GROUND WATER SCENARIO AND CONSERVATION IN PUNJAB

ByS.K.SAIGALSenior HydrogeologistCentral Ground Water Board, NWR, CHANDIGARH

PUNJAB STATE

HYDROGEOLOGYIndus River Basin, Three Major Rivers- Ravi, Beas & Satluj- GhaggarMajor part (90 % ) area occupied by Quaternary alluviumSiwalik Hills are in NE Tertiary FormationsQuaternary deposits are divided into: i) Kandi beltii) Alluvial Plains- Major partsiii) Aeolian deposits SW Partiv) Intermontane valley at Anandpur SahibGround Water Exploration up to 450 m, thick fresh water aquifers in major partsSouth western part thickness of fresh water aquifers is less

WATER TABLE ELEVATION

GROUND WATER RESOURSE ESTIMATION OF PUNJAB (2009)Over-exploited and critical BlocksTotal blocks : 138OE : 110Critical : 03Semi-critical : 02Safe : 23(Moga District OE ALL 5 BLOCKS)

REPLENISHABLE GROUND WATER RESOURCES, PUNJAB ( as on march 2009)S.NoDISTRICTAVAILABLE GROUND WATER RESOURCES(ham)NET DRAFT (ham)GROUND MWATER BALANCE(ham)1AMRITSAR123026220547-1002142BATHINDA97638120702-245183FARIDKOT6122697195-359694FATEHGARH SAHIB53505112483-595855FEROZEPUR196553277032-820376GURDASPUR177929224753-494107HOSHIARPUR8815891297-44388JALANDHAR118137270181-1540609KAPURTHALA65376153954-8935910LUDHIANA203448345504-14705711MANSA67246143804-7655812MUKTSAR76810537462306413MOGA119411242319-12346814NAWAN SHAHR6401471765-811615PATIALA149083291165-14433016ROPAR4151845818-507617SANGRUR139322367244-229299STATE TOTAL20349223466117-1457475

The number of Over-Exploited Blocks has increased with time as per various Ground Water Estimation Studies carried out from time to time, Category of Blocks/Study Year1984198619891992199920042009Dark/ Over-exploited 5355626373103110Dark/ Critical 07090707110503Grey/ Semi-Critical 22182015160402White/Safe36362933382523Total118118118118138137138

ABSTRACT OF DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT20042009NET GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY 21,44,292 Ham20,34,922 HamEXISTING GW DRAFT FOR IRRIGATION30,33,577 Ham33,96,941 HamEXISTING GW DRAFT FOR DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL USE82,575 Ham69,177 HamEXISTING GW DRAFT FOR ALL USES31,16,152 Ham34,66,117 HamNET GW AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT(-) 9,88,926 Ham(-) 14,57,475 HamAV. STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN STATE145 %170 %

DECLINE IN WATER LEVELS- MOGA II BLOCK

GROUND WATER REGULATION, BLOCKS NOTIFIED

Sr. No. DistrictArea/BlockDate of Notification1Ludhiana Ludhiana city in Ludhiana district8/11.12.19982Moga Block Moga-I 02.12.20063Block Moga-II 02.12.20064Sangrur Block Sangrur02.12.20065Block Ahmedgarh (Malerkotla-I) 02.12.20066BarnalaBlock Mahal Kalan(carved out from district Sangrur)02.12.20067JalandharBlock Nakodar 13.08.20118Block Shahkot13.08.20119Block Lohian 13.08.201110KapurthalaBlock Phagwara13.08.201111LudhianaBlock Khanna 13.08.201112MogaBlock Nihalsinghwala 13.08.201113PatialaBlock Patran 13.08.201114SangrurBlock Sunam 13.08.201115Block Dhuri 13.08.201116Block Malerkotla 13.08.201117Block Sherpur13.08.201118BarnalaBlock Barnala 13.08.201119AmritsarBlock Ajnala27.11.201220Tarn TaranBlock Patti27.11.201221Block Tarn Taran27.11.201222Fatehgarh SahibBlock Amloh27.11.201223Block Khamano27.11.201224Block Khera 27.11.2012

