Groupware Thinking about groups, collaboration, and communication.
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Transcript of Groupware Thinking about groups, collaboration, and communication.
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Groupware
Thinking about groups, collaboration, and communication
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Project Part 3
See me if you need resources for your evaluation– Room, equipment, etc.
Part 3 – due DECEMBER 3– Describe what you did EXACTLY (include all materials)– Present the data you collected (tables, charts, lists of
issues, etc.)– Discuss what the data means – how you did with each
usability criteria, what were issues, etc.– Present suggestions for next round of
improvements/redesign– What you learned, what you would do differently, etc.
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Presentation
Dec. 3 & 8 in class, sign up on Wiki 15 minutes Parts:
– Motivation– Requirements
learning from users– Design
learning from prototyping– Evaluation– Conclusions– Q&A
Include all parts, but focus on evaluation in particular
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Computer supported cooperative work
Study of how people work together and how technology affects this
Support the social processes of work, often among geographically separated people
HCI so far: CSCW:– Individual use -multiple users– Psychology -sociology
-communication
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Examples
The “system” becomes the moderator between people
There are now many collaborations, like:– Scientists collaborating on a technical issue– Authors editing a document together– Programmers debugging a system concurrently– Workers collaborating over a shared video conferencing
application– Buyers and sellers meeting on eBay
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CS C W?
The Second “C”– Group work not always cooperative or
collaborative
The “W”– Not just about “work” anymore– Support the social processes of a group of people
communicating or collaborating on anything
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Examples
Awareness of people in your family, community, physical space...
Mobile communication Online discussions, blogs Sharing photos, stories, experiences Recommender systems Playing games
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Groupware
Software specifically designed– to support group working or playing– with cooperative requirements in mind
Groupware can be classified by– when and where the participants are working– the function it performs for cooperative work
Specific and difficult problems with groupware implementation and evaluation
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The Time/Space Matrix
Classify groupware by: when the participants are working,
at the same time or not where the participants are working,
at the same place or not
Common names for axes:time:
synchronous/asynchronousplace:
co-located/remote
differenttime
sametime
sameplace
differentplace
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Applied to “traditional” technology
Different timeSame time
sameplace
differentplace
face-to-faceconversation, whiteboard
phone call
post-it note
letter
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Applied to computer technology
Time
Place
Synchronous
Co-located
Asynchronous
Remote
Face-to-face
E-meeting room
Post-it note
Team room display
Phone call
Video window,wall
Letter
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A More-fleshed Out Taxonomy
A typical space/time matrix (after Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742)
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Styles of Groupware Systems
Computer-mediated communication
Meeting and decision support systems
Shared applications and tools
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Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) Aids
Examples– Email, Chat, virtual worlds– Desktop videoconferencing – Video/Audio chat– Blogs
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CMC applications
Support a wide range of communication needs
Allow large number of people to quickly and easily communicate
Can be combined with other activities and systems
Lead to many new social conventions and issues
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Social implications
Less rich channels – fewer details, higher likelihood of misunderstanding
More anonymous More autonomy, more ability to control
message Can be less intrusive
– I’ll IM you before I stop by your office
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Food for thought…
Why aren’t videophones or video conferencing more popular?
How and when do you use Instant Messaging? How does this differ from email?
What communication technology do you still want?
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Meeting and Decision Support Systems
Examples– Corporate decision-support conference room
Provides ways of rationalizing decisions, voting, presenting cases, etc.
Concurrency control is important
– Shared computer classroom/cluster Group discussion/design aid tools
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Shared Applications and Tools
Shared editors, design tools, etc.– Want to avoid “locking” and allow multiple people
to concurrently work on document– Requires some form of contention resolution– How do you show what others are doing?
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Social Issues
Goal of groupware is often to establish some common ground and to facilitate understanding and interaction
Multiple people means social issues can impact use or may need to be supported
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Turn Taking
There are many subtle social conventions about turn taking in an interaction– Personal space, closeness– Eye contact– Gestures– Body language– Conversation cues
How is turn taking handled in IM?
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Geography, Position
In group dynamics, the physical layout of individuals matters a lot
– “Power positions”
How can you tell power in a videoconference?
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Awareness
What is happening? Who is there?
e.g. IM buddy list What has happened
… and why?
How do you use awareness in IM? What other systems have awareness?
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Groupware implementation
Often more complicated– feedback and network delays– architectures for groupware– feedthrough and network traffic– robustness and scaling
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Feedback and network delays
At least 2 network messages + four context switches With protocols 4 or more network messages
screenfeedback
user types
localmachine
client
remotemachine
server
remoteapplication
12 3 4
579 8 6
network
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Types of architecture
centralized – single copy of application and data
– client-server – simplest case
replicated – copy on each workstation
– also called peer-to-peer– + local feedback– race conditions
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Feedthrough & traffic
Need to inform all other clients of changes
Few networks support broadcast messages, so …
n participants n–1 network messages!
Solution: increase granularity– reduce frequency of feedback– but …
poor feedthrough loss of shared context
Trade-off: timeliness vs. network traffic
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Evaluation
Evaluating the usability and utility of groupware is quite challenging
– Need more participants– Logistically difficult– Apples - oranges
Often use field studies and ethnographic evaluations to assist
Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers
– By Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)– http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html
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Groupware Challenges (Grudin)
Who does work vs. who gets benefit– The system may require extra effort for people not
really receiving benefit
Critical mass– Need enough people before system is successful
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More Grudin challenges
Social, political, and motivational factors– Outside factors can affect system success
No “standard procedures”– Many procedures and exceptions when it comes
to groups interacting
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More Grudin challenges
Infrequent features– How often do we actually use groupware
anyway?– Solution: add groupware features to existing
individual software
Evaluation is longer, more complicated, less precise
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Recommendations
Add group features to existing apps Benefit all group members Start with niches were application is highly
needed Consider evaluation and adoption early Expect and plan for development and
evaluation to take longer
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Let’s consider: Facebook
Is it groupware? What general types of group features does it
have? How does it differ from blogs? Flickr?
Personal web pages? What features do you think they should add? Why do you think it is so successful? What social issues (good and bad) are
occurring because of Facebook?