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GROUNDWATER PROVINCES OF VICTORIA

GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION PROGRAM REPORT

JANUARY 1983 - JUNE 1984

DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY

STATE RIVERS AND WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IS. 0315-8134

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT

BMR Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and

Geophysics (Commonwealth)

DAV Department of Agriculture,

DME Department of Minerals and Energy,

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

GDWB Geelong District Water Board

GSV Geological Survey of Victoria

SEC State Electricity Commission

SRWSC State Rivers & Water Supply Commission

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

mg/l Milligrams per litre

ML/a Megalitres per annum

11S/m Microsiemens per metre

CONTENTS Page

INTRODUCTION 1

1 Groundwater Resources Investigation 4

1.1 Urban Water Supply 5

Gellibrand groundwater investigation

(DME/SRWSC)

Otway Basin deep aquifer system

investigation (DME/SRWSC)

Grampian Ranges groundwater resources

investigation (DME)

1.2 Regional Reconnaissance 6

Latrobe Valley groundwater investigation (DME)

Boisdale Formation aquifer investigation (DME)

2 Salinity Investigations

7

2.1 Reconnaissance Level Investigations to Identify the

Nature, Extent and Cause of Salinity

8

Hydrogeological investigations of the Riverine Plain

(DME)

Kyabram District soil salinity - Watertable survey

(SRWSC)

Shepparton Region - Watertable control program -

Regional investigation (SRWSC)

BMR - States, Murray Basin hydrogeological project (DME,

SRWSC)

The leaching potential of Northern Victorian soils

irrigated with saline water (DAV)

Watertable and salinity investigations in the Kerang

Region (SRWSC)

Evaporation disposal sites - Lake Tyrrell and Raak

Plains (DME, SRWSC)

Campaspe irrigation area - Watertable control

investigation (SRWSC)

Airborne electromagnetic survey (SRWSC)

2 Remedy to Control Salinity problems

11

Girgarre salinity control pilot project (SRWSC, DAV)

Rushworth District on-farm drainage control and

groundwater disposal experiment (DAV)

Tongala groundwater pumping/re-use project (DAV)

Appin South tree plantation (SRWSC)

The reuse of saline groundwater for reclamation of

saline/sodic soils in the Goulburn Valley (DAV)

The effect of native trees on watertable levels in

irrigated northern Victoria (DAV)

Irrigation of perennial pasture with groundwater in

the Campaspe Irrigation District (DAV)

The effect of saline irrigation water on the

productivity of pear trees in the Goulburn Valley

(DAV)

Salt tolerance of horticulturally and agriculturally

important irrigated plants (DAV)

The effect of saline irrigation water in the

productivity of row and field crops grown in the

Goulburn Valley (DAV)

Evaluation of the salt and waterlogging tolerances of a

range of plant species for use in the irrigation areas

of northern Victoria (DAV)

Effects of irrigation with saline water on perennial

pastures production and soil conditions (DAV)

Effects of saline irrigation water on the water balance

of fodder crops (DAV)

Effect of irrigation with saline water on annual

pasture productivity and soil conditions (DAV)

The effect of saline irrigation water on the chemical

and physical properties of Goulburn Valley soils (DAV)

Physico-chemical interactions of saline water with soils

of northern Victoria (DAV)

The assessment of methods of in-situ measurement of soil

salinity (DAV)

Page

Field comparison of two methods of calculating gypsum

requirements for cultivated soils (DAV)

Shepparton Region - water table control program -

permanent works

2.3

Impact on water quality of rivers

15

Hydrogeological investigations : Nyah to South

Australian border (SRWSC)

Karadoc Swamp investigation (SRWSC)

Nangiloc-Colignan drainage investigation (SRWSC)

Tol Tol and Nenandie drainage injection monitoring

(SRWSC)

3 Investigations for Groundwater Management

16

Joint groundwater study, border zone, South

Australia/Victoria (DME/SRWSC)

Western Port Basin groundwater resources (DME)

Groundwater investigation - Werribee Delta (DME)

Eastville CRA solution mining investigation (DME &

SRWSC)

Mitchell River flats artificial recharge investigation

(DME)

Hydrogeology of Wandin Yallock - Monbulk area, Dandenong

Ranges (DME)

4 Other Activities

19

Groundwater computer modelling (DME, SRWSC)

Prevention of groundwater pollution (DME)

Groundwater resources monitoring (DME, SRWSC)

Drought relief work (DME, SRWSC)

Groundwater advisory services (DME)

Compilation of groundwater data

Geophysical logging

5 Reports 22

INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is one of the natural resources vital for the development

of the State, as well as being of high relevance to a number of

environmental issues including salinity and waste disposal. The

Groundwater Act 1969 provides for the exploration and conservation of

the State's groundwater resources. In order to fulfil the provisions

of the Act, the Department of Minerals and Energy is actively engaged

in exploration and research programs in various aspects of ground-

water. The Department's program includes the collection, collation

and analysis of data concerning the location, composition, and

movement of groundwater; the properties of the rock containing

groundwater and other matters connected with the efficient and

beneficial use of groundwater such as protection from pollution and

measures to overcome any groundwater related problems.

This report presents a summary of the groundwater investigations

undertaken by the three government agencies most concerned with

groundwater investigations for the 18 months from January 1983 to June

1984. During this period, which included the final months of the

1982/83 drought, the public turned increasingly to groundwater for

their source of supply with an authorized extraction of 20 000 ML/a

to give a total authorized extraction of 420 00 ML/a . Also during

this period there was an enormous increase in the number of

applications for bore construction permits, with 6 000 being issued.

The Minister for Minerals and Energy is responsible for the program of

the State's groundwater investigation. In planning and control of the

program, the Minister is assisted by the Groundwater Advisory Commit-

tee established under the Groundwater Act. The Committee provides a

co-ordinating role between Government Departments and advises the

Minister on priorities.