25HoshiarpurBlock Tanda27.11.201226JalandharBlock Bhogpur27.11.201227Block Goraya/Rurka Kalan27.11.201228Block Jalandhar East27.11.201229Block Jalandhar West27.11.201230Block Nurmahal27.11.201231Block Phillaur27.11.201232KapurthalaBlock Bholath/Nadala27.11.201233Block Dhilwan27.11.201234Block Kapurthala27.11.201235Block Sultanpur27.11.201236LudhianaBlock Pakhowal27.11.201237MansaBlock Bhikhi27.11.201238Block Budhlada27.11.201239Block Sardulgarh27.11.201240NawanshahrBlock Aur27.11.201241Block Banga27.11.201242PatialaBlock Patiala27.11.201243Block Sanaur27.11.201244RoparBlock Morinda27.11.201245SangrurBlock Bhawanigarh27.11.2012

ISSUES OF CONCERNGROUND WATER DEPLETION ( OVER EXPLOITATION)- DECLINING WATER TABLEWATER LOGGING- RISING WATER TABLEDECLINING WATER TABLE IN URBAN & INDUSTRIAL AREASGROUND WATER QUALITYSALINE-WATER USE & DISPOSALDEMAND SUPPLY GAPGROUND WATER POLLUTION

WHAT MAKES RWH & AR A POWERFUL TECHNOLOGY India is one of the most well endowed nations in the world in terms of average rainfall (1100 mm).It has 2.45% of worlds land and 4% of its fresh water resources.The pattern of rainfall varies over space and time. India receives most of its rains in just 100 hours out of 8760 hours in a year whereas the requirement is spread over 365 days.100 mm of rainfall on one hectare plot can yield up to one million liters of water.

What is Artificial Recharge to Ground Water ?It is a process by which ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that under natural conditions

What is Rainwater Harvesting ?

Rainwater Harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface before it is lost as surface runoff.

NEED FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING & ARTIFICIAL RECHARGETo meet ever increasing water demand To reduce the surface runoff, To avoid the flooding and damage of roads.To avoid accumulation of water in low lying areas.

PURPOSETo arrest the declining water levelsStorage of fresh water in the aquiferTo improve the ground water quality Disposal of waste water To improve the sustainability of existing ground water structuresTo minimize the failure of tubewells/dug wells due to lowering of water levelsTo check the increasing cost on energy consumption.1 m rise in water level saves 0.4 kwh of power

RECHARGE WELL/ INJECTION WELL This technique is suitable where (a) land availability is limited (b) When aquifer is deep and overlain by impermeable strata (clay) The roof top rain water or filtered water is canalized to the well and recharge under gravity flow condition. Recharge water should be silt free.

Recharge WellThe well can also be used for pumping. Ground water. Most suitable for the areas where ground water levels are deep.Number of recharging structures can be constructed in limited area around the building.Number of wells to be installed depend upon roof top area and aquifer characteristics.

TRENCH WITH TWO RECHARGE WELLS FOR ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

TRENCH WITH TWO RECHARGE WELLS FOR SURFACE RUNOFF

Recharge Shaft A recharge shaft is dug manually or drilled by the reverse /direct rotary drilling machines.Diameter of recharge shaft varies from 0.5 to 3mFor shallow aquifer is located below clayey surface Back filled with boulders, coarse gravel and fine gravel/coarse sand It should end in more permeable strata (sand) Depth varies from 2 to 15 m below ground level. Recharge shaft should be constructed 10 to 15m away from buildings for the safety of building. It should be cleaned regularly by scraping the top layer of sand and refilling it periodically.

Recharge Pit Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed generally 1 to 2 m wide and 2 to 3m deep.After excavation , the pits are refilled with pebbles and boulders. Water to be recharged , should be silt free.Cleaning of the pit should be done periodically.It is suitable for small buildings having the roof top area upto 100 sq.m Recharge pit may be of any shape i.e. circular , square or rectangular.

Recharge Trench It is constructed when permeable strata of adequate thickness is available at shallow depth.For filtration of water it is filled with pebbles and boulders. These are constructed across the land slope. The trench may be 0.5 to 4m wide, 1 to 3m deep and 5 to 300m long depending upon the availability of land, roof top area and length of drain. It is suitable for the buildings having the roof area of 200 to 300 sq.m It is not constructed in the areas where water levels are very deep. Cleaning of trench should be done periodically.

