Group Process,Decision Making
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Group ProcessesGroup Processes
Group process generally refers to what happens in the group,Group process generally refers to what happens in the group,
especially in terms of the development and evolution ofespecially in terms of the development and evolution of
patterns of relationships between and among grouppatterns of relationships between and among group
participants.participants.
It refers to the communication patterns used by members forIt refers to the communication patterns used by members for
information exchanges, group decision processes, leaderinformation exchanges, group decision processes, leader
behavior, power dynamics, conflict interactionsbehavior, power dynamics, conflict interactions
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Groups can create outputs greater than the sum of theirGroups can create outputs greater than the sum of their
inputsinputs
Group processes can impact on a groups actual effectivenessGroup processes can impact on a groups actual effectiveness
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Synergy &Social LoafingSynergy &Social Loafing
Synergy can be defined as an action of two or moreSynergy can be defined as an action of two or more
substances that results in an effect that is different from thesubstances that results in an effect that is different from the
individual summation of the substancesindividual summation of the substances
Social loafing represents negative synergySocial loafing represents negative synergy
Social loafing refers to this tendency for individual effort toSocial loafing refers to this tendency for individual effort to
decline as group size increasesdecline as group size increases
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Laboratory studies refined these theories by identifyingLaboratory studies refined these theories by identifying
situational factors that moderated theSocial loafing effect, itsituational factors that moderated theSocial loafing effect, itoccurred when:occurred when:
(1) The task was perceived to be unimportant, simple or not(1) The task was perceived to be unimportant, simple or not
interestinginteresting
(2) Group members thought their individual output was not(2) Group members thought their individual output was notidentifiableidentifiable
(3) Group members expected their co(3) Group members expected their co--workers to loafworkers to loaf
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Social Facilitation EffectSocial Facilitation Effect
It refers to this tendency for performance to improve orIt refers to this tendency for performance to improve or
decline in response to the presence of othersdecline in response to the presence of others
The research onSocial facilitation tells that the performanceThe research onSocial facilitation tells that the performance
of simple, routine tasks tend to be speeded up & made moreof simple, routine tasks tend to be speeded up & made moreaccurate by the presence of othersaccurate by the presence of others
When the work is more complex, requiring closer attention,When the work is more complex, requiring closer attention,
the presence of others is likely to have a negative effect onthe presence of others is likely to have a negative effect on
performanceperformance People seem to perform better on a task in the presence ofPeople seem to perform better on a task in the presence of
others if that task is very well learned, but poor if it is notothers if that task is very well learned, but poor if it is not
well learnedwell learned
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Group Decision MakingGroup Decision Making
Many organizational decisions are made by groupsMany organizational decisions are made by groups Its a rare organization that doesnt at some time useIts a rare organization that doesnt at some time use
committees, task forces, review panels, study teams to makecommittees, task forces, review panels, study teams to makedecisionsdecisions
Studies show that managers may spend up to 70% of theirStudies show that managers may spend up to 70% of theirtime in group meetingstime in group meetings
The term group decision making refers to a group playing aThe term group decision making refers to a group playing arole in making a decisionrole in making a decision
Group decision making takes place in different degrees:Group decision making takes place in different degrees:(1) Consultative(1) Consultative
(2) Democratic(2) Democratic
(3) Consensus(3) Consensus
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Consultative decision making is one in which the group leaderConsultative decision making is one in which the group leaderconsults with members before making a decisionconsults with members before making a decision
Democratic decision making is one in which the problem atDemocratic decision making is one in which the problem athand is turned over to the group, & they are empowered tohand is turned over to the group, & they are empowered tomake the decision themselvesmake the decision themselves
Consensus decision making is one in which the managerConsensus decision making is one in which the managershares the problem with group membersshares the problem with group members
Together they generate & evaluate alternatives & attempt toTogether they generate & evaluate alternatives & attempt toreach agreement on a solutionreach agreement on a solution
Consensus is achieved when every member can say, I haveConsensus is achieved when every member can say, I havehad an opportunity to express my views fully, & they havehad an opportunity to express my views fully, & they havebeen thoughtfully considered by the groupbeen thoughtfully considered by the group
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Advantages of GroupAdvantages of Groupdecision makingdecision making
Provides more complete informationProvides more complete information: Two heads are better: Two heads are betterthan one. Agroup brings a diversity of experience &than one. Agroup brings a diversity of experience &perspectives to the decision process that an individual cannotperspectives to the decision process that an individual cannot
Generate more alternativesGenerate more alternatives: Because groups have a greater: Because groups have a greateramount & diversity of information, they can identify moreamount & diversity of information, they can identify morealternatives than an individual. This advantage isalternatives than an individual. This advantage isparticularly evident when group members represent differentparticularly evident when group members represent differentareas of expertise. For instance, a team made up ofareas of expertise. For instance, a team made up of
individuals from engineering, accounting, production,individuals from engineering, accounting, production,marketing & HR will generate alternatives that reflect theirmarketing & HR will generate alternatives that reflect theirdiverse perspectivesdiverse perspectives
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Increase legitimacyIncrease legitimacy: The group decision: The group decision--making process ismaking process is
consistent with democratic ideas, & decisions made by groupsconsistent with democratic ideas, & decisions made by groupsmay be perceived as more legitimate than decisions mademay be perceived as more legitimate than decisions made
unilaterally by one personunilaterally by one person
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Disadvantages of GroupDisadvantages of Groupdecision makingdecision making
Time consumingTime consuming: Putting a group together takes time as does: Putting a group together takes time as doesany decision making within the group. The result is thatany decision making within the group. The result is thatgroups almost always take more time to reach a solution thangroups almost always take more time to reach a solution thanit would take an individualit would take an individual
Minority dominationMinority domination: Members of a group are never perfectly: Members of a group are never perfectlyequal. They may differ in experience, knowledge about theequal. They may differ in experience, knowledge about theproblem, influence with other members, verbal skills,problem, influence with other members, verbal skills,assertiveness. This inequality creates the opportunity for oneassertiveness. This inequality creates the opportunity for one
or more members to dominate others.or more members to dominate others. Ambiguous responsibilityAmbiguous responsibility: In an individual decision, its clear: In an individual decision, its clear
who is responsible. In a group decision, the responsibility ofwho is responsible. In a group decision, the responsibility ofany single member is dilutedany single member is diluted
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Effectiveness & Efficiency of GroupEffectiveness & Efficiency of Group
decision makingdecision making Whether groups are effective at making decisions depends onWhether groups are effective at making decisions depends on
the criteria one uses to assess effectivenessthe criteria one uses to assess effectiveness
The effectiveness of group decision making is also influencedThe effectiveness of group decision making is also influencedby the size of the groupby the size of the group
The larger the group, the greater the opportunity for diverseThe larger the group, the greater the opportunity for diverse
representationrepresentation
On the other hand, a larger group requires more coordinationOn the other hand, a larger group requires more coordination& more time for members to contribute their ideas& more time for members to contribute their ideas
Evidence indicates that groups of five are the most effectiveEvidence indicates that groups of five are the most effective
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In terms of accuracy, group decisions will tend to be moreIn terms of accuracy, group decisions will tend to be more
accurateaccurate
Evidence indicates that groups make better quality decisionsEvidence indicates that groups make better quality decisionsthan individualsthan individuals
If decision effectiveness is defined in terms of speed,If decision effectiveness is defined in terms of speed,
individuals are superiorindividuals are superior
In terms of creativity, groups tend to be more effective thanIn terms of creativity, groups tend to be more effective than
individualsindividuals
But effectiveness cannot be considered without assessingBut effectiveness cannot be considered without assessing
efficiencyefficiency With few exceptions, group decision making consumes moreWith few exceptions, group decision making consumes more
work hours than if an individual were to tackle the samework hours than if an individual were to tackle the same
problemproblem
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Group versus Individual Decision MakingGroup versus Individual Decision Making
Table summarizes when groups or individuals are mostTable summarizes when groups or individuals are most
effectiveeffective
Criteria ofCriteria of
effectivenesseffectiveness
GroupsGroups Individuals Individuals
AccuracyAccuracy
SpeedSpeed
CreativityCreativityDegree ofDegree of
acceptanceacceptance
EfficiencyEfficiency
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Group Decision making TechniquesGroup Decision making Techniques
BrainstormingBrainstorming
The Nominal Group TechniqueThe Nominal Group Technique
The Delphi TechniqueThe Delphi Technique
Electronic MeetingElectronic Meeting
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BrainstormingBrainstorming
Brainstorming was developed byA.F Osborn, anBrainstorming was developed byA.F Osborn, an
advertising executive, to increase creativityadvertising executive, to increase creativity It refers to an ideaIt refers to an idea--generation process that specificallygeneration process that specifically
encourages any & all alternatives, while withholding anyencourages any & all alternatives, while withholding any
criticism of those alternativescriticism of those alternatives
In a typical brainstorming session, a halfIn a typical brainstorming session, a half--dozen to a dozendozen to a dozen
people sit around a tablepeople sit around a table
The group leader states the problem in a clear manner soThe group leader states the problem in a clear manner so
that it is understood by all participantsthat it is understood by all participants Members the talk about as many alternatives as they canMembers the talk about as many alternatives as they can
in a given length of timein a given length of time
No criticism is allowed, & all the alternatives are recordedNo criticism is allowed, & all the alternatives are recorded
for later discussion & analysisfor later discussion & analysis
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The Nominal Group TechniqueThe Nominal Group Technique
It refers to a group decisionIt refers to a group decision--making method in whichmaking method in whichindividual members meet faceindividual members meet face--toto--face to pool their judgmentsface to pool their judgmentsin a systematic but independent fashionin a systematic but independent fashion
Group members are all physically present, as in a traditionalGroup members are all physically present, as in a traditional
committee meeting, but members operate independentlycommittee meeting, but members operate independently Aproblem is presented & then the following steps take place:Aproblem is presented & then the following steps take place:
(1) Members meet as a group but, before any discussion takes(1) Members meet as a group but, before any discussion takesplace, each member independently writes down his or herplace, each member independently writes down his or her
ideas on the problemideas on the problem(2)After this silent period, each member presents one idea to the(2)After this silent period, each member presents one idea to the
group. Each member takes his or her turn, presenting a singlegroup. Each member takes his or her turn, presenting a singleidea until all ideas have been presented & recorded.idea until all ideas have been presented & recorded.
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(3)(3) The group now discusses the ideas for clarity & evaluatesThe group now discusses the ideas for clarity & evaluates
themthem
(4) Each group member silently & independently rank(4) Each group member silently & independently rank--orders theorders theideas. The idea with the highest aggregate ranking determinesideas. The idea with the highest aggregate ranking determines
the final decisionthe final decision
The chief advantage of the nominal group technique is that itThe chief advantage of the nominal group technique is that it
permits the group to meet formally but does not restrictpermits the group to meet formally but does not restrict
independent thinkingindependent thinking
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The Delphi TechniqueThe Delphi Technique
It incorporates a carefully structured sequence ofIt incorporates a carefully structured sequence ofquestionnaires distributed to each group member, usually byquestionnaires distributed to each group member, usually byee--mailmail
Each person answers the questionnaire about the problem atEach person answers the questionnaire about the problem athand & transmits his responses & thoughts to thehand & transmits his responses & thoughts to thecoordinator on an attached file or directly on the ecoordinator on an attached file or directly on the e--mailmailmessagemessage
The leader aggregates the responses, & then sends them backThe leader aggregates the responses, & then sends them backto the team, & asks for feedbackto the team, & asks for feedback
Group members must trust the leader to aggregate &Group members must trust the leader to aggregate &integrate the responses honestlyintegrate the responses honestly
In the last round of the questionnaire, group members areIn the last round of the questionnaire, group members areasked to vote for their choice of solutionsasked to vote for their choice of solutions
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Electronic MeetingElectronic Meeting
Ameeting where members interact on computers, allowing forAmeeting where members interact on computers, allowing foranonymity of comments & aggregating of votesanonymity of comments & aggregating of votes
Up to 50 people sit around a table, empty except for a seriesUp to 50 people sit around a table, empty except for a seriesof computer terminalsof computer terminals
Issues are presented to participants & they type theirIssues are presented to participants & they type theirresponses onto their computer screenresponses onto their computer screen
Individual comments, as well as aggregate votes are displayedIndividual comments, as well as aggregate votes are displayedon a projection screen in the roomon a projection screen in the room
The major advantage of electronic meetings are anonymity,The major advantage of electronic meetings are anonymity,honesty & speedhonesty & speed
Its fast because chitchat is eliminatedIts fast because chitchat is eliminated
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Groupthink & GroupshiftGroupthink & Groupshift
The two byThe two by--products of group decision making that haveproducts of group decision making that have
received a lot of attention by researchers in OB are:received a lot of attention by researchers in OB are:
(1) Groupthink(1) Groupthink
(2) Groupshift(2) Groupshift
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GroupthinkGroupthink
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