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![Page 1: Group 10 Megan PackerTyler Wilkinson Lauren Lukas Chris Smith Caity Bowen Eric Matthews Kelsey Springer Q Lee.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddf5503460f94ad95a8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Group 10Megan Packer Tyler Wilkinson Lauren Lukas Chris Smith Caity Bowen Eric MatthewsKelsey Springer Q Lee
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INTRODUCTION
• India- Diversity• Spain and Portugal- Bullfighting• Australia- Outdoor Recreational Activities• Sub-Saharan African Bush Taxi• Summary
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INDIA“Studying India is like looking into a kaleidoscope which is turning constantly. India is complex. It is colorful. It offers multiple evolving patterns which are contained within one framework.”
– Julian Crandall Hollick
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DIVERSITY IN INDIAHigh-Rise Next to Slums• Mumbai will be home to first billion dollar home- A 27
story skyscraper estimated at 2 billion dollars- Forbes.com
• 2006 Bangalore rampage (prosperity and poverty)• Largest slum in Asia is between the Mumbai airport and
downtown Mumbai
• 300 known languages in India, 24 have 1 million speakers15-16 official languages
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RELIGIONBirthplace to four major religions
• Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism• 80% Hindu, 14% Muslim, 3% Christian, 1.86% Sikh• Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama
• Four noble truths• Fourth largest religion in the world• Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India
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RELIGION Jainism- Mahavira
• Approx. 4 million followers
• Three jewels/ “Guiding principles”
• Strict vegetarians
• Aim to minimize use of world resources
Sikhism- Guru Nanak
• Youngest of world religions (500 yrs. old)
• Most live in Punjab
• Mistaken for Taliban after 9/11/01
• 8% of Indian Army
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RELIGIONZoroastrianism (Parsis)
• One of the oldest religions• Parsis escaped persecution in Persia (Iran)• Guard their culture and customs• One invisible God•War between good and evil
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FESTIVALS• Birthday of Lord Ganesha
• Deepawali/ Diwali
• Festival of Holi
• Janamashtami (Lord Krishna’s Birthday)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehoqSkyLw0
• Eid-ul-Fitr
• Participation in non-member religious celebrations and festivals
Lord Ganesha
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INDIAN CUISINE• India considered to possess one of most diverse
cuisines in world
• Integral part of weddings, festivals, and the day-to-day
• Wedding• Typically unfolds over several days• Southern India – banana leaves• Modern Indian wedding feast plays host to many
international and national cuisines
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INDIA Cell Phones
• “They won’t have food, but they will have their cell phone!”•World’s fastest growing cell market
Call Centers
• Outsourcing• Increased westernization• Opportunities for women
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SPORTS IN INDIACricket
• Lasts several hours to several days•Westernized sporting practices
• Cheerleaders• Rule changes, premier leagues
• Best athletes are national stars (Bollywood)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9STtcwo0xE
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INDIAEducation Curriculum
• Private education superpower• Very poor public education
Future
• Economic Boom vs. Crumbling Infrastructure• Shift toward Westernized economies and
cultures
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THE SPANISH BULLFIGHT
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CHARACTERISTICS• Spaniards most known characteristic: contagious
vitality
• Bullfighting is a celebration of life
• Some Spaniards do not support bullfighting
• Sunday afternoon entertainment
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THE BULLFIGHT BEGINS• “Running of the Bulls”- Corrida de Toros
• Commencement
• Three groups of principal participants in the corrida
• Bull confronted by matadors assistants & enters ring
• Demonstrates bravery• Two picador enter the ring on horseback
• Weaken bull to decrease speed• 15 minutes to display skills before the kill• 15 min to display set of skills
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHCKWH0oxHc
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FEATURES OF BULLFIGHT
• Cuadrillas
• Sol y Sombra
• Pompous parade entrance
• Audience involvement
• Ritual of the bullfight
Parade before the Bullfight
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SPANIARDSA VARIED PEOPLE• Common personality traits
• Cultural Attributes
• Romans
• “Vulgar Latin” • Constructed bridges and roads• Spread of Christianity
• Muslim Arabs
• 4,000 words used in Modern Spanish • Advances in fields• Irrigation, math, medicine, and architecture
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HONORING THE COLLECTIVE• Desirable for Spaniards to live as close together as
possible.
