to Religious leaders organized to revive the nation’s commitment revive the nation’s commitment to religion in a movement known to religion in a movement known as the as the Second Great Second Great AwakeningAwakening..


An important An important advocate of this advocate of this movement was movement was Charles G. FinneyCharles G. Finney, , who helped found who helped found modern revivalism.modern revivalism.


A number of new religious denominations A number of new religious denominations emerged from the new religious revival.emerged from the new religious revival.

These included the These included the UnitariansUnitarians and the and the UniversalistsUniversalists..


Joseph SmithJoseph Smith founded the Church founded the Church of Jesus of Latter-day of Jesus of Latter-day Saints, whose Saints, whose followers are known followers are known as Mormons.as Mormons.


After being harassed, the After being harassed, the Mormons moved to Illinois.Mormons moved to Illinois.

After the murder of Joseph Smith After the murder of Joseph Smith and continued persecution, the and continued persecution, the Mormons settled in Utah.Mormons settled in Utah.


Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher was was instrumental in instrumental in establishing establishing associations known associations known as as benevolent benevolent societiessocieties. .


Although they were first begun to Although they were first begun to spread God’s teaching, these spread God’s teaching, these societies also sought to combat societies also sought to combat social problems.social problems.

Women were particularly active in Women were particularly active in the revivalist movement, and the revivalist movement, and became extremely active in the became extremely active in the religious based groups.religious based groups.


Many reformers argued that the Many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and of the major causes of crime and poverty.poverty.

These reformers advocated These reformers advocated temperancetemperance, or abstinence from , or abstinence from alcohol.alcohol.


Several temperance groups Several temperance groups jointed together in 1833 to form jointed together in 1833 to form the the American Temperance UnionAmerican Temperance Union..

Temperance groups also pushed Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor.liquor.


Some reformers focused on Some reformers focused on improving prison conditions in the improving prison conditions in the nation.nation.

Others advocated for better Others advocated for better schools.schools.


In the 1800s men generally went In the 1800s men generally went to work, while women took care to work, while women took care of the house and children.of the house and children.

Most people at that time believed Most people at that time believed that home was the proper place that home was the proper place for women.for women.

Many women saw themselves as Many women saw themselves as partners with their husbands.partners with their husbands.


Many women began to believe Many women began to believe that they had an important role to that they had an important role to improve society.improve society.

Some began to argue that they Some began to argue that they needed greater rights to promote needed greater rights to promote their roles.their roles.


Other women also argued that Other women also argued that equal rights for men and women equal rights for men and women would end many social injustices. would end many social injustices.


In 1848 In 1848 Lucretia MottLucretia Mott and and Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton organized the organized the Seneca Falls Seneca Falls conventionconvention, a meeting , a meeting to focus on equal rights to focus on equal rights for women and one that for women and one that marked the beginning marked the beginning of the women's of the women's movement.movement.


The statement they The statement they distributed, the distributed, the Declaration of Declaration of Sentiments and Sentiments and ResolutionsResolutions, called , called attention to their attention to their cause.cause.


Throughout the 1850s, women Throughout the 1850s, women organized more conventions to organized more conventions to promote greater rights for promote greater rights for women.women.


The movement calling for The movement calling for abolitionabolition, or immediate end to , or immediate end to slavery, polarized the nation and slavery, polarized the nation and contributed to the Civil War.contributed to the Civil War.


Many Americans had opposed Many Americans had opposed slavery, and there had been slavery, and there had been opposition to slavery since the opposition to slavery since the Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.


Some antislavery societies Some antislavery societies believed that the best solution believed that the best solution was to send African Americans was to send African Americans back to Africa.back to Africa.

Some societies formed the Some societies formed the American Colonization Society American Colonization Society (ACS) to move African Americans (ACS) to move African Americans to Africa.to Africa.


The ACS acquired land in West The ACS acquired land in West Africa, chartered ships, and Africa, chartered ships, and moved some free African moved some free African Americans to a colony in West Americans to a colony in West Africa that eventually became the Africa that eventually became the nation of Liberia.nation of Liberia.


Colonization was not a realistic Colonization was not a realistic solution.solution.

Also, most African Americans Also, most African Americans regarded the United States as regarded the United States as their home and had no desire to their home and had no desire to migrate to another continent.migrate to another continent.


In the 1830s, the In the 1830s, the development of a development of a large national large national abolitionist abolitionist movement was movement was largely due to the largely due to the work of work of William William Lloyd GarrisonLloyd Garrison..


He founded He founded The The LiberatorLiberator, an , an antislavery antislavery newspaper.newspaper.


With an increasing following, he With an increasing following, he founded the founded the American American Antislavery SocietyAntislavery Society in 1833. in 1833.

He called for He called for emancipationemancipation, or , or freeing, of enslaved persons.freeing, of enslaved persons.


Free African Americans also Free African Americans also played a prominent role in the played a prominent role in the abolitionist movement.abolitionist movement.


The most The most prominent was prominent was Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass, , who published his who published his own antislavery own antislavery newspaper, newspaper, The The North Star.North Star.


Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth was was another important another important African American African American abolitionist. abolitionist.


Many Northerners, even those who Many Northerners, even those who disapproved of slavery, opposed disapproved of slavery, opposed abolitionism, viewing it as a threat abolitionism, viewing it as a threat to the existing social system.to the existing social system.

Many warned that it would produce Many warned that it would produce conflict between the North and conflict between the North and South.South.


Others feared a possible huge Others feared a possible huge influx of African Americans to the influx of African Americans to the North.North.

Still others feared that abolition Still others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern would destroy the Southern economy, and thereby affect their economy, and thereby affect their own economy.own economy.


Most Southerners viewed slavery Most Southerners viewed slavery as essential to their economy, as essential to their economy, and therefore opposed abolition.and therefore opposed abolition.

Some defended slavery by Some defended slavery by claiming that most enslaved claiming that most enslaved people had no desire for freedom people had no desire for freedom because they benefited from their because they benefited from their relationship with slaveholders.relationship with slaveholders.


In 1831 a revolt by enslaved In 1831 a revolt by enslaved people killed more than 50 white people killed more than 50 white Virginians.Virginians.

Southerners demanded the Southerners demanded the suppression of all abolitionist suppression of all abolitionist publications.publications.


Southern postal workers refused Southern postal workers refused to deliver such publications, and to deliver such publications, and the House of Representatives, the House of Representatives, under pressure from the South, under pressure from the South, shelved all abolitionist petitions.shelved all abolitionist petitions.


The North-South split continued The North-South split continued to widen.to widen.


What was the Northern reaction What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement?to the abolitionist movement?

Many Northerners opposed Many Northerners opposed abolitionism, fearing that it would abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some disrupt the social system. Some feared that it would result in an influx feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would destroy the that abolition would destroy the Southern economy.Southern economy.

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