Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition
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Transcript of Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition
Groundnut Varieties Improvement for Yield and Adaptation, Human Health, and Nutrition
Pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin mitigation in groundnuts
3-4 December 2012
McKnight CCRP Groundnut Breeding and Afaltoxin Project
DRD-Naliendele Agricultural Research InstituteP.O. Box 509Mtwara, Tanzania. E-Mail [email protected]
Project Team members and locationsICRISAT NASFAM-Malawi KCH Malawi DRD-Tanzania DANISH
MANAGEMENT
E S Monyo – Breeder/Principal Investigator
B Chinyamunyamu – Principal Collaborator Economics
F Madinda – Now Lutheran Hosp. Arusha
O Mponda – Principal Collaborator Breeding
Nick Nathaniels –Communication specialist
M Siambi – Collaborator Agronomy
C Nakhumwa – Collaborator Economics
I Mwakasungula E Kafiriti – Collaborator Agronomy
S.Anitha Aflatoxin Diagnostics
S PhiriProject Technician
T Chilunjika M Sijaona – Collaborator Pathology
Wills MunthaliProject OfficerBreeding
Project Locations: Tanzania & Malawi
Crop Systems Challenges/Opportunities being Addressed
Low agricultural productivity and food insecurity.
Poor soil fertility, unreliable rainfall and diseases are major factors limiting crop productivity.
Malnutrition particularly in Children: lack of protein, oil and vitamins in a largely cereal-based diet
Poverty >half of the population
Challenges in the Project Area
• Small farm holdings 0.5 – 1.0ha
• Lack of farm machinery (only hand tools)• Fungal foliar and Plant viral Diseases
• Aflatoxin contamination
Research Hypothesis
• Improved groundnut varieties (for yield, disease and aflatoxin resistance) will stimulate farmer adoption and increase production enabling smallholder farmers to overcome
– Malnutrition – Health related ailments– Increased rural poverty– Loss of soil fertility
Major Achievements: 9 Varieties released to date
IN 2012 NEW GROUNDNUT VARIETIES IDENTIFIED FOR RELEASE IN TANZANIA
Participatory variety selection
Rural seed fairs
Afaltoxin contamination – trade and health effects
• Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), the poisonous secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one of the most frequent contaminants in several crops produced under rainfed conditions such as groundnut, maize, millets, chillies, various nuts, etc.
Toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and related species in several crop species
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent toxin
It is considered as carcinogen
Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus flavus: Aflatoxin producing mold
Aflatoxins
Economic Impact• FAO estimates 25% of world food crops affected by mycotoxins –
aflatoxin being the most notorious
• Aflatoxin causes losses to livestock and poultry producers due to reduced growth rates, low yields, feed efficiency losses
• Aflatoxin is a Barrier to trade
• Regulatory programs are costly
Countries with Permissible Limits for Total Aflatoxins in Food & Feed
Top 20 Groundnut Exporters, 2008Rank Country Quantity
(tonnes)Value (1,000 US$)
Unit value (US$/tonne)
1 India 293,128 274,154 9352 China 167,054 232,183 1,3903 USA 216,936 198,593 9154 Argentina 148,962 180,890 1,2145 Netherlands 80,287 137,390 1,7116 Nicaragua 77,973 90,058 1,1557 Brazil 44,361 50,586 1,1408 UAE 15,938 15,799 9919 South Africa 10,202 15,027 1,47310 Vietnam 14,300 13,700 95811 Paraguay 9,230 9,778 1,05912 Belgium 6,282 9,395 1,49613 Gambia 18,000 8,200 45614 Singapore 6,093 7,336 1,20415 Australia 3,984 7,254 1,82116 Bolivia 4,056 6,658 1,64217 UR of Tanzania 14,817 6,280 42418 Egypt 5,684 6,138 1,04719 Spain 3,275 5,874 1,79420 Uzbekistan 6,461 5,545 858
Source: FAOSTAT
Groundnuts Production-Tanzania
Cropped Area (2008-10 avg)
Production (2008-10 avg)
Av. Yield (2008-10 avg) (A)
Potential yield (B)
Realizable Yield (C)
Yield Gap (C-A)
million ha million tonnes Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha
0.54 0.39 721.38 3,000 1500 778.62
Major Groundnuts production and exporting countries 2001-2007 (000’ MT )
Rank Country Production Country Export
1 China 13,936 China 7002 India 6,870 Argentina 2733 Nigeria 3,281 USA 1924 USA 1,822 India 1885 Indonesia 1,382 Netherlands 1176 Myanmar 891 Viet Nam 637 Sudan 782 Nicaragua 558 Senegal 527 Brazil 319 Viet Nam 443 South Africa 2610 Ghana 427 The Gambia 19
World Total 35,828 World total 1,894
Groundnut Aflatoxin componentSpecific Objectives– ensure that the general public is knowledgeable about
aflatoxin and its effects on health• Disseminate available aflatoxin reducing technologies• Building capacity of front line staff and farmers through farmer
friendly integrated aflatoxin management packages
Factors Favorizing Aflatoxin Production
• Interactions among fungus, the host & the environment –
• Pre-harvest• Presence of A. Flavus in
the soil • insect damage
• Water stress, high temp, prolonged drought,
• Specific crop growth stages, soil fertility, high crop densities, weed competition
Post-harvest.Warm TemperatureHigh humidity-rewettingPoor storage conditionsHarvesting overly mature cropMechanical damage
Relationships between Grain contamination and Soil fungus
Fitted probabilities of contamination >4ppb as influenced by soil fungi (log (cfu)) reveal Clear relationship between grain contamination and A.flavus in the soil. (as cfu increase beyond 3000 (log(cfu)>8).