The Groundwater Advisory Committee is chaired by Dr E W Russell,

Secretary for the Department of Minerals and Energy or his deputy,

Dr D Spencer-Jones. The other Committee Members are Mr J N Cramsie,

Director of Geological Survey (DME); Mr D Constable, Chairman of the

State Rivers' and Water Supply Commission; Mr R Taylor, Assistant

1

Director General of the Department of Agriculture, and Mr D F G

Richens, representing groundwater users.

Recent restructuring in the water industry has led to the abolition of

the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission as from 1st July, 1984

and the creation of the Department of Water Resources and the Rural

Water Commission. The three authorities whose investigations are out-

lined in this report have complementary roles with respect to ground-

water. The Department of Minerals and Energy is the lead agency for

groundwater resource investigations. It also issues permits for all

bores, it licenses all drillers and advises on pollution. The Rural

Water Commission investigates groundwater with respect to salinity

problems in irrigation areas as well as issuing bore extraction

licenses. The Department of Agriculture carries out research with

respect to salinity and agriculture. The Department of Water

Resources is the State's central water resources agency.

This report has been prepared with a different format to previous

annual reports. Projects have been grouped into the following four

categories :

1 groundwater resources investigations;

2 salinity related investigations;

3 groundwater management investigations;

4 other activities.

An outline of project highlights has been prepared for each section,

with the aims, achievements and expenditure for each project outlined

in tabular form. A consolidated listing of the 100 reports prepared

during the period is also included in this report.

The following pie diagrams illustrate the expenditure by the agencies

on groundwater related projects and the proportions of funds expended

on the four groups of projects. It is to be noted that the DME's

expenditure includes that of drilling operations, general projects,

groundwater administration, advice on availability of groundwater,

maintenance of data storage and retrieval systems, and observation

bore monitoring.

INVESTIGATIONS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

4.7%

Expenditure on Groundwater Investigations

Jan. 1983 - June 1984

AGENCIES

PROJECTS

RESOURCE INVESTIGATION

SALINITY 33.2% 35.3%

TOTAL EXPENDITURE (18 Months) $5,689,000

4

1 Groundwater Resources Investigations

Regional groundwater investigations are being made of parts of the

Otway Basin and the Gippsland Basin. The deeper aquifers in these

basins have been little developed to date and quantitative evaluation

of their potential yields is limited. For the Otway Basin the

emphasis of groundwater resource investigation has been in the eastern

part of the basin for urban supplies. Investigations have centred in

the Gellibrand area which has potential for supplying Geelong and in

the Curdie Vale area for Warrnambool.

The Gellibrand study is well advanced and borefield design is in

progress. The investigation has proved that the aquifer system of the

Tertiary unconsolidated sand has a potential in excess of 8 000 ML/a

of good quality water. As part of this study interaction with surface

water systems will have to be examined, including the feasibility of

artificial recharge. The results of these investigations will be

presented to the enquiry of the Parliamentary Natural Resources and

Environment Committee into Water Resources Management in Victoria.

The Committee is preparing a Regional Strategy Plan for the South-

western Region of Victoria, with the plans first stage relating to

augmentation of Geelong's water supply to the year 1995.

The Curdie Vale investigation, which commenced in early 1984 has

proved that the aquifer system at a depth of 800 m is capable of

producing 3000 ML/a per bore. The quality of water is excellent at

approximately 350 mg/1, which is considerably better than was expected

from previous regional investigations of the Otway Basin. This

project is being continued to the west of the area to determine if

good quality water can be located closer to Warrnambool. Two

exploration and pilot production bores have been completed and a third

bore is in progress.

Regional groundwater investigations in the Gippsland Basin are

concentrating on the two regional sand aquifers - the Boisdale

Formation, and the older LaTrobe Group.

1-1 URBAN WATER SUPPLIES PROJECT

AIMS

ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.Grampian Ranges groundwater .to evaluate groundwater resource investigation

resources along the flanks of the ranges and in adjacent areas for supple-mentary urban supplies including Hamilton.

.an extensive high potential aquifer system of Tertiary sands has been discovered in the Kawarren area to the north east of Gellibrand township

.two pilot production bores were drilled down to 270m and pumping tests were carried out.

.the investigation to date revealed that the quality of water is in the range of 200 to 300 mg/1 TDS and the aquifer system in the area has a potential in excess of 8 000 ML/a.

.two deep exploratory/investigation bores have been drilled in the Curdie Vale area to a depth of 900m and a pumping test has been carried out.

.excellent quality groundwater suitable for urban supply has been found.

.potential production capacity of a bore would be in excess of 3 000 ML/a.

.a third bore is being drilled near Warrnambool to determine if good quality groundwater extends closer to Warrnambool.

.excellent quality of groundwater with less than 100 mg/1 TDS has been found within the scree deposit but there are extreme difficulties in drilling and the yield per bore would be limited to 280 ML/a.

The Hamilton Water Board is in the process of constructing a pilot trench and syphon system instead of bores.

.Gellibrand groundwater investigation

.to assess groundwater resources in the Gellibrand area as a likely source for augmentation of the Geelong supply

.Otway Basin deep aquifer system investigation

.to explore for deep Tertiary aquifer targets in the Curdie Vale and Warrnambool area.

.to determine its potential for supplying cities and towns in the area.

$713 000 DME SRWSC GDWB

$585 000 DME SRWSC

$131 000 DME

1-2 REGIONAL RECONNAISSANCE PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.LaTrobe Valley groundwater .to investigate groundwater investigation potential of the LaTrobe

Valley Group aquifer for its further development in the region.

.a detailed hydrogeological gation has been carried out recharge area.

investi- in the

$361 000 N/A

DME SEC

.Boisdale Formation aquifer investigation

.to assess the impact of the present and proposed brown coal mines on groundwater resources.

.to assess the groundwater resources of the outcropping Boisdale Formation.

.to prepare hydrogeological map of the Sale region where there is increasing use of groundwater for urban, industrial and irrigation purposes.

.a network of observation bores has been established in the Yarram area.

.monitoring, maintenance and replace-ment of existing observation bores continued.