• True loyalty directed toward smaller unit
• Family, friends, town, or religion• Protective over family
• Four different languages spoken
• Catalonian, Galician, Castillian, and Basque.• Geographical barriers
• Cuadrillas: Shows Spaniard attitude towards teams and collectivism; means “group, bank, or gang”
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REGIONAL STATES IN SPAINGalicia
• Northwestern corner of Spain (above Portugal) • Frequent rain and drizzle, lush vegetation• Gallegans
• Fair skin and light eyes• Work as fisherman, shepherds, and farmers • Speak their own language-mixture of Portuguese and
Castilian Spanish
Iberians
• Speak the Basque language, Euskara
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REGIONAL STATES IN SPAIN
Bilbao
• Eastward along the northern Coastline of Spain
• Basque countryside- Alpine vistas of rolling hills and Swiss-style Farmhouses
Castile
• Center of Spain, on plateau at an altitude of 2,000-3,000 feet
• Birthplace of Spain’s official language, known outside as Spanish and inside Spain as Castilian
• Federal government resides in Spain’s Capital, Madrid
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REGIONAL STATES OF SPAINMadrid
• Northeastern corner, between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea
• Large textile and tourist industries
• Culture is more European than the rest of Spain
• Catalans
• Language is highly related to the southern
French Provencal
Andalusia
• Southern Spain
• Home of the Bullfight, Gypsies, and
“Dark Spaniards”
• Climate is relentlessly hot and dry
• Mediterranean essence Royal Palace of Madrid
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POMPOUS ENTRANCE PARADE • More joyful side of Spanish Culture represented
by the “Paseillo” at the beginning of the bullfight
• Corrida
• Proud march of individuals• Lavishly costumed, everyone struts into the
ring in descending hierarchical order according to their importance
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VALUES AND CULTUREValues
• Honor, dignity, pride, and a contempt for manual labor• Came into the Spanish Culture during its centuries of
battles and heroes
Spanish Individualism
• Anarchic and inorganic • Produces a number of outcomes for the Spanish Culture • Helps explain the Spanish people’s lack of collective
efforts• Difficult cooperating with other countries
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AUDIENCE INVOLVEMENT • Cheers and shouts of Ole!
• Highlight the strong Spanish emotionalism
• Emotional nature of Spanish expression is not only a one-sided outpouring but also an interactive form of communication
• Attributes relate back to social behavior previously mentioned
• Gregarious and fun-loving nature is magnified by their uninhibited emotionalism • Generous and hospitable
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RITUALS AND CELEBRATIONSRegionalism
• Sense of tragedy and proud individualism
• Ultimate ritual is the bullfight
• Rituals define the bullfight
• Way of combining festivity with solemnity and life with death
Fiestas
• Ritual like bullfighting
• Extravagant costumes, floats, processions, and drinking
• Wilder aspect of Paganism
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RELIGIONChristianity
• Entered Spain during Roman Rule in first century after Christ • Spanish people preserved their pagan traditions
along with new Christian beliefs• Spanish people don’t always deal directly with God
• Common for Spaniards to pray to the Virgin Mary and the Saints
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Portugal and Portuguese Bullfighting
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PORTUGAL • Population of 10 million
• One of the poorest countries in Western Europe
• Six separate rounds in the Portuguese bullfight each with a specific cavaleiro (mounted horseman) and forcados (footmen).
