C H A P T E R 3 , S E C T I I O N 4

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

GROUPS• Two or more people• Can be very intimate(family)• Can be very formal (congress)• 4 MAJOR FEATURES• Two or more persons• Interaction among members(greeting a friend in

the hall at school)• Members must share expectation • Members must posses some sense of common

identity.

AGGREGATE

• People gather at the same place and time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interactions: passengers in a bus, people in a ticket line, the crowd at a baseball game.•

SOCIAL CATEGORY• Classification of people according to a common

status or trait • Students, men , women, left handed peopleSize• Dyad : 2 in a group• Each member has direct control over its

existence.• If one leaves or fails to agree then the dyad ends.• Triad : 3 persons The group takes life of its

own.One can’t disband it.• Large group : More face to face relations. A group

of ten can make 45 relationships.

TIME

• Groups differ in the time they remain together. Some meet once and never again. Others exist for many years like your family.• Most groups fall in any of these categories.

Regardless of the type of group, interaction is never continuous.Few people are together 24 hours a day.• A family meets at different periods of the day.

ORGANIZATION• The organization of a group can be formal or

informal.• Formal group: structure ,goals and activities of a

group are clearly defined. • Student government of your school is a formal

group.Meetings are conducted according to rules.• Informal group : no structure or established rules of

conduct. Your groups of friends do not have rules or structure of meeting• INFORMAL GROUP

• FORMAL GROUP

PRIMARY GROUPS:• small group interacting directly for long time• face to face• deep communication- direct,personal basis• Informal structure • The entire self of the individual is taken into

account. The most common are family relations.

SECONDARY GROUPS• Interaction is impersonal and temporary.• Classroom.political party,factory• These involve only part of the individual self.• Casual and limited in personal involvement• The importance of the person in the group

depends in their function he or she performs in a group.• An individual can be replaced easily.• can occasionally develop a primary relation.

REFERENCE GROUPS• Any group with whom the person identifies and

whose attitudes and values they adopt.• Groups of friends at school,members of a

particular occupation,church• Growing up or changing social conditions often

make an individual change their reference group.• The choice of a reference group is important

because it influences in a possitive or a negative way the individuals behavior.

IN –GROUPS & OUT GROUPS• Every group has boundaries; methods of

distinguishing between members and nonmembers.• IN-GROUP : The group in which an individual

identifies.• People tend to separate themselves from others

through the use of symbols; badges, clothing,names , or slogans.• Tend to view themselves as something possitive and

downward or in a negative way to the out-group.• The competition is relatively peaceful but can turn

into conflict and violence.

ELECTRONIC COMMUNITIES• Have developed through the computer technology, the

INTERNET People share ideas and interact with one another. • Some members of electronic communities exhibit

behaviors as in a primary group. They argue,discuss,gossip,and even flirt.• SOCIAL NETWORK: The web of relationships formed by

the sum total of a person’s interactions with other people.• These do not have boundaries and do not give rise to a

common sense of identity.• Provide a feeling of community and with opportunities of

social interaction and career advancement.• Provide support system that can help through stressful

time.

GROUP FUNCTIONS• Set boundaries to know who is in or out. They use

symbols,cloth,gestures,language,hand signals• Have leaders who influence attitudes and opinions

of others. Instrumental leaders are task oriented.Help group reach their goal.

Expressive leaders keep the group emotion- oriented.Keep group together and maintain morale.Groups must set goals,assign tasks and make decisions.To set goals the group must assign tasks to members Setting goals and assigning tasks takes making decisions.Groups need to control members behavior so they must have norms that ensure conformity.Conformity:behavior in accordance with accepted rules.

ACTIVITY 5 PTS.• IN AND OUT GROUPS

Groups of threeList groups at schoolList their boundaries- hairstyle, clothing,body language, slang, locationTo which group does each one of you belong?

THE STRUCTURE OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

• A formal organization is a large complex secondary group established to achieve specific goals.• Schools• Businesses• religious organizations• Political organizations• Labor unions• Proffesional organizations

• Most are formed in a structure called bureaucracy.

BUREAUCRACY

BUREAUCRACY• A ranked authority structure that operates according

to specific rules and procedures.• BUREAUCRACIES have existed since Mesopotamia,

ancient China,India and Rome.• Rose to prominence until the Industrial Revolution.• RATIONALITY involves subjecting every feature of

human behavior to calculation,measurement and control. Bureaucracies were created to rationally organize groups to complete a set of goals.• Getting admitted into a big hospital,apply for a

drivers license makes you go through a bureaucracy.

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACIES

2. Division of labor

3. Employment

based on formal

qualifications

4.Written rules and regulations

5. Lines of promotion and advancement

1. Ranking of authority

ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES

•Best method of coordinating large number of people to achieve large-scale goals.•Create order

ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES

1. •Best method of coordinating large number of people to achieve large-scale goals.

2. •Create order

3. •Provide stability in the organization.

DISADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACIES

Don’t fullfill specific goals; goal displacement.They abandon their original purpose in favor of another.

Others emphasize their need to exist regardless whether or not they continue to provide useful services.

Their formal structure requires to follow rules closely and officials focus on that and sometimes ignore the goals of the bureaucracy.It sometimes causes extreme delays

People make long lines, fill out so many papers ,get stuck in one department before moving to another.