.a number of test bores were drilled and tested by pumping to obtain information on aquifer characteristics.

$220 000 DME

2 Salinity Investigations

Salinity is a serious problem in northern Victoria, especially in the

western part of the Mallee Region, throughout the Riverine Plain, and

for lower relief parts of the Highlands. It is recognized as

fundamentally related to groundwater behaviour which is influenced by

many factors including those of land use and irrigation practices.

For the past two years activities of the authorities working on

groundwater and salinity have been oriented towards the water

allocation and salinity enquiry being held by the Parliamentary

Salinity Committee. The authorities have made individual submissions

to the Committee, have commented on discussion papers, and

participated in joint studies, seminars, and public meetings organized

by the Salinity Committee. The final report of the Salinity Committee

is expected to be completed in October, 1984. The Committee's report

is expected, to recommend control strategies and also to identify

weaknesses in past investigation programs and priorities for the

future.

Investigations by government authorities with respect to the influence

of groundwater on salinity can be divided into three main categories:-

a) identifying the cause and extent of salinity; including

studies at the regional and local level;

b) techniques of salinity control and the implementation of

control measures; and

c) techniques for disposal and re-use of brackish and saline

water.

7

8

The salinity/groundwater projects undertaken by the Department of

Minerals and Energy included regional hydrogeological investigations,

with data collection on all bores, drilling new bores, and monitoring

and representation of information on maps. The hydrogeological map of

the Bendigo 1:250 000 sheet is soon to be published. Modelling of the

groundwater system is now being developed as a tool for quantitative

prediction of future watertable configuration and associated salinity

problems and effectiveness of control techniques. Potential

evaporation sites for waste disposal have been identified and are

being studied.

The State Rivers and Water Supply Commission investigations have

concentrated on irrigation districts in Northern Victoria and the

lower reaches of the major tributaries of the Murray River. Ongoing

commitments include monitoring fluctuations of water table salinity

and lake levels and the mapping of shallow aquifers.

In the Shepparton region some 80 bore dewatering systems have been

installed and further areas of high water table and salinity are being

evaluated with respect to dewatering and disposal. The Commission has

also investigated the Mineral Reserve Basin for evaporative disposal

of saline water and the use of on-farm measures with respect to

salinity in the Barr Creek catchment.

The Department of Agriculture is concerned about the effect of

salinity on agricultural production and has made field surveys to

estimate this impact. The Department has also researched the salt-

tolerance of various types of crops, pastures and fruit trees, and the

effects of on-farm management of water and land forms.

.to monitor the water table .269 §ites were groundwater salinity and soil 729km survey salinity over a large selected area of the Goulburn irrigation area where rising water tables and associateded salinity problems threaten agricultural production. To analyse data with respect to land use, irrigation intensity, climate effects and pasture productivity.

.Kyabram district soil salinity - water table survey.

$ 6 000

DAV monitored within the area

.the survey revealed that; water table is continuing to rise with obvious response to the irrigation season and periods of above average rainfall.

2-1 RECONNAISSANCE WORK TO IDENTIFY THE NATURE, EXTENT AND CAUSE OF SALINITY PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.Hydrogeological investigat- .to collate all bore-hole ions of the Riverine data and establish a

detailed hydrostratigraphy in relation to land salting problems.

.to analyse quantitatively the regional and local groundwater regime with respect to salinity both for the present and the future.

.to provide various ground-water control options in relation to the salinity problems.

.a final report of the project on the past 5 years work has been completed for publication. The report details on geology, hydrostratigraphy, regional structure, aquifer systems, pressure changes of water table, groundwater flow, recharge, discharge and its salinity and finally the report includes a review of groundwater management.

.drilling in 1983 concentrated on the Campaspe Valley to determine the cross-sectional area of the Tertiary aquifer and also to establish observation bores in basement rocks.

.monitoring key observation bores has continued on a monthly basis.

$522 000 DME

.Shepparton region - water table control program - regional investigation.

.to detect areas of high water table and salinity in the irrigation district where protection or reclam-ation by dewatering is feasible specifically to assess the volume and the salinity of the groundwater which would have to be pumped from various project areas and hence the requirements for disposal. Also, to evaluate the actual and pot-ential extent of water logging and salinisation problems in areas which cannot be pro-tected by groundwater pumping; and to develop appropriate remedial measures.

.geomorphic assessments and monitoring

$147 000

SRWSC of water table continued; assisting in drainage strategies.

.a summary of the findings on aquifer distribution and water table contours was presented to the Parliamentary Salinity Committee.

.Evaporation disposal sites - Lake Tyrrell and Raak Plains.

.Campaspe irrigation area water table control investigation.

.to determine the capacity and impact of using Lake Tyrrell and Raak Plains as an evaporation basin for disposal of saline waste water.

.to identify the extent of water table and salinity problems.

.to investigate strategies for remedial schemes.

.Airborne electromagnetic .to test the feasibility of survey. of using airborne electro-

magnetic survey to map shallow saline groundwater.

PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.Water table and salinity investigations in the Kerang region.

.to prepare comprehensive reports and maps on the hydrogeology of the entire Murray Basin.

.to determine the mechanisms governing accumulation and leaching of salt in soils of northern Victorian irrigat-ion areas in order to ensure that root zone salinity does not rise above the crop's tolerance level.

.to protect or reclaim agricultural lands in irrigation areas affected by high water table and salinity.

.to investigate and monitor the water table to determine 1) the effect of groundwater on the natural lakes and depressions 2) the movement of groundwater in relation to irrigation; and 3) the effects of proposed works on the groundwater regime.

.joint study between BMR, NSW, SA and VIC has been undertaken to compile and collate existing data. A document on the geology of the entire basin is virtually complete. Analysis of groundwater data has commenced.

.the use of mathematical models to analyse soil salinity data has shown that the accessions to the water table that occur under normal irrigation in the Goulburn Valley is very low, and the leaching achieved as a result of electrolyte effect is increased.

