Ground-Water Resources of the Middle Loup Division of the ...pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1258/report.pdfvalley...

Ground-Water Resources of the Middle Loup Division of the Lower Platte River Basin NebraskaBy DELBERT W. BROWN

With a section on

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER

By FRANK H. RAINWATER

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1258

Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

W. E. Wrather, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1 (paper cover)

CONTENTS

PageAbstract ............................................................................................................................... 1Introduction............................................................................................................................ 3

Location and extent of the area...................................................................................... 3.Previous investigations.................................................................................................... 5The present investigation................................................................................................ 5Well-numbering system.......................................... ........................................................... 6Personnel............................................................................................................................ 8Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. 8

Geography.............................................................................................................................. 8Agriculture.......................................................................................................................... 8Transportation................................................................................................................... 9Climate................................................................................................................................ 9

Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties........................ ......................... 12Cretaceous system......................................................................................................... .. 16

Upper Cretaceous series............................................................. ................................ 16Niobrara formation.................................................................................................... 16Pierre shale....................................................................................... ........................ 16

Tertiary system....................................................................................._............................ 16Pliocene series.............................................................................................................. 16

Ogallala formation.................................................................................................... 16Quaternary system..................................................................................................... ...... 17

Pleistocene series............................................. .......................................................... 17Holdrege formation.......................................... ................. ... ....... ......... ................. 17Fullerton formation...................................................... ............................................. 17Grand Island formation.............................................................................................. 18Sappa formation................................................................ ....... ..................... ........... 18Crete formation......................................................................................................... 18Loveland formation.................................................................................................... 19Todd Valley sand...................................................................................................... 19Peorian loess........................................................................................................... 20

Pleistocene and Recent series................................................................................... 20Bignell loess.............................................................................................................. 20Recent deposits........................................................................................................ 20

Irrigation in the Middle Loup River valley........................................................................ 21Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District....................................................... 21Irrigation wells.................................................................................................................. 22

Fluctuations of the water table.......................................................................................... 23General considerations.................................................................................................... 23Water-level measurements................................................................................................ 23Changes in water level.................................................................................................... 26

Fluctuations caused by precipitation........................................................................ 26Fluctuations caused by the river................................................................................ 27

Configuration of the water table.......................................................................................... 28Depth to water......................................................................................................................... 29Municipal water supplies...................................................................................................... 30Chemical quality of the ground water, by Frank H. Rainwater........................................ 32

Significance of chemical constituents in relation to use............................................ 33Physical and chemical relationships in the water........................................................ 35

Relation of sulfate to depth to water.......................................................................... 40Usability of the ground water.......................................................................................... 40Effect of irrigation on future water quality.................................................................... 42

General summary.................................................................................................................... 44

III

IV CONTENTS

Page Water-level measurements.................................................................................... ................ 45Description of wells.................................................................................................. .. 45Selected bibliography..................................................................................... 45Index. 85

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Plate 1. Map of the Sargent unit, Nebraska, showing location of wells, depth to

water, and contour of the water table...... ...............................................In pocket2. Map of the lower Middle Loup River valley showing depth to water and

the contour of the water table.................................................................. In pocketFigure 1. Map of the Missouri River basin showing areas in which ground-water

studies have been made under the Missouri River basin program.............. 32. Map of Nebraska showing, by ruling, the area covered by this report............ 43. Sketch showing system of well identification.................................................... 74. Precipitation records at Arcadia, Nebr., 1900-49............................................ 105. Precipitation records at St. Paul, Nebr., 1900-49............................................ 116. Hydrographs of the water level in three wells and monthly runoff of the

Middle Loup River at St. Paul, Nebr., 1933-50............................................ 247. A, Monthly precipitation at Arcadia, Nebr. 3, Monthly runoff of the Middle

Loup River at Arcadia, Nebr. C, Hydrograph of the water-level fluctua tions in well 17-16-26dc................................................................................... 25

8. Fluctuations of the water level in 11 wells in the Middle Loup Rivervalley.................................................................................................................... 27

9. Relation of alkaline earths and alkalies to total concentration of dis solved solids, lower Middle Loup River valley, Nebraska.......................... 37

10. Relation of alkalinity to alkaline earths, lower Middle Loup Rivervalley, Nebraska................................................................................................ 38

11. Sampling points and percentage of silica in ground water of the lowerMiddle Loup River valley, Nebraska................................................................ 39

12. Principal mineral constituents of.municipal water supplies, lowerMiddle Loup River valley, Nebraska................................................................ 41

13. Classification of ground water for irrigation, lower Middle Loup Rivervalley, "lebraska................................................................................................ 42

TABLES

Page

Table 1. Temperature, prevailing wind direction, and occurrence of frost at St.Paul and Loup City for periods of record prior to 1950................................ 13

2. Generalized geologic section, Middle Loup division of the lower PlatteRiver basin, Nebraska....................... ................................................................ 14

3. Irrigated acreage, Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District,1938-50................................................................................................................ 22

4. Municipal well data, Middle Loup division, Nebraska...................................... 315. Municipal water supplies in the Middle Loup division, Nebraska.................. 326. Allowable limits for certain constituents in potable water used on

interstate carriers.............................................................................................. 337. Chemical constituents and related physical measurements of ground-

water samples, lower Middle Loup River valley, Nebraska.......................... 368. Water-level measurements in wells...................................................................... 479. Water-level record, well 17-16-26dc, Valley County.......................................... 72