• Cavaleiros represent the noble class with elegance and style
• Forcados represent the common laborer of Portugal
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PORTUGUESE BULLFIGHTING• Cavaleiro’s role is to demonstrate his control of
the horse and his ability to avoid the bull
• The forcados’ are an eight man team who jump in front of the bull in an attempt to bring the bull to a stand still
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4ExoMwC338
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PORTUGESE RELIGION• Portugal is 97% Catholic
• Many go to confession on a weekly basis
• As important as attending Sunday Mass• Portuguese use the clergy just like we would use
a psychologist
• Seek inner truth and strength
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ROLES WITHIN SOCIETY • Authority is rarely challenged in their
hierarchical culture
• Roles of men and women are clearly defined
• The man is seen as the conqueror and hunter who provides for the family
• The woman is the supporter and does the cooking and cleaning
• Portugal ranks 45 of 53 nations on the masculine-feminine dimensions and high on the gender egalitarianism
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MARRIAGE• Divorce is uncommon in Portugal and is
considered a disgrace
• When a wife or husband cheats, they are said to be meter os cornos which means gored by the bull
• The man is expected to remarry and if he is unsuccessful, his family may feel a sense of shame and call him a quitter
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BUSINESS RELATIONS• Long term trust is important
• The Portuguese are suspicious and afraid of getting burned in a deal, however they are friendly
• Relationship building, especially outside of work, is important in gaining trust and building the rapport needed to do business
• Timeliness is important, disrespectful if you don’t arrive on time
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SOCIETY AS A WHOLE• Portugal is a collectivist society
• After each bullfight the cavaleiros and forcados meet in the center of the ring and shake hands symbolizing the coming together of social classes
• Citizens easily approachable and helpful
• Many international travelers who visit Portugal are left with a special warmth for the people
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IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY• Family is the most important institution
• Many people have no close friendships outside the family
• It is common for people to marry their neighbors and live near their parents, friends, and place of birth
• Lunch is the most important meal of the day and everything in the country shuts down from noon and two, so people can relax and enjoy their meal
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SYMBOL OF BRAVERY• The pega is a symbol of bravery
• The cavaleiros are paid, while the forcados are amateurs and don’t make any money at all
• The forcados do it for the love of the ritual as a joyous celebration of tradition and bravery
• The bullfight forces a man to look deep within himself for a sense of pride, and is a reminder of the hardships of previous generations
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PERSISTENCE• Saving face is a concept that is important to the
Portuguese.
• They are stubborn but persistent.
• If they can not build a relationship with you outside of a business setting, you are not likely to have success in your business meeting.
• They do not consider themselves to be slaves to the clock.
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AUSTRALIAN OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
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ABOUT AUSTRALIA• Like Americans, their interactions tend to be
highly informal.
• The landscape includes deserts, mountains, and rain forests.
• Over half of the population lives five cities, with almost 85% living in towns near the coasts.
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AUSTRALIA IN AMERICAN CULTURE• Australian film Mad Max with Mel Gibson was so
popular in the US it led to two sequels
• Outback Steakhouse
• Famous Australian TV and movie stars• Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Chris and Liam
Hemsworth
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WHAT MAKES AUSTRALIA UNIQUE• Variety of unusual animals unique to Australia
•Wombats, koala bears, kangaroos • Famous landmarks
• Great Barrier Reef, Sydney Opera House• Australian English
• Warm climate year-round
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RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES• Outdoor Recreational Activities are the most
popular
• Include cricket, tennis, soccer, sailing, horse racing
• Australian football
• Cross between soccer, rugby, and U.S. football• Gambling
• 80% of the adult population gambles• Usually involves sports or sporting events
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IMPORTANCE OF EQUALITY• ANZAC Day- celebrates the defeat of the
Australian army at Gallipoli
• Highly individualistic and low on power distance
• “Tall Poppy Syndrome”
• Equality Matching
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SOCIAL ASPECTS• Equality matching evolved from the concept of
“mates”
• Clear distinction between in- and out-group
• Joining the “in-group” requires time, patience, and appropriate behaviors
• Individuals must be “Aussie battlers”
• Look down on “dole budgers”
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Africa and the Sub-Saharan Bush Taxi
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HISTORY OF AFRICA• Human history began in Africa about 7 million
years ago
• Homo habilis (toolmaker)• Homo erectus • Homo sapiens
• 1st African civilization: Egypt
• Scattered groups of hunter gatherers• Metallurgy and agriculture.• Creation of kingdoms.
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA•LIES SOUTH OF THE SAHARA.
•5 OF THE 6 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF HUMANITY CAN BE FOUND IN AFRICA
•QUARTER OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN ONLY IN AFRICA
•OVERALL POPULATION MORE THAN 743 MILLION
•47 COUNTRIES
•Largest: Nigeria•Smallest: Seychelles
•SOUTH AFRICA HAS THE LARGEST GDP
•GUINEA BISSAU HAS THE SMALLEST GDP
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IMPACT OF SLAVERY• Slavery was always practiced in Africa
• Around 1500, arrival of Europeans led to an explosion in the practice
• Only the strongest and the most productive member of the society.