.monitoring of water table, salinity and lake levels continued. The investig-ation concentrated in "The Marshes", Lake Charm, Mineral Reserve, Barr Creek, Cohuna, Boort, Kerang-Koondrook and Tragowel Plains.

.BMR-States, Murray Basin hydrogeological project

.The leaching potential of Northern Victorian soils

$ 35 000 DME SRWSC

$ 23 000 DAV

$113 000 SRWSC

.monitoring of lake levels, groundwater levels, rainfall and evaporation continued.

.a major report has been completed by DME which analyses the hydrodynamics in terms of different density fluids, the hydrochemistry of palaeohydrology.

.analysis of observation bore data to determine water table behaviour and prediction of future trends.

.outline, design and costing of groundwater pumping schemes with various methods of disposal including discharge to the Waranga Western Main Channel, evaporation, and outfall to the River Murray.

.the project was carried out by consultants, Geoterrex Pty Ltd in the Girgarre area, west of Shepparton (240 km) and in the Campaspe-Goulburn River section (55 km). .very preliminary results are encouraging.

$ 12 000 DME $ 16 000 SRWSC

$120 000 SRWSC

$ 20 000 SRWSC

.Gigarre salinity control pilot project.

.Rushworth District on-farm drainage control and ground-water disposal experiment.

.Tongala groundwater pumping/re-use project.

.to protect and reclaim by groundwater pumping agricultural land affected by shallow water tables and salinity at Girgarre.

.to extrapolate findings to determining the physical and economic criteria for plann-ing salinity control measures in the Goulburn Valley.

.to determine the effective-ness of tile drainage for controlling a shallow water table in a heavy clay soil profile.

.also to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated biological and engineering measures to protect and reclaim agricultural soils affected by shallow saline water tables in the Rush-worth District.

.to assess the feasibility of on-farm groundwater pumping and the use of drainage water for irrigation, as a means of controlling the water table and soil salinity in the Goulburn Valley.

2-2 REMEDY TO CONTROL SALINITY PROBLEMS PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.characterization of the salinity problems in the area has been completed and a preferred plan for a salinity control program decided on after consideration of a number of options.

.detailed planning is in progress with implementation of the control program to commence in 1984/85.

.through the experiment it was found that: 1) even with the very low hydraulic conductivity of the soil profile, and relatively wide drain spacing (40 m), sufficient leaching occurred particularly as a result of winter rainfall, to enable agricultural crops to be established.

2) the water table was not lowered sufficiently to prevent re-salinisation under non-irrigated conditions.

3) the deep-rooted plants had very little effect on groundwater flows maintaining the high water tables.

.the project has demonstrated that: 1) private landholders, at their own expense will install and operate ground-water pumps and use the water for irrigation where its quality is suitable.

2) this technique is effective in signif-icantly lowering the water table.

3) the extra irrigation water made available by pumping groundwater signifi-cantly improves farm productivity, especially when irrigating lucerne.

4) there is an associated decline in the soil salinity levels with the drop in the water table.

$ 93 000 RWC

$ 19 000 DAV

$140 000 DAV

.water of salinity 600 mg/1 TDS (1 000 PS/m) has been used successfully to rapidly reclaim a salinized site, with the establishment of a productive perennial pasture being achieved within 1 year.

$ 53 000 DAV

.water of salinity 2 500 mg/1 TDS (3 800 PS/m) has been used to successfully reclaim a saline/sodic site and establish a highly productive stand of lucern which is irrigated with water of the same salinity.

.water-table levels are 2-3m lower under $ 6 000 DAV the plantation than under surrounding land, but the effect is completely lost within 8m of the edge of the plantation. The trees effectively de-water their own root zone, but do not have significant impact on the water tables beyond that.

PROJECT

AIMS


.Appin South tree plantation

.The re-use of saline groundwater for reclamation of saline/sodic soils in the Goulburn Valley.

.The effect of native trees on the water table levels in irrigated northern Victoria.

.to test the feasibility of using trees for water table control and seepage prevent-ion to a river in an irrigation district.

.to determine the effective-ness of leaching with moder-ately saline groundwater to reclaim saline/sodic soils.

.to assess whether planting native trees has a role to play in the management of shallow water table and salinity in irrigated northern Victoria.

.an assessment of the feasibility of

$ 5 000 SRWSC the site for a tree planting trial was made.

.Irrigation of perennial pasture with groundwater the Campaspe Irrigation District.

.to determine the irrigation in water salinity that can be

tolerated by perennial past-ures growing on the light soils.

.the higher rate of leaching achieved in light soils allows water of higher salinity to be used to irrigate pastures than on heavy soils elsewhere.

$ 4 000 DAV

.to determine the relation-ship between irrigation water salinity and the yield of pear trees in the Goulburn Valley.

.to provide information on salt tolerance of a wide range of irrigated plants which are important in Victorian agriculture.

.The effect of saline irrigation water on the productivity of pear trees in the Goulburn Valley.

.Salt tolerance of horti-culturally and agricultur-ally important irrigated plants.

.irrigation with water of salinity up

$ 29 000 DAV to 1 500 mg/1 TDS (2 800 US/m) for three years has not yet produced any significant decrease in yield.

.forty cultivars of subterranean clover $ 79 000 DAV have been tested and have shown a range of salt tolerance. Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance are being studied further. In addition these cultivars are being used as material to test a new method with potential for rapid screening for salt tolerance.

PROJECT

AIMS


.to determine the effect of irrigation water of salinity up 2 700 mg/1 TDS (45 S/m) on the productivity of sun-flower, forage sorgham and sugar-beet growing on a Lemnos loam soil type in the Goulburn Valley.

.to evaluate the relative salt tolerance of a range of agricultural plant species and cultivars, including existing commercial and alternative pasture species, for growth under saline irrigation in northern Victoria.

.to evaluate water-logging tolerance.

.to determine the effects of irrigating perennial pasture with saline groundwater on pasture productivity and physicochemical properties.

.to develop an understanding of the mechanisms by which saline irrigation water influences consumptive water use by lucerne and perennial pastures.