Cavity Wells Cavity wells in use also forms good recharge structures. Cavity wells are constructed by drilling boreholes with hand boring and pipes are derived up to the bottom of clay beds. Cavity is formed within the underlying sand bed with the help of high capacity pump. Filter /screen is not used in these wells.Bottom of the pipe is not closed but kept open for entering water. The filtered water is recharged under gravity through these wells

Abandoned Dug Well A dry /unused dug well can be used as a recharge structure. The recharge water is guided through a pipe to the bottom of well to avoid scouring of bottom. Before using the dug well as recharge structure , its bottom should be cleaned and all the fine deposits should be removed . Recharge water should be silt free. It should be cleaned regularly.It is suitable for large building having the roof area more than 1000 sq.m.Periodic chlorination should be done for controlling the bacteriological contamination.

Abandoned/Running Hand PumpAn abandoned/running hand pump can also be used for recharge. These structures are suitable for the small buildings having the roof area up to 150 Sq.m. Water is diverted from roof top to the hand pump through pipe of 100mm dia. For running hand; pump a losing valve is fitted in conveyance system near hand pump to avoid entry of air in suction pipe. Recharge water should be silt free.During recharging period , the water extracted from hand pump should be utilised after proper chlorination.

Modifying drain beds The recharge structures have been constructed in the following drains:- Dhuri Link drain, Dhuri Block, Sangrur district. Sirhind choe, Nabha Block, Patiala district. Dhuri Drain, Dhuri Block, Sangrur district. Bassian drain, Nihal Singh wala Block, Moga district. Patiala Nadi, Patiala block, Patiala district.The results of artificial recharge through modifying drain beds indicated that there is possibility of recharging 370 lpm/m length of drain having 3m bed width at the bottom of the trench.

Utilising Sarovar water and waste water In Golden Temple Amritsar city surplus sarovar water and wastewater of washing of Parikarma has been diverted to recharge structures (recharge wells) Similarly the water of swimming pools, which is replaced weekly, can be injected into the ground under gravity through recharge structures.

Surplus Water of Village Ponds There is a pond in almost every village of the state. Now the water of these ponds is not used , hence have become place for discharging village waste water .

Surplus Water of Village PondsThe experimental studies have been carried out at the following places :-Village Channian, Nakoder Block, district Jalandhar Kalasanghian village, Kapurthala block, distrtict Kapurthala Issru village, Khanna Block, district Ludhiana

Abandoned dug wells There are number of abandoned dug wells in the state and either these have gone dry or covered with concrete slab . These can be used as artificial recharge structures.

Abandoned Dug WellDesign of Structure :After cleaning one such experiment has been conducted at village Channian, block Nakoder , Jalandhar district to study the possibility of artificial recharge to ground water. To enhance the recharge capacity recharge well has been constructed at the bottom of the well. The results have been found encouraging.

ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTINGThe most plausible approach for artificial recharge in urban areas appears to be Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting and recharging the same to ground water reservoir . Roof Top rain water harvesting experiment has been taken up in Amritsar city (Kheti Bhawan) Results indicate that the recharge well has an intake capacity of more than 10 litre per second.

Utilising Canal Water

Bilga canal Rest House,Nurmahal Block district Jalandhar Sarih Canal Rest House , Nakodar Block district Jalandhar.

Utilising Canal WaterBhattian canal Rest House, Khanna Block, Ludhiana districtDhanetha Canal Rest House, Samana block, district Patiala. Gohir Minor , village ChanniaNakodar block ,district Jalandhar

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION

The stage of ground water development of the district is 202 % all the blocks-over exploited Constant decline of water levels so no further ground water development is recommendedAll ground water abstraction structures should be registered in the blocks.Rainwater Harvesting and Artificial Recharge to ground water be made mandatory for all govt. Buildings, schools, educational institutions, and all residential buildings

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION

Abandoned dugwells/ tubewells and village Ponds may be utilized for artificial recharge to ground waterCanal irrigation may be increased to release the stress on ground waterChange in cropping pattern is recommended to reduce the heavy pumping of ground waterGround water pumping from deep aquifers is recommended to reduce stress on shallow aquifersThe construction of RWH & AR structures should be made mandatory in bye laws

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION

Cleaning and construction of pond in every village is recommendedRecycling of waste water after proper treatmentDevelopment of flood plains of river SatlujEfficient Ground Water Management practicesA DROP SAVED A DROP HARVESTED

Let us all capture each drops of rain to make water a resource for all

THANK YOU