• By early 1900’s 5 countries controlled virtually the whole of Africa.
• End of WWII led to decolonization.
• By 1973 47 independent nation were born.
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IMPACT OF SLAVERY• Modern Africa: Known for problems rather than
its success
• Famine, civil wars, military coups, poverty, Aids, Ebola, and genocide
• Foreign direct investment in Africa is minuscule
• Crude Oil
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BASIC OPERATIONS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN BUSH TAXI• Owned by an individual
• Fill an important role in a community
• Transport people and goods
• Competition for space with the other passengers
• Importance of the taxis depend on the economic conditions of the country
• Safety is not a concern of most bush taxi drivers
• “Gas is Money”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GowOyodNMYE
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FATALISM• Islam: Predominant religion in West and East
Africa
• Inshallah: God willing
• “What will be will be”
• Cannot control your destiny.• Helps people wait patiently or react calmly under
unfortunate situations
• Talismans to protect against “demons of the road”
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IDEAS ABOUT TIME AND RELIGION• Have a more relaxed view of time.
• Actual events > Future events
• Perceive time in terms of events or how it’s used
• Social relations in the workplace are important
• Fate lies in the hands of a God
• Little point in planning for the future
• Adapting to western concepts of time and doing
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IMPORTANCE OF BUSH TAXI• An African bush taxi is an intimate experience
• Each stop is an opportunity for an army of vendors
• The bush taxi is an important community service
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COMMUNALISM• Communalism is a strong trait in African culture
• Mental map of their family is the focus and center of their identity
• Success= giving back
• Village is seen as an extended family
• Comfortable with physical contact
• Privacy is not well understood
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HIERARCHY IN AFRICAN SOCIETY• Characterized by a high power distance
• Promotion: based on seniority, not ability
• Strong centralization and little initiative taking
• Awareness of status and formality is important
• Leaders are expected to act, dress, and behave in a matter befitting their positions
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POLITENESS AND RESPECT
• A great deal of politeness is expected in daily interactions
• Ritual greetings: establishes status, position, and reinforcing communal ties
• Titles
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ROLE OF WOMEN• Great deal of variation within sub-Saharan Africa.
• Literacy rate
• Seychelles: 92% of women are literate.• Niger and Chad: 15% and 13%
• Fatality rate on birth
• Sierra Leone: 2 women die for every 100 live births.
• Mauritius: 24 die for every 100,000 live births.• Labor force
• Burundi: 90.5%• Sudan: 22.5%
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AN INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY
Four Categories
1. Perspectives on culture
2. Institutions and culture
3. Additional factors
4. Beyond ethnic and national cultures
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PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE• Fast vs. Slow Change
• Definition of culture
• Norms, behaviors, values• Individualistic or Collectivism
• Increasing GDP is leading to individualism• Subcultures and Regionalization
• 1990: 190 nations, today: 220 nations• 10 nation clusters• Clustered by values and religion
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INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE• Cultures and institutions influence each other
• Legal systems » « culture• Economic systems » « culture• Political governance system » « culture
• Religion influences culture
• Family influences culture
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ADDITIONAL FACTORS• Geography reinforces culture
• Ex. EU and NAFTA• Geography is associated with language
• Cold climates: short words & direct language• Warm climates: big vocabulary
• Language reinforces cultural values
• Interpretations of the same words in different cultures
• Privacy and I- negative connotation in Saudi Arabia• Asia: face, “saving face”
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ADDITIONAL FACTORS• Space distinguishes culture
• Collectivist vs. individualist• Demographic changes influence culture
• Immigration can change culture
• Gender equality
• Ex. In Finland, half of legislature are women
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BEYOND ETHNIC AND NATIONAL CULTURES• Cross-cultural Paradoxes
• Help understand many issues such asLeadership, motivation, communication across cultures, & negotiations
• Globalization
• Understanding of other cultures through values, behaviors, & norms