.to develop strategies for crop management which: 1) facilitate the use of saline drainage water for irrigation, and 2) match water application to crop demand and thereby minimize accessions to the water table.

.the yields of sunflowers, forage sorgham and sugar-beet were not signif-icantly depressed by irrigation water salinity up to 270 mg/1 TDS applied after seedling establishment. The crops were more sensitive to salinity during the establishment stage.

.variation in salt tolerance has been identified within a range of clover species and within a range of white clover cultivars and experimental lines. Such variation holds considerable promise for increasing the salt tolerance of commercially available cultivars, particularly for white clover.

.several alternative grass species have been collected, some with high levels of salt tolerance. Secale dalmaticum has shown potential as a grass species suit-able for irrigated pastures.

.after 8 years of irrigation, both pasture yields and soil salinities have stabilized for the particular water salinity treatments.

.pasture yields, relative to the content are 100%, 90%, 75% and 45% for irrigation waters with salinities of 300 mg/1 TDS 700 mg/1, 1 500 mg/1, 3 000 mg/1 repect-ively.

.it was found that lucerne yield was not affected by water salinity up to 1 500 mg/1 TDS, but was decreased by up to 25% at 2 700 mg/l. Soil ripping improved lucerne growth by increasing available soil water storage and reducing surface water-logging.

.the salinity that lucerne will tolerate is determined more by the leaching fraction than by the frequency of irrigation.

.The effect of saline irrigation water on the productivity of row and field crops grown in the Goulburn Valley.

.Evaluation of salt and water-logging tolerance of a range of plant species for use in the irrigation areas of northern Victoria.

.Effects of irrigation with saline water on perennial pasture prod-uction and soil conditions.

.Effect of saline irrigation water on the water balance of fodder crops.

$ 28 000 DAV

$ 36 000 DAV

$ 29 000 DAV

$ 44 000 DAV


.irrigated annual pasture growing on Lemnos loam soil type, or equivalent, can be irrigated with groundwater of salinity 700 mg/1 without yield loss, and without developing soil sodicity problems.

$ 10 000 DAV

PROJECT

.Effect of irrigation with saline water on annual pasture productivity and soil condition.

.The effect of saline irrigation water on the chemical and physical properties of Goulburn Valley soils.

.Physico-chemical inter-actions of saline water with soils of northern Victoria.

.The assessment of methods of in-situ measurement of soil salinity.

.Field comparison of two methods of calculating gypsum requirements for cultivated soils.

.Shepparton region - water table control program -permanent works.

AIMS

.to determine the effects of irrigating annual pastures with saline groundwater on plant productivity and soil physico-chemical properties in the Goulburn Valley.

.to determine the effects of saline irrigation water on the intake of water into the soil, on the distribution of water through the soil profile under irrigated pasture and lucerne, and on the potential leaching fraction that can be achieved.

.to determine guidelines for classifying the suitability of water containing diss-olved salts for irrigation in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation District.

.to investigate the use of different sensors which can determine soil salinity in-situ to enable the rapid assessment of problems without the need for lab-oratory analyses.

.to overcome the relative merits in terms of plant performance in field of two methods for calculating gypsum requirements for the amelioration of soil sod-icity problems.

.to protect or reclaim agri-cultural lands in irrigation areas affected by high water table and salinity.

.to investigate the location of groundwater pumping sites to protect all significant norticultural areas from high regional water tables and salinisation.

.for the Lemnos loam, fluxes past the root zone have been small, being in the order of year, 80% of which occurs as of winter rainfall.

of water

$ 48 000 DAV found to be 50mm per a result

.significant progress has been made in

$ 64 000 DAV understanding the fundamental principles involved in the stability of soils irrigated with salt water.

.field experiments in which calcium has been included in saline-sodic irrigation water have indicated a direct physio- logical effect on the plants in addition to the effect on the soil.

.an electromagnetic sensor EM-38 has been $12 000 DAV calibrated with some success and has been used in field surveys. A portable four probe sensor has given eratic results and appears to have limited usefulness in northern Victorian soils.

.trial has only commenced recently. One

$ 11 000 DAV method is based on changing the composit-ion of the carbon exchange complex to predetermined levels, the other method is based on maintaining an acceptable balance between the electrolyte level and sodium absorption ratio of the soil water.

.the program has been terminated

$ 45 000 SRWSC following a review of its economics.

2-3 IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY OF STREAMS PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.to alleviate local drainage problems, caused by irrigat-ion, under the constraint that drainage is not to be discharged to the River Murray.

.to investigate water table movements in the Nangiloc -Colignan area.

.to monitor through obser-vation bores the disposal of drainage by injection to an aquifer near the River Murray by a group of land-holders.

.a range of suitability for future irrigation development adjacent to the River is indicated.

.monitoring of the observation bores, rainfall, evaporation and river heights continued.

.three deeper bores were installed by the Water Resources Commission of NSW to determine if tectonic movements have influenced flows in regional aquifers.

.monitoring continued to determine groundwater movements.

.Hydrogeological investigat-ion of the Murray River Valley : Nyah to South Australian border.

.to investigate any displace- .30% of the field drilling program to ment of saline groundwater establish piezometres has been completed. to the River Murray which could result from proposed .definition of stratigraphy, present additional water allocations hydraulic gradients and groundwater for irrigation development salinities is being determined. downstream of Nyah.

.to provide a detailed hydrogeological data to be used as input to 3-dimen-sional computer modelling studies.

.to implement the result of studies to individual irrig-ation licence applications.

.Karadoc Swamp investigation .to investigate the cause of salt accessions to the River Murray, in the vicinity of Karadoc Swamp.

.to determine a feasible method of preventing the salt accessions.

$ 90 000 SRWSC

$ 28 000 SRWSC

.Nangiloc - Colignan drainage investigation.

.Tol Tol and Nenandie drainage injection monitoring.

