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Chapter 6THE RESEARCH PAPER

The wordRESEARCHCAME FROM THE OLD FRENCH WORDCERCHERWhich means to seek forThe word REASEARCH was introduce in 1577 to mean act of searching closely (Harper ,2001). Fundamental ConceptsDEFINITION OF RESEARCHas cited by Gonzales (2006) As a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, Presenting, and interpreting data for a solution of a problem for prediction, for invention, for the discovery Of truth, or for the expansion of verification of existing knowledge all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human lifeCalderon and GonzalesAQUINO (2002)Defines as the systematic search for pertinent information of a specific topic or problem. After a careful, systematized research. After a careful, systematized research for pertinent information or data on a specific topic or problem and after the research worker has analyzed and interpreted the data, he actually faces another essential task-that of preparing the research reports. CRAWFORD (2001)Research is simply a systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem. From a problem, the researcher collects data or facts, analyzes these critically, and exercise of opinion. It evolves from a genuine desire to know not only what but how much, and measurement is therefore a central future of it. Therefore, RESEARCH is a systematic, exhaustive process of proving a certain phenomena through scientific method of analysis.PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

1.TO DISCOVER NEW FACTS ABOUT KNOWN PHENOMENA

2. TO PROVIDE BASIS FOR DECISION MAKING IN BUSSINESS , INDUSTRY , EDUCATION GOVERNMENT AND IN OTHER UNDERTAKINGS.

3.TO FIND ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

4. TO IMPROVE EXISTING TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOP NEW INSTRUMENTS OR PRODUCTS

5. TO EXPAND OR VERIFY EXISTING KNOWLEDGE

6. TO SATISFY RESEARCHES CURIOSITYCHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH151. RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC-this implies that research follows procedures/steps that cannot be undertaken haphazardly but in certain logical and orderly Sequence.Find a topicNarrow the topicDetermine, locate, and gather the kinds of information that are needed to solve your problem.d. Organize the materials/information obtained from various sources.e. Analyze and interpret the collected information2. RESEARCH IS PROBLEM ORIENTED-the ultimate goal of research is to provide an answer/solution to the question to posed at the beginning in the inquiry3. RESEARCH IS EMPIRICAL-research must be based on observable experience4. RESEARCH IS OBJECTIVE-research must be free of personal bias. Manipulating data such as deliberately hiding some information or highlighting something contrary to the true experience should be avoided.Overcoming the Barriers5. RESEARCH IS METHODOLOGICAL -research follows a certain methodology or a combination of methodologies determined by the problem. The methodology explains the design of the research, the instruments needed in the research, the kind of participants suited for the research- in short, the procedures of data collection and analysis.TYPES OF RESEARCH1.Application2.Objective3.Types of information sought,4.methodology, and5.historical 23QUANTITATIVE PLANNING TOOLS1.APPLICATION-research classified under application may be pure research or applied research.

E = ( O + (4*M) + P ) / 6EA = ( 1 + (4*2 ) + 3 ) / 6 = 2 1. Applied research -is geared toward the practical application of knowledge involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually Challenging to the researcher but have may not have practical application at the present time or in the future (BAILEY 1978)

OBJECTIVE-a research based on objectives account s for what the researcher endeavors to do.2. OBJECTIVES

-A research based in objectives accounts for what The researcher endeavors to do.TYPES OF PLANNING TOOLS4 TYPESOFRESEARCH 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH-describes systematically situation, phenomenon, a problem community, event, attitudes, characteristics, etc.

2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH-discover or establish the existenceOf a relationship or association.3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH- this clarifies why and how there is a relationship between variables.4. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH-this investigates the possibility of carrying out a particular study. This sometimes called "feasibility study.32TYPES OF INFORMATION SOUGHT33TWO TYPES34QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- is geared to ascertain magnitude of the variation that use helps quantity the magnitude of an association or relationship.

352. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH -it places greater emphasis on holistic description that is to say, describing what goes on in particular situation rather than determining correlations, comparing effects of variables, or describing attitudes and behaviors via survey.36Methodologies- based on methodology are experimental, correlational, survey, ethnographic, and historical.

37METHODS OF RESEARCH

38EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

-attempts to influence a particular variable, and is used to test hypotheses that involve cause and effect relationship39CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH-the association or relationships among without any attempt to control/manipulate them.40CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH- determines the causes or consequences of differences that already exist between and among groups of people.41SURVEYS RESEARCH-help describe the characteristics of population, through direct administration of questionnaires, mail, telephone and or personal interviews.

42ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH-emphasizes documenting experiences of people by observing and interviewing them.

43HISTORICAL RESEARCH-focuses on the past by studying documents of the period, examining relics, and interviewing people who lived during the time.

44PRELIMINARY PAGES-include the title page that includes the title, the name of researcher, and the date . The title page is followed by the acknowledgement, abstract and the table of contents.

45Preliminarypages46TITLE-identifiers the research and tells the reader what the study is all about.

47A GOOD TITLE Should BE:

48-Short; preferably not more than 14 words or two lines in inverted pyramid format.

49-Reflective of the content, problem, and the main variables to be studied.

50 - free of value judgment

51-It must be clear and descriptive

52-it must be correctly worded and edited53ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-it contains expressions of appreciation to the people, groups which the writer wishes to think for assistance and guidance in the completion of the study. Expressed simply, honesty, sincerely and tactfully.

54DEDICATION-is an optional part of a research report. The style of writing a dedication depends upon the researchers taste and style.55TABLE OF CONTENTS -tables shows the subjects covered in the study and the corresponding pages where they can be found.

56LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES - -this is a space that covers the role of tables use in the study/investigation . the list of tables should contain the table number, table, title and page.57ABSTRACT

-can be defined as a summary of the paper/document. It should be a single paragraph of 100 to 200 words. An abstract should be self contained. That should contain no bibliographic, figure, or table references58ABSTRACT SHOULD:59state the principal objectives and scope of investigationdescribed the methodology employedsummarize the resultState the principal conclusions60BODY OF THE PAPER61INTRODUCTION -gives sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous publications on the topic/ present study.62-Rationale/ justification for choosing the study-Background of the study-Purpose in writing-Statement of the problem-Significance of the study-Terms to be unlocked/definition of terms-Scope and limitation of the studyINTRODUCTION ALSO PROVIDES THE:63A GOOD INTRODUCTION should:-Tell the background of the problem-Show the rationale or justification for choosing the study-Present the research gap that can be filled by the study64STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM-There are two problems to be stated: the major problem and the minor problems or sub problems. Usually, the general problem starts with phrases: The study while the sub-problems start with; Specifically, this study.65THE RESEARCH PROBLEM-states the question or question that the study hopes to answer. It should be relevant to times, measurable and testable, and linked to a certain theory or principle66THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES67A GOOD OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE:-Consistent with the research problem-Able to include major variables-Specific in citing variables that can be measured-Clearly stated and logically presented68SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY-States the coverage of the study in terms of location and the type and size of respondents to be studied. It delimits the study in terms of size and area coverage.DEFINITION OF TERMS

-Used in the research study must be defined for clearer understanding by the readers. Can be defined lexically, authoritatively or operationally. If the term is lexically or authoritatively defined, the source must be citedGUIDANCE FOR THE DEFINITION OF TERMS-There must be an introductory sentence/ paragraph before stating to define the terms.

-Terms should be arranged alphabetically.

-Always indent the terms.

-Emphasize the terms to be defined by a bold print.

-The term to be defined is followed by a period (.); a consistent format must be followed all throughout.

-Do not number the terms being defined.

-Do not capitalize the terms, only the first letter is capitalized.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREGUIDES IN CONDUCTING A REVIEW OF EXISTING RESEARCH1.What type of research has been done in the area?2.What has been found in previous studies?3.What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?4.What has not been investigated?5.How can the proposed study and further to our knowledge of the area?6.What research methods were used in the previous studies?FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY -is a set of concepts that are logically and sequentially arranged to explain and predict the occurrence of a certain phenomenon.CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOS FRAMEWORK-Shows the order of relationships of the variables found in the study objectives-Takes into consideration related literature on the key variables-Presents all findings regardless of whether they support the study or notMETHODOLOGY-The research study discusses that design,People involvedProcedure followedTools and instruments usedRESEARCH DESIGN-Everything the researcher will do from writing the objectives or hypotheses and their operational implications to the final data.ELEMENTS:-An outline of scheme showing how the variables under study will be manipulated or observed;-A sampling design-A data gathering plan; and-A plan of analysis of collected data

RESULTS-The findings of the study are discussed intensively in this part. Tables, graphs and the like are used to facilitate the presentation of results.DISCUSSION-Meanings of the findings and implications of the research study are discussed in this part.CONCLUSION-Generalizations brought out from the study are given in this part of the paper. Conclusions derived from the results and discussions are stated.Recomendation or actions to be taken are also included.BIBLIOGRAPHY TYPING INSTRUCTIONSThe first page of the bibliography should have the word Bibliography centered and in capital letters on the 8th single space from the top of the paper.The entries in the bibliography are arranged in underhand, single spaced form, with double spacing between spaces.Each entry begins flush with the left margin and the second and ensuing lines are intended seven spaces.The first entry in the bibliography is placed one double space below the title. If, however, the next element of the bibliography is a group (category) heading, it should place three single spaces below the title. The first entry typed in a double space below the category heading.The bibliography is derived into category if it is long. S a rule, a bibliography containing fewer than 20 titles should not be subdivided into categories.Within the bibliography, category headings are separated from preceding materials by a triplicate space.-are arranged in each division of a divided bibliography in alphabetical order.If the bibliographic entries are annotated, the annotation should be typed in single spacing and should begin on the line following the entry proper. Annotation is not required for all entries.References OTHER IMPORTANT REMINDERS(REGARDING FORM)If no specific format is provided, use the following:Use one inch margins on standard 8.5 by 11 inch paper.Use 12 point font and double space the text.HOW TO EVALUATE RESEARCH SOURCESWEB SOURCES-because the internet and the world wide web are easy to use and accessible, web material is volatile-it changes, becomes outdated, or is deleted.its lack of consistency and sometimes crude form make web information suspect for people who use it for research.because there is frequently no quality control over web information, you must critically evaluate all the resources.GUIDELINES IN Evaluating Internet Sources-Is the authority in this material clear and legitimate? Is the writer qualified?AUTHORITY: -Can the factual information be verified by legitimate authority? Can one opinion be verified against another?ACCURACY: -Is the material objective and free from advertising, bias, and hidden Agenda? OBJECTIVITY: -Is the material complete updated frequently to ensure Currency? Does the material reflect the most up-to-date research?CURRENCY: COVERAGE

-Is the material complete, partial, or out of context? If the material is out of context, is there a path to find the source?If the material is out of copyright, has it been updated to make it more current?ENDGROUP 3AGUSTIN,JOHN LLOYD S.LADIA,JEFFREYCHETTRI, TIJANNA MANGAHAS, ANJANETTETOMAS, JOAN