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

BehaviorsAttitudesBeliefsValue

s

PERSONALITY is the sum of :

PERSONALITY

• NATURE• Heredity: transmission of

genetic characteristics from parents to children.Human behavior is instinctal;biological inhereted behavioral patterns.

• Instincts are responsible for everything such as laughing, motherhood ,warfare etc.

• Sociobiology:• Traits as religion ,competition,

religion,cooperation and envy are rooted in humans genetic code,

• NURTURE • Social environment• Learning• Through scientific studies it

has been proven that instincts can be taught. Infants can be trained to be anything ; doctors,artists or even thieves.

FACTORS

AFFECTING

PERSONALITY

BIRTH ORDER

PARENTS

CULTURAL ENVIRONM

ENT

HEREDITY

HEREDITY

HEREDITY

• The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to child through birth.• Can be physical, aptitudes or personality traits.• APTITUDE is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge.• Some aptitudes can be learned while others can be inherited.• Inherited aptitudes develop through environmental factors. Parents can encourage or discourage development of these aptitudes.• Parental reinforcement may affect how personality traits as shyness, sociability and aggression develop.

BIRTH ORDER

• People born first have different perspectives than people born in the middle.• Children born first are more achievement oriented and responsible than later-born children.• Later-born children tend to be more into social relationships , friendly and affectionate.

BIRTH ORDER

Only / first born childrenConfident ,perfectionist,

organized

Middle childrenFlexible,diplomatic,independent,

balanced,generous

Last-born childrenWilling to take

risks,outgoing,creative,rebellious

PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Personality development in children is also influenced by parents’ characteristics.These parental characteristics influence thechilds personality :• Level of education• Religious orientation• Economic status• Cultural heritage• Occupational background

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT• Determines the basic types of personalities that will be

found in a society. Each culture gives rise to a series of personality traits.In the USA , competitiveness , assertiveness , and individualism are common personality traits.

The region of a country or type of neighborhood in which an individual is raised also affects personality.Cultural differences in attitudes,expectations and behavior affect the personalities of adults.

HEREDITY TRAITS CHART

Physical traits aptittudes personality

CHART YOUR PERSONALITYHeredity Birth order Parental

characteristicsEduc,reli,eco,cul occup.

Cultural environment

FERAL CHILDREN:NO SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

• Untamed,wild. These children have been raised without the influence of social environment. No reasoning ability,no manners,and no ability to control their bodily functions.• Children learn from parents and others in the

environment.

FERAL CHILD INVESTIGATION

In groups of 3 and 2 groups of 2 investigate a case of a feral child .Include results about effort to teach them after he or she was found. P.P.P. • 4 slides-introduction of the case,effort, the

end,andpictures.

THE SOCIAL SELF

• Its through interaction with social and cultural environment that humans are transformed into participating members of society.•SOCIALIZATION is the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills ,values, beliefs and behavior patterns in a society.• There are different theories on how people become socialized and develop a sense of self.

3 THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION

• John Locke –English philosopher 1600’s• Said every newborn child is a clean page on

which anything can be written.• Charles Horton Cooley: social psychologist.

Famous for his interactionist perspective. The LOOKING GLASS SELF is that we base our image on how others see us. Other people act as a mirror reflecting back the image we project through their reactions to our behavior.

THE LOOKING GLASS SELF • This theory puts the responsibility on parents and other primary group members who have contact with children. Parents who think little of a child ability or children who percieve this attitude from the parents will likely give rise to feelings of inferiority .• Parents who treat children as capable and competent are likely to produce children who are capable and competent.• For Cooley this goes on throughout life . Individuals adjust their self images continually as they reinterpret the way they think others view them.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD;ROLE TAKING

• According to Mead we see ourselves as other see us and we start acting according to this.He used the term significant others meaning those who directly influence our socialization. We first internalize the expectations of people close to us.• As the individual ages significant others become in

shaping the sense of his or her self.Now the expectations of society take an added importance in guiding our behavior and reinforcing our sense of self. • Mead called the expectations and view points of

society the generalized other.

• We see ourselves on how our primary group sees us and act like that.

SIGNIFICANT OTHERS

• Society expectations shapes our behavior and guides our sense of self.

GENERALIZED OTHERS

MEAD’S CHILDREN ROLE TAKING

Under 3 years Children lack

sense of self,only imitate

3-6 yearsChildren start taking roles of

others

School ageParticipate in games and teams,take on

their own roles.anticipatexpecta

tions of others.

In role taking individuals develop a sense of self.

The ITheunsocialized,spontaneous self-interested part of personality and self identity.

The Me The part that is

aware of expectations and attitudes of society-the socialized self

THE 2 RELATED PARTS OF THE SELF

I• In childhood the I is

stronger than the me.

• The I is never totally dominated by the me.

me• Through socialization

the me gains power acting together with the I bringing actions with expectations and attitudes of society.

In 1959 the sociologist Erwing Goffman proposed the idea of DRAMATURGY. Social Interaction is like a drama being performed on stage. We change our personalities according to what impression we want to make. Most people make an effort to play their roles well and manage the impressions that the audience receives. He examined how we change that self according to

the audience.

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

According to Goffman we change our self depending on the audience.

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

People are like an audience

People judge each other

performances to determine each

individual character.

People make an effort to play their

role well and manage the

impressions that audience receives.