N/A

SRWSC

.monitoring of existing bores continued. $ 1 000 SRWSC

3 Investigations for Groundwater Management

The increasing rate of development of groundwater, particularly for

higher withdrawal purposes of irrigation and urban community supply

has the associated need of improving monitoring networks and refining

assessments, as the basis for rational development.

The extraction of groundwater from the Western Port Basin is already

tightly controlled through its declaration as a Groundwater

Conservation Area. In 1985 there will be an opportunity to review

these allocations, as the majority of the groundwater extraction

licences, which have a 15 year term, expire at this time. The review

will include a detailed assessment of the groundwater resource, an

examination of alternative water sources, as well as matters of equity

and productivity. The public will participate in the review and

reallocation procedure.

Whilst other areas in the State have not reached such an advanced

stage of development in terms of the resource available, two areas

have the potential for problems of over-development. In the Wandin

Yallock area, the restricted basalt aquifer is intensely developed for

irrigation, investigations are at an advanced stage. The second area

is the coastal basin of the Werribee Delta, where groundwater usage

increased markedly during the recent drought. There were reports of

some groundwater quality deterioration and drops in water level during

that drought. Drilling of an observation bore network has a high

priority.

At the interstate level, an agreement between South Australia and

Victoria for joint management of aquifers shared along their border

has reached an advanced stage. Reciprocal legislation is being

prepared. For this zone all towns are dependent on groundwater.

There are proposals for the use of centre pivot irrigation, known to

be a very heavy user of groundwater. An assessment of the groundwater

resource has been made and the establishment of a network of

observation bores is to commence during 1984, both to aid assessment

of the resource and as an instrument of management.

Of interest is the investigation by a private company at Eastville,

west of Bendigo to test the feasibility of mining gold from the deep

lead aquifer by using a system of bores to inject and extract fluids

to recover the gold in solution. The government will construct an

independent observation bore network in the vicinity of this scheme.

3. INVESTIGATIONS FOR GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

.Joint groundwater study, border zone, South Aust-ralia/Victoria

.Groundwater investigation Werribee Delta

.to manage the groundwater resources of a 40km broad strip along shared border jointly between South Australia and Victoria on a rational and equitable basis.

- .to assess the impact of intensive groundwater development, for market garden irrigation on the Werribee Delta.

.following completion of a report "A management proposal for the groundwater resources along the State border of South Australia and Victoria", legislation is being prepared.

.it is expected that the respective State Parliaments will pass this legislation in 1985.

.drilling program to establish observation bore network is planned to commence in 1984.

.monitoring and its analysis of observation bore network continued

.application of computer modelling technique is in progress.

.continuous updated advice to SRWSC required on issuing groundwater extraction licences.

.construction of observation bores near the coast where most susceptible to salt-water intrusion and replace-ment of defunct observation bores.

.an observation bore network has been designed. Implementation has high priority.

$ 3 000 DME SRWSC

$125 000 DME SRWSC

.Western Port Basin Ground- .to assess the maximum water resources

sustained yield of groundwater resources in the heavily developed "Ground-water Conservation Area".

.to formulate management guidelines for optimum development of groundwater.

$ N/A DME

.Eastville - CRA solution mining investigation

.Mitchell River flats artificial recharge

.Hydrogeology of the Wandin Yallock-Monbulk area, Dandenong Ranges.

.through the establishment of an observation bore network.

.to monitor CRA's solution mining investigation activit-ies to ensure that any proposed mining operation does not pollute the regional groundwater resources.

.to assess the potential for artificial recharge of the shallow alluvial aquifers.

.to develop a management strategy for the heavily developed aquifer system.

.to establish a management guidelines for the efficient development of the basalt

.monitoring CRA's activities continued.

.two Government independent observation bore networks have been completed.

.a number of bores were drilled and pumping tested in preparation for an artificial recharge test.

.recharge test to be carried out firstly on bores and then on an abandoned stream meander, or pit.

.monitoring observation bores and its analysis continued. A deep observation bore to be constructed.

$ 64 000 DME

$ 44 000 DME

$ 31 000 DME

4 Other Activities

This category includes a variety of projects and activities concerned

with the investigation and administration of groundwater not covered

directly under the previous themes.

They include the evaluation of computer models for their application

to groundwater resources assessment and problem solving in Victoria,

geophysical logging of all rotary drilled bores for groundwater

investigations, investigation of pollution in the vicinity of a

current waste disposal sites, regular monitoring of the Statewide

observation bore network; collection of data on government and private

bores and its entry into a computer-based storage and retrieval

system. Of fundamental importance is the monitoring of observation

bores which provides the basic information for assessment of recharge,

and for warning of any over-development or pollution of groundwater

resources.

19

$ 59 000 DME

$ 25 000 SRWSC

$ 84 000 DME $ 5 000 SRWSC

$496 000 DME $150 000 SRWSC

4 OTHER ACTIVITIES PROJECT

AIMS


.application of groundwater models has been made to a number of investigation projects including Riverine plain salinity investigations and Gellibrand investigation and assessment, and the Western Port Basin. A Model is being used to assess the effects of transferring water rights

.advices of 130 newly established and existing waste disposal applications were made.

.104 water samples were taken for pollution analysis.

.16 defective pollution observation bores replaced.

.water levels were taken from 700 observation bores at monthly or quarterly intervals.

.Groundwater computer modelling

.to evaluate and modify, if required, groundwater models suitable for appliation to the current groundwater investigations.

.to develop a general purpose thfee dimensional transient groundwater model.

.Protection from groundwater .to protect the groundwater pollution. resources from pollution by

investigating and monitoring possible likely source of pollution, particularly from waste disposal sites.

.Groundwater resources .to monitor water levels and monitoring water quality in about 700

observation bores throughout the State.

.Drought relief work

.to provide basic information to the other groundwater investigation projects.

.to identify possible over development and/or pollution of groundwater.

.to investigate measures to reduce the impact of future drought.

.to establsh community watering points in conjunct-ion with Rural Finance Commission.

.continuing measurements were made from 15 bores using water-level recorders.