Relationships between Farmer exposure to groundnut production and grain aflatoxin contamination
Fitted probabilities of contamination >4ppb as influenced by exposure to groundnut farming (years)
Reveal that both less experienced and older farmers are more likely to produce groundnuts contaminated with aflatoxin.
Relationship between district mean growing temp and Aflatoxin contamination
Plotting the values of proportion of samples >20ppb for each district against district mean temperature revealed that groundnut contamination is to a greater extent more likely in warmer locations
Groundnut Aflatoxin workshop with traders in Mtwara
WABISOCO, MTWARA 17 June 2011
Moulds in groundnuts
Microscope view of fungi aspergillus flavus-
Aflatoxin contamination levels in groundnuts in Tanzania (ppb)
Samples 688593Mean AfB1 93 121 115
Lifecycle- 1.Aflatoxin contamination starts in the field
2.How to reduce contamination in the field –Timely harvesting is important
3. Delayed harvesting may lead to aflatoxin Contamination
4. Browning of the inner side of the pod- maturity
5.How to reduce contamination during harvest – 10% moisture level (pod ratling)
6.How to reduce contamination during drying- Dry on raised platform
7. Jute bags good for groundnut storage
8.Sorting broken kernels and mould nuts may reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts
Sorting and Grading – reduced aflatoxin contamination
Joint action needed – by value chain actorsPolicy makers (Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Industry, Finance, Trade, PMO, Loc GOvt),TFDA,
Adapted from Homann-Kee Tui (2010) Training/Planning Workshop Report on Establishing Small Stock Innovation Platforms, Gaborone
Research communityNARS, ICRISAT,IITA, TFNC,TBS
Input & service suppliers (incl extension, SIDO, AMCOS; Farmer groups, PvTTOSCI,ASA, NGOs)
Farmers Traders
ProcessorsSupermarkets
Consumers
Exporters
Field Technology Demonstrations
Variety
Resistant
Susceptible
Time of Planting
Early
Late
GRD, Aflatoxin
Water Management
Box RidgesOpen
Ridges
Aflatoxin
Affordable Tools for Monitoring Aflatoxin Contamination
ICRISAT has developed ELISA based technologies for the detection of AFB, AFM1, FMB, OT etc. in food and feeds. And detection of AFB1-Albumin biomarker from blood
For successful mycotoxin management in food and feed, simple low-cost monitoring tools are required
Summary of researcher/communicator engagement with groundnut stakeholders 2011-12 and recent results highlights
Market traders
Small scale processors
District Council
Chairmen
District Agric
Extension
Agric Coops
Are encouraging better practices at the market through internal meetings on aflatoxin, and encouraging their suppliers to do the same.
Want to ensure all crops in go-down are mould free: have requested training
Will teach others in their networks
Have raised aflatoxin issue in Nanyumbu. and Ward Development Committee Meeting
Has sensitised AEOs and will contintue training of farmers and Agric Cooperatives
Face-to-face information meeting, 2011, brings a new understanding of mould and aflatoxin 2011
Stakeholder meetings 2011/12 for information sharing, debate, consolidating an appreciation that pre-and post-harvest actions all contribute together to addressing aflatoxin.
Time-line of NARI/Danish Management’s continuing/proposed sub-projects to support these stakeholder’s own learning/training activities, Tanzania 2012-13
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Identify test
groups
New radio series
Radio series cont’d
Shooting of groundnut GAP for aflatoxin control video
Swahili aflatoxin leaflet + pretest ongoing
2012 2013
SRM
planting
Weeding/earthing up
Harvesting/grading/drying
Radio series cont’d
shelling
Edit and pretest
Dissemination, use in training, feedback & evaluation
leaflet use in training, + feedback for improvement
Improved leaflets, wider dissemination, feedback & evaluation
Radio series cont’d
Evaluation and planning for radio + interactive voice messages with TFNC
Key points of our ICMM work
1) Researchers are engaging constructively with communication media specialists and with a range of stakeholders in the groundnut sector on pre- and post-harvest control/mitigation.
2) Diverse stakeholders included in decision making of training/communication productions via feedback loops.
3) Our methodology – the informal Learning Alliance – is systematically building relationships, sharing information, encouraging joint analysis of problems and solutions that for collaboration across stakeholder groups.
4) The approach can be extended to inform higher level policy
Gender consideration in aflatoxin mitigation measures
• Groundnut is considered a women crop• Women do the planting, weeding, harvesting,
plucking, shelling ,grading for the market• There is fresh and dry groundnut value chains• Women make decision in
consumption/preparation of food (need for focused training targeting women)
Groundnut/Aflatoxin Research challenges
• Farmers have no incentive to clean grain as there is no incentive by way of price differentials. – no grades and standards (Policy)
• Capacity in aflatoxin detection at NARI and rapid testing in major groundnut producing zones at buying centres
• Mass use of polypropylene sacks by farmers and traders (policy)• Lack of specialisation in agriculture among media personnel (low
understanding/reporting in aflatoxin– degree training in communication (policy)
• Inadequate funding for groundnut /aflatoxin research• Inadequate availability and supply of improved groundnut seeds• Competition from edible oil imports – Cheap oils imports (policy)• Importation of aflatoxin free groundnuts for plumpynut processing –
Power foods
AREAS OF INTEREST TO LINKING WITH PACA
Key Proposed actions Timeline1. Capacity building for management of aflatoxin in groundnuts variety development and enabling policy environment enhanced.
2013-2015
2. Nutritional status, dietary diversity, human health and mycotoxin contamination problem spatially characterized
2013- 2015
3. Bio-control options – pre-harvest contamination :atoxigenic strains of A.flavus, post harvest contamination in stores– plant extracts, essential oils, ammonia vapour
2013-1015
4. Innovative Communication aflatoxin mitigation strategies -
2013-2015
Thank you