Group 1:James Raio

Mark TolmachWillie Tang

Jessica ZukhovichSemona Skvirsky

Andrew Chen

At first, large, powerful empires such as the Aztec and Incan Empires ruled Latin America.

During the fifteenth century, Europeans began to travel to Latin America.

They proceeded to establish colonies there. They appointed viceroys and audiencias to

maintain order over the colonies.

At first, large, powerful empires controlled Latin America.

Eventually, these large empires broke down into European settler colonies.

These colonies were similar to the empires, in that they were powerful and sometimes quite large.

However, the establishment of these colonies often resulted in harsh treatment for the natives there, many of which were now put into slavery to grow cash crops for the Europeans.

As Sub-Saharan Africans began to trade more and more (around the sixth to eighth centuries), small tribes and kinships began to turn into large trading empires, such as the Ghana and Mali empires.

As soon as the Portuguese and other Europeans came to Africa, they began to take over, decimate, and even turn empires and native peoples against each other in order to get slaves.

This caused the multiple stable, prosperous, empires in Sub-Saharan Africa to topple.

The Europeans took command of many of the areas they destroyed, and set up colonies that revolved around the slave trade.

Originally, small tribes made up most of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa, causing life to remain relatively steady with little advancements.

As trade increased, and large, wealthy empires with powerful rulers emerged, populations, technologies, and warfare increased.

Lastly, Europeans came into Africa, and basically ruined many of the great African empires that existed, resulting in a land of confusion, chaos, and conflict.

Chinese cultural traditions and civil service examinations were restored in the Ming Dynasty.

In China, during the Ming Dynasty, the Zheng He voyages were launched by Ming Emperor Hongwu; however, later rulers called back the fleet and restricted foreign contact.

Manchurian tribesmen invaded China and overthrew a Ming corrupt state establishing the Qing Dynasty. It was run by a centralized bureaucracy where scholar bureacrats performed day to day governance.

Japan was unified by the Tokugawa shogunate that brought stability to Japan after 1600.

A military government known as the bakufu was established which controlled the power of the daimyos.

China and Japan’s isolation for nearly 200 years made them fall behind the west in science and technology by the eighteenth century.

Change

Japan was formerly imperial during the Nara/Heian periods. It changed to feudalism in 1185 when a shogun gained power from the defeat of the Tiara to the Minamoto.

The Yuan Dynasty in China was Chinese self-rule.

Continuity Unification by the Qin dynasty

of China was a continuity because China was unified for 2,000 years.

Mandate of Heaven would be used to give a dynasty their power after replacing the old dynasty. Exception would be during Yuan Dynasty.

Government positions were determined by the testing of civil service examinations. Exception would be during the Yuan Dynasty.

•1523 – Appearance of Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur) in northern India.•Babur mounted invasions in 1523 and 1525, and overtook Delhi in 1526 as a result of the help of gunpowder weapons. •By he time of his death, Babur built his Indian empire stretching from Kabul to borders of Bengal.•Akbar ruled after Babur•Akbar created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating various areas of the vast empire.•Akbar laid the foundation for later Mughal empire by launching military campaigns and absorbing nearby areas•Akbar pursued religious tolerance between Muslims and Indians in India •The highest point of the Mughal empire occurred under rule of Aurangazeb•Aurangzeb launched campaigns to push empire deep into southern India•His religious policies caused people to revolt against empire

•A change in India was the fact that centralized rule was now under the Mughal Empire rather than the Turkish sultanate of Delhi•A change in India was the fact that throughout most of its history, India was decentralized. However, under the Mughal empire, India became temporarily centralized.•A continuity was that Mughal empire continued to face outside invasion. Both empires faced outside pressure. Sultans faced pressure from Turkish and Mongol invaders. The Mughal empire also experienced outside pressure.

• The Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Absolute monarchy; centralized state

• The Safavid empire centralized administration

The dynastic state The emperors and Islam

Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety and military prowess of rulers

Steppe traditions Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Ongoing problems with royal succession Ottoman rulers could legally kill his brothers after taking the throne

Royal women often wielded great influence on politics

• The empires in transition – The deterioration of imperial leadership,

the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries • Dynastic decline caused by negligent

rulers, factions, and government corruption

• Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629) revitalized the Safavid empire

– new capital at Isfahan; centralized administration

Starting around the 15th century the nation-states of Western Europe were able to begin major explorations, unlike their previous small conquests. 

Portugal - ventured out into the Atlantic and established plantations. Prince Henry conquered African lands and encouraged voyages into India. Established over 50 trading posts. 

Spain- Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492. Spanish conquered native people and formed permanent settlements, cultural diffusion occurred. Cortes conquered Mexico in 1521 and Pizzaro conquered Peru in 1533.  In 1565 Spain conquered the Philippines.  

England- Voyages throughout the Pacific, and other various parts of the world, established many trading posts. Formed penal colonies in Australia. 

7 Years’ War(1756-1763) Competitions and conflicts formed between English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.  

30 Year War (1618-1648) 

Europeans and Asia- China and Japan were mostly isolated and refused foreigners. Dutch were the only ones who were able to interact with Japan and this led to a less strict policy on foreigners. 

CHANGE Before this age of exploration Europeans mainly interacted with regions close to them and did not conquer much land. By interacting with all these new people Europeans were able to mix their cultures and learn more about other people as well as teach them about their own. 

Native Americans had their cultures destroyed, but were also able to learn more advanced techniques and ideas from Europeans. 

Dutch were able to change Asian foreign policies and convince them to break away from isolation.   

CONTINUITY Many of the ideas that spread  lasted for a very long period of time.

When Spanish conquered native Americans they brought Christianity which is still in the Philippines and Latin culture today.  

CHANGE Before this age of exploration Europeans mainly interacted with regions close to them and did not conquer much land. By interacting with all these new people Europeans were able to mix their cultures and learn more about other people as well as teach them about their own.  Native americans had their cultures destroyed, but were also able to learn more advanced techniques and

ideas from Europeans.  Dutch were able to change Asian foreign policies and convince them to break away from isolation.    CONTINUITY Many of the ideas that spread  lasted for a very long period of time. When Spanish conquered native americans they brought Christianity which is still in the Philippines and Latin

culture today.  

In both Latin America and in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Europeans came in and toppled large, powerful empires that existed in those places.

However, both of those places were effected differently by the Europeans taken away their power.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Europeans caused disorder, inter-tribal / inter-kingdom warfare among the native population, and ultimately hindered advancements and things of that nature.

In Latin America, however, the Europeans established strong empires to replace the ones they conquered. Although they enslaved many of the natives in Latin America too, in no way was war and conflict among native peoples provoked by the Europeans.

Also, in Latin America, viceroys and audiencias were appointed by Spain to make sure that the European colonies would run smoothly and effectively.

In Africa, there were such people that maintained control of newly conquered areas besides the conquerors themselves, which caused much more instability and weakness to exist in the governments controlling Africa than in Latin Ammerica.