10. Description of wells and test holes in the Middle Loup division,Nebraska.. ....................................................................... . . 76

GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE MIDDLE LOUPDIVISION OF THE LOWER PLATTE RIVER BASIN

NEBRASKA

By DELBERT W. BROWN

ABSTRACT

The Middle Loup division of the lower Platte River basin is an area of 650 square miles which includes the Middle Loup River valley from the confluence of the Middle and North Loup Rivers in Howard County, Nebr., to the site of the diversion dam that the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation proposes to construct in Blaine County nearMilburn, Nebr. It also includes land in Howard and Sherman Counties designated by the Bureau of Reclamation as the Farwell unit. Irrigable land in this division is present on both sides of the Middle Loup River and along its tributaries. Most of the Middle Loup River valley is already irrigated by the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District, which is strictly an irrigation enterprise. The uplands are not irrigated.

Loess, dune sand^ gravel, silt, and clay of Pleistocene or Recent age are exposed in the report area. Tnese unconsoiidated sbuimeiits rest on bedrock consisting oi altei- nating layers of shale, mudstone, sandstone, and limestone, which are essentially flat lying or slightly warped. The Ogallala formation, of Tertiary (Pliocene) age, immediate ly underlies the Pleistocene sediments and rests on the Pierre shale of Cretaceous age. Belts of alluvium occupy the Middle Loup River valley and the valleys of the principal streams in the area. The soils, dune sand, and terrace deposits are the most recent deposits.

The Ogallala formation is water bearing and is the source of supply for some domestic and livestock wells. The saturated part of the sand and gravel formations of Pleistocene age, which yields water freely to wells, is the most important aquifer in the Middle Loup division. The water generally is under water-table conditions. The yields of properly constructed wells range from a few gallons per minute (gpm) to as much as 1,800 gpm. Some wells tap water in both the sand and gravel of Pleistocene age and in the underly ing Ogallala formation. No wells are known to penetrate into formations older than the Ogallala.

Fluctuations of the water table indicate changes in the amount of ground water stored in the water-bearing formations. The principal factors controlling the rise of the water table are the amount of precipitation within the area, the quantity of water coming into the area as underflow from the west and northwest, seepage from the Middle Loup River at times when the water surface in the river is higher than the adjoining water table, and the infiltration of irrigation water not utilized by vegetation or lost by runoff or evapora tion. The principal factors controlling the decline of the water table are the discharge as effluent seepage into the Middle Loup River and its tributaries, the amount of water pumped from wells, evapotranspiration losses, and the amount of water leaving the area as underflow.

Periodic water-level measurements were made in a total of 241 observation wells dur ing the period 1948-50. Hydrographs of three observation wells having a longer period of record (1934-50) indicate that the water table rose slightly from 1934 until 1950 and that it remained nearly constant during the 1950 water year.

The configuration of the water table in the Middle Loup division shows that, except north and northwest of Sargent, the Middle Loup River is an effluent, or gaining, stream throughout its entire length in this area. Thus any rise or fall in the ground-water level will increase or decrease the discharge of the river. The river recharges the ground- water reservoir only during periods when it is at flood stage.

2 GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

The depth to the water table from the land surface is governed largely by irregularities in topography. The depth to water is less than 10 feet near the river and increases to as much as 60 feet near the valley margins and the bordering intermediate slopes. In the Far- well unit the depth to water is more than 100 feet and in some parts more than 150 feet. Ground water pumped from wells is the source of supply for the principal municipalities in the Middle Loup River valley and in the Farwell unit.

Ground water in the lower Middle Loup River valley is of the calcium bicarbonate type and contains high concentrations of silica. Although the water is hard, it is otherwise satisfactory for general domestic use. Two samples contain concentrations of nitrate above the permissible limits recommended for infant feeding. Because the mineral con tent, percent sodium, and boron concentration are low, the water is exceptionally well suited for use in irrigation.

Little change in chemical quality of the ground water should result from the proposed irrigation practices, except in those areas where the water table may be raised to a level that would bring the capillary zone in contact with either the soil surface or the root zone.

GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY 3

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA

The area covered by this report is the floor of the Middle Loup River valley in Nebraska from the confluence of the Middle and North Loup Rivers in Howard County to the proposed Milburn diversion dam site of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation in Blaine County. The area includes also those lands designated by the Bureau of Reclamation as the Farwell unit in Howard and Sherman Counties. The entire area encompasses approximately 650 square miles and comprises parts of the following 'counties: Howard, Sherman, Valley, Custer, and Blaine. (See figs. 1 and 2 for location of the

.« ___;i>4 ^»..« * .

Areas described in other reports

Figure 1. Map of the Missouri River basin showing areas in which ground-water studies have been made under the Missouri River basin program.

area.) It is part of the Middle Loup division of the lower Platte River basin for which the Bureau of Reclamation has proposed a plan for the full development of the water resources.

The region is gently rolling. It has low relief; flat, wide, stream valleys; and low intervening upland divide areas mantled with loess or dune sand. The loess hills area is mantled with silty soil or loess and is therefore an area where the precipitation runs off rapidly into the intermittent gulleylike tributaries. The sand hills area is mantled with dune sand, a more pervious material, and consequently it is an area having little surface runoff. The part of

GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

!

INTRODUCTION D