.malfunctioning observation bores were replaced or redeveloped

.540 water samples were analysed from observation bores to monitor water quality.

.6 000 shallow observation bores are read monthly for water level and yearly for water quality

.during 1982/83 drought, assistance was given to 83 municipalities and water bodies by drilling 116 new bores and cleaning and/or repairing 39 exist-ing bores.

.a catalogue of serviceable emergency bores is being compiled for publication

$ 43 000 DME $ 30 000 SRWSC

ACHIEVEMENTS

.approximately 4 000 written and verbal inquiries were answered.

.six major field days were attended to provide information on groundwter to the public.

.data on approximately 4 500 new bores bores including location, water level, yield, aquifer type and water qualtiy, have been processed.

.approximately 150 new bores logged and produced the following sets of logs Gamma, neutron, density, resistivity spontaneous potential, caliper temp-erature etc.

PROJECT

.Groundwater advisory service

.Compilation groundwater data.

.Geophysical logging.

AIMS

.to provide information to the public and other govern-ment agencies on all aspects of groundwater.

.to establish and update EDP groundwater data base.

.to provide information to other groundwater investiga-tion projects on character-istics of rocks interrupted by bores.

EXPENDITURE AUTHORITY

$110 000 DME

$150 000 DME $250 000 SRWSC

$112 000 DME $ 10 000 SRWSC

REPORTS

Dempsey, P (1983) : A brief summary of the lakes of northwestern

Victoria GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/80, DME.

Di Paolo, G (1983) : The 1982/83 Australian drought, GSV Unpub. Rept.

1983/43, DME.

(1983) : The 1982/83 Australian drought and southeastern

suburbs of Melbourne, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/44, DME.

(1983) : Drought relief drilling in Victoria during

1982/83 drought, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/45, DME.

Francois, L.E., and West, D.W., (1982) : Reduction in yield and

market quality of celery caused by soil salinity, J. Amer. Soc.

Hort. Sci. 107 : pp 952-954.

Heuperman, A.F. and Bourchier, J., (1983) : Girgarre salinity survey,

DAV Res. Pro. Series No. 162 DAV.

Humphrys, W., (1983) : Pump tests on Rochester West 10032. GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1983/5, DME.

(1983) : Pump tests on Dargalong 10009, 8038 and 8039.

GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/26, DME.

(1983) : Pumping test on Estcourt Bores 22/82/2 and

36/82/3 GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/58, DME.

(1983) : Shepparton Office 1982/83 drought relief

drilling programmes, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/76, DME.

(1983) : Groundwater in the Land Conservation Council

Murray Valley area, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/93, DME.

22

23

Humphrys, W., (1983) : Sediments salinities in northeastern Victoria,


(1983) : Pump-test on Mangalore 10004 and 10005 GSV

Unpub. Rept. 1983/101, DME.

and Tickell, S., (1983) : Goulburn Valley Shallow

Tertiary aquifer, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/102, DME.

Ife, D., (1983) : Hydrogeological influences on groundwater control in

irrigated areas of northern Victoria, Porc. Int. Conf. on

Groundwater and Man, AWRC No.8 Vol.2. pp 153-163.

Killey, W.L., Willocks, A.J., and Pettifer, G.R., (1983) : Kawarren-

Gerangamete geophysical survey for Gellibrand groundwater

investigation GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/98 DME.

King, R.L., (1984) : Groundwater for the Land Conservation Council

Wimmera Study Area. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/47 DME.

Lakey, R., and Leonard, J., (1983) : Gellibrand groundwater investig-

ation - Stage II report, 1983/55 DME.

Lawrence, C.R., (1983) : Nitrate-rich groundwaters of Australia. AWRC

Tech. Bull. 79.

and Nahm, G.Y., (1984) : A five year drilling plan for

groundwater investigations in Victoria by the Department of

Minerals and Energy 1984/89. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/27 DME.

Leonard, J., (1983) : Groundwater resources in the Shire of Otway.


(1983) : Hydrogeological assessment of Lower Tertiary

aquifers in the Childers Cove - Curdie Vale area, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1983/79 DME.

24

Leonard, J., and Lakey, R., (1983) : Gellibrand groundwater

investigation - future works programme, GSV Unpub. Rept.

1983/19 DME.

, Lakey, R., and Blake, R (1983) : Hydrogeological

investigation and assessment, Barwon Downs Graben, Otway Basin,

Victoria, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/54 DME.

Lyla, C.W., (1983) : Groundwater utilization in the Shepparton region.

The possible contribution to productivity and Murray River salt

loads, Search 14, pp 326-329.

and Loveday, J., (1982) : Core techniques for the study of

salinity in clay soils. CSIRO Div. report No.63.

Macumber, P.G., ( ) : Interactions between groundwater and surface

systems in northern Victoria 506 pp. Ph.D thesis.

Mehanni, A.H., and Bleasdale, G.E. (1982) : Reclamation of salt

affected soils in the Goulburn Valley of Victoria. Aust. J.

Exp. Agr. An. Hus. 23 pp 412-418.

Nahm, G.Y., (1984) : Report on drought relief project 1982/83 GSV

Unpub. Rept. 1984/23 DME.

Noble, C.L., (1983) : The potential for branding salt tolerant plants.

Proc. R. Soc. Vic. (in press).

(1983) : Genetical and lhysiological aspects of salt-

tolerance in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) Ph.D Thesis, Melb.

Uni.

Halloran, G.M. and West, D.W. (1983) : Identification

and selection for salt tolerance in lucerne (Medicago Sativa

L.), Aust. J. Agr. Res. (in press).

25

Plier-Malone, M., (1983) : Water boring for drought relief in

Victoria. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/13. DME.

(1983) : A review of the incidence of groundwater in

the Victorian Highlands. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/82 DME.

(1983) : The logarithmic polygon - A graphic method

for comparative data. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/83 DME.

(1983) : Drought relief summary 1982/83, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1983/84 DME.

(1983) Sub-surface hydrology of Avoca Valley. GSV


(1984) : A proposal for evaluating the subsurface

hydrology of the Victorian Highlands. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/1

DME.

(1984) : Summary of groundwater investigations for

Daylesford Water Supply. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/24 DME.

(1984) : Drilling for groundwater at Newstead. GSV


(1984) : Dryland salting at Marnoo, GSV Unpub. Rept.

1984/26 DME.

(1984) : Brief report on drought relief drilling,

Parish of Jun Juc 1983, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984 / 28 DME.

(1984) : Diamond drilling for water, prior to and

during the 1982/83 drought, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/29 DME.

26

Reid, M.A., (1983) : Groundwater occurrence and usage at proposed

subdivision at Redbank Road, Stratford, GSV Unpub. Rept.

1983/1. DME.

Rengasamy, P., (1983) : Dispersion of Calcium clay. Aust. J. Soil

Res. 20 : pp 153 - 157.

(1983) : Clay dispersion in relation to the changes in

the electrolyte composition of dialysed red-brown earths. J.

Soil Sci (in press).

Riha, M., (1983) : Feasibility of establishing groundwater supplies

on the western slopes of the Victoria Range of Grampian Ranges

for Hamilton (Report No.2) GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/105 DME.

(1984) : Groundwater resources of the Mount William Creek

Valley of the Grampians Ranges (Report No.2) GSV Unpub. Rept.

1984/30 DME.

Shugg, (1983) : Notes on dredge tailing dewatering - Harriet-

ville GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/22 DME.

(1983) : Leachate attenuation tests Brighton Group. GSV


(1983) : Pumping test Myrtleford 9 drought relief bore,

GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/33 DME.

(1983) : Drought groundwater recession curves Ovens Valley

GSV Unpub. Rept 1983/95 DME.

(1983) : Note on Angahook 61, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/46 DME

(1984) : Fractured rock groundwater investigation Woodend.

GSV Unpub. Rept 1984/18 DME.

27

Shugg, A.J., (1984) : Dandenong Ranges - Wandin Yallock investigation

GSV Unlub. Rept. 1984/19 DME.

(1984) : Overview of groundwater pollution investigations

excluding the western suburbs. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/32 DME.

SR&WSC : Development of a salinity control strategy for the

'Vegter Locality' at Girgarre. SR&WSC.

(1983) : Report on the 'proposed site for a tree planting

trial at Appin South'. SR&WSC.

Stewart, G., (1983) : Completion Report, Mouyong 12, Balliang East.


(1983) : Drought relief assistance 1982/83, Shire of

Mortlake. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/17 DME.

(1983) : Drillng relief drilling, Shire of Kilmore 1982/

83. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/35 DME.

(1983) : Drought relief drilling, Clunes, 1983, GSV


(1983) : Completion report, Windham 1 (drought relief

bore) GSV Unpub. Rept 1983/78 DME.

(1983) : Analysis of data from the bore Laanecoorie 51


Taylor, J.A. and West, D.W. (1980) : The use of Evan's blue stain to

test the survival of plant cells after exposure to high salt

and high cosmotic pressure. J. Exp. Bot. 31 : pp 571-576.

Tickell, S., (1983) : Completion report, Wangaratta South 7/83/4.


28

Tickell, S., (1983) : A seven day pumping test on Rochester West

8005. GSV. Unpub. Rept. 1983/21 DME.

(1983) : Deep aquifer, northern Victoria horizontal

groundwater flow and recharge. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/42 DME.

and Humphrys, W., (1984) : Auger drilling Shepparton

area 33/79/100 to 33/80/40, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/20 DME.

Walker, G., (1984) : Dartmoor 25, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/7 DME.

(1984) : Mouzie 1, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/8 DME

(1984) : Homerton 4, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/9 DME.

(1984) : Narrawong 16, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/10 DME.

(1984) : Hotspur 1, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/11 DME.

(1984) : Krambruk 13, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/12 DME.

(1984) : Cobboboonee 5, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/13 DME.

(1984) : Portland 14, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/14 DME.

(1984) : Wanwin 3, Well completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/15 DME.

29

Walker, G., (1984) : Gorae 5, Well Completion report, GSV Unpub.

Rept. 1984/16 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the

Casterton 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/34 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Nelson

1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/35 DME.


Victorian Sector of the Gamber 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV



Coleraine 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/37 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Portland

1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/38 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Warrnam-

bool 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/39 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Mortlake

1 : 100 000 map sheet. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/40 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Coranga-

mite 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept 1984/41 DME.

(1984) : Data on deep drilling by DME within the Port

Campbell 1 : 100 000 map sheet, GSV Unpub. Rept 1984/42 DME.

Walker, M.V., (1983) : A summary of the irrigation history of the

Campaspe Valley. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/27 DME.

West, D.W., (1983) : Reduction in growth of six grapevine cultivates

due to high salinity and rootzone waterlogging. J. Amer. Soc.

Hort. Sci. (in press).

Wildes, R.A., (1983) : Irrigation with saline groundwater as a

strategy for salinity control in the Shepparton region of

Northern Victoria. In 'Salinity in watercourses and

reservoirs' ed. R French, Butterworths.

(1983) : Strategy for salinity control in the Shepparton

region. Riverlanden. Feb. pp. 12-14.

Williamson, R., (1983) : A transient hydrological model of part of the

Murray Basin. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/36, DME.

(1983) : Proposal for a Departmental computer network.


(1984) : Routines for reading paper tape data, GSV

Unpub. Rept 1984/3, DME.

(1984) : Campaspe Irrigation District model, GSV


(1984) : Notes on the use of a groundwater modelling

program. GSV Unpub. Rept 1984/54 DME.

(1984) : A groundwater modelling program - description

of program. GSV Unpub. Rept 1984/55 DME.

(1984) : Establishment of a groundwater modelling

group. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1984/60 DME.

Wilson, R., (1983) : How to make and use an open Casagrande-type

piezometer. GSV Unpub. Rept. 1983/90 DME.

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