Group 3Group 3

Josh, Bella, Cassie, Squatch, and Josh, Bella, Cassie, Squatch, and JayneJayne

Big Foot Big Foot (??-1890)(??-1890) Leader of the Miniconjou band Leader of the Miniconjou band

massacred at Wounded Knee Creek massacred at Wounded Knee Creek on December 29, 1890. on December 29, 1890.

Big Foot and his people lived on the Big Foot and his people lived on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Cheyenne River Reservation in present-day South Dakota and were present-day South Dakota and were among the most enthusiastic believers among the most enthusiastic believers in the Ghost Dance ceremony. in the Ghost Dance ceremony.

At the Standing Rock reservation At the Standing Rock reservation Sitting Bull was suspected of Sitting Bull was suspected of encouraging the Ghost Dance in order encouraging the Ghost Dance in order to provoke an uprising. to provoke an uprising.

Sitting Bull’s band fled south where Sitting Bull’s band fled south where they found a haven with Big Foot.they found a haven with Big Foot.

More Big Foot (Squatch)More Big Foot (Squatch)

Big Foot led his people away from Big Foot led his people away from the possibility of further violence at the possibility of further violence at Standing Rock and headed farther Standing Rock and headed farther south.south.

- Big Foot and his people camped near Big Foot and his people camped near Wounded Knee Creek, surrounded on Wounded Knee Creek, surrounded on all sides by soldiers.all sides by soldiers.

- Soldiers set up Hotchkiss guns on a Soldiers set up Hotchkiss guns on a hill overlooking the camp and began hill overlooking the camp and began confiscating the Indians’ weapons. confiscating the Indians’ weapons.

- 370 Lakota died after a gun 370 Lakota died after a gun accidentally went off and solders accidentally went off and solders opened fire. Big Foot was among the opened fire. Big Foot was among the first killed. first killed.

Wovoka a.k.a. Jack WilsonWovoka a.k.a. Jack Wilson(c.1856-1932) (c.1856-1932)

Early Life:Early Life: - Born in Western - Born in Western NevadaNevada- After the death of his - After the death of his father, Wovoka was father, Wovoka was raised by the family of raised by the family of David Wilson, exposing David Wilson, exposing him to the English him to the English language and language and ChristianityChristianity

WovokaWovokaAs a Prophet: As a Prophet:

- Influenced by Tävibo's - Influenced by Tävibo's prophesies (Indian perseverance prophesies (Indian perseverance over whites) over whites)

- Supported the connection - Supported the connection between moral behavior and between moral behavior and salvation salvation - Salvation was to be reached by - Salvation was to be reached by ritual dancing and positive moral ritual dancing and positive moral conductconduct- Despite his association with the - Despite his association with the Ghost DanceGhost Dance, Wovoka primarily , Wovoka primarily supported peace with the white supported peace with the white community community - Masked Christian references - Masked Christian references (“supreme being,” pacifism, (“supreme being,” pacifism, immortality, etc)immortality, etc)

Tatanka-Iyotanka (1831-1890) Tatanka-Iyotanka (1831-1890)

BasicsBasics: -More commonly named, Sitting Bull: -More commonly named, Sitting Bull ““Sitting Bull was given the name Sitting Bull was given the name

Tatanka-Iyotanka, which describes Tatanka-Iyotanka, which describes a buffalo bull sitting intractably on its a buffalo bull sitting intractably on its haunches. It was a name he would live haunches. It was a name he would live

up to throughout his life.”up to throughout his life.” Leadership:Leadership: -Hunkpapa Lakota chief, led his people in fight against -Hunkpapa Lakota chief, led his people in fight against

demolition of the northern plainsdemolition of the northern plains- opposed American military, and in general, ideas- opposed American military, and in general, ideas-fought the U.S. in several battles (he was 14 during the 1st)-fought the U.S. in several battles (he was 14 during the 1st)-leader of Strong Heart warrior society-leader of Strong Heart warrior society-When gold was found in the Black Hills of Dakota, Sitting Bull -When gold was found in the Black Hills of Dakota, Sitting Bull and his people had to fight for their land.and his people had to fight for their land.

““Sitting Bull had a vision in Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw soldiers falling which he saw soldiers falling into the Lakota camp like into the Lakota camp like grasshoppers falling from the grasshoppers falling from the sky.”sky.”

-The warrior, Crazy Horse, acted -The warrior, Crazy Horse, acted on the vision and defeated the on the vision and defeated the American general, CookAmerican general, Cook

After:After:-After removing his tribe -After removing his tribe from the U.S. to a retreat in from the U.S. to a retreat in Canada, Sitting Bull eventually Canada, Sitting Bull eventually headed South to surrenderheaded South to surrender

-July 19, 1881 in -July 19, 1881 in MontanaMontana

-At the end of his days -At the end of his days he he was moved to a was moved to a reservationreservation

-He joined Buffalo Bill’s -He joined Buffalo Bill’s wild west showwild west show

Gall (c. 1840-1894)Gall (c. 1840-1894) Hunkpapa chief Hunkpapa chief Got name when, as a starving Got name when, as a starving

orphan, ate the gall of an animal orphan, ate the gall of an animal he killedhe killed

Soon became Sitting Bull’s Soon became Sitting Bull’s military chief and led attacks military chief and led attacks along the Yellow Stone River in along the Yellow Stone River in 1872-18731872-1873

Led Hunkpapa warriors in the Led Hunkpapa warriors in the battle of Little Bighornbattle of Little Bighorn

Joined with Crazy horse and his Joined with Crazy horse and his forces to attack George forces to attack George Armstrong CusterArmstrong Custer

After a quarrel with Sitting After a quarrel with Sitting Bull, he settled on Standing Bull, he settled on Standing Rock reservation in Dakota Rock reservation in Dakota Territory Territory

In 1889 he became a judge In 1889 he became a judge on the reservation’s Court of on the reservation’s Court of Indian OffensesIndian Offenses

Gall died on December 5, Gall died on December 5, 1894 at his home on Oak 1894 at his home on Oak Creek in South DakotaCreek in South Dakota

Red CloudRed Cloud Red Cloud was born near the forks of the Platte River Red Cloud was born near the forks of the Platte River Most of his early life was spent fighting with Pawnee Most of his early life was spent fighting with Pawnee

and Crow tribes.and Crow tribes. Gained enourmous prominence in the Lakota nation Gained enourmous prominence in the Lakota nation

because of his leadershipbecause of his leadership Beginning in Beginning in 18661866, Red Cloud orchestrated the most successful war against the , Red Cloud orchestrated the most successful war against the

United States ever fought by an Indian nation.United States ever fought by an Indian nation. The army had begun to construct forts along the Bozeman Trail which ran through The army had begun to construct forts along the Bozeman Trail which ran through

the heart of Lakota territorythe heart of Lakota territory As caravans of miners and settlers began to cross the Lakota's land, Red Cloud was As caravans of miners and settlers began to cross the Lakota's land, Red Cloud was

haunted by the vision of Minnesota's expulsion of the Eastern Lakota in 1862 and haunted by the vision of Minnesota's expulsion of the Eastern Lakota in 1862 and 1863.1863.

He launched a series of assaults on the forts, most notably the crushing defeat of He launched a series of assaults on the forts, most notably the crushing defeat of Lieutenant Colonel William Fetterman's column of eighty men just outside Lieutenant Colonel William Fetterman's column of eighty men just outside Fort Phil Kearny, WyomingFort Phil Kearny, Wyoming, in December of 1866., in December of 1866.

Red Cloud's strategies were so successful that by Red Cloud's strategies were so successful that by 18681868 the United States the United States government had agreed to the government had agreed to the Fort Laramie TreatyFort Laramie Treaty..

The treaty stated that would United States abandon its forts along the Bozeman The treaty stated that would United States abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail and guarantee the Lakota their possession of what is now the Western half of Trail and guarantee the Lakota their possession of what is now the Western half of South Dakota, including the Black Hills, along with much of Montana and South Dakota, including the Black Hills, along with much of Montana and Wyoming.Wyoming.

Peace was hulted when Custer in 1874 decided to start and expedition of the Black Peace was hulted when Custer in 1874 decided to start and expedition of the Black Hills.Hills.

Red Cloud did not join Red Cloud did not join Crazy HorseCrazy Horse, Sitting Bull and other war leaders in the , Sitting Bull and other war leaders in the Lakota War of 1876-77.Lakota War of 1876-77.

Red Cloud continued to fight for the needs and autonomy of his people, even if in Red Cloud continued to fight for the needs and autonomy of his people, even if in less obvious or dramatic ways than waging war.less obvious or dramatic ways than waging war.

Fearing the Army's presence on his reservation, Red Cloud refrained from Fearing the Army's presence on his reservation, Red Cloud refrained from endorsing the Ghost Dance movement, and unlike Sitting Bull and Big Foot, he endorsing the Ghost Dance movement, and unlike Sitting Bull and Big Foot, he escaped the Army's occupation unscathed.escaped the Army's occupation unscathed.

He continued to fight to preserve the authority of chiefs such as himself, opposed He continued to fight to preserve the authority of chiefs such as himself, opposed leasing Lakota lands to whites, and vainly fought allotment of Indian reservations leasing Lakota lands to whites, and vainly fought allotment of Indian reservations into individual tracts under the 1887 Dawes Act.into individual tracts under the 1887 Dawes Act.

He died in 1909He died in 1909

Citation:Citation:Lifetime Learning Systems, "Red Cloud." Lifetime Learning Systems, "Red Cloud." PBSPBS. 2001. PBS. 23 Mar 2009 . 2001. PBS. 23 Mar 2009

<http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/redcloud.htm>.<http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/redcloud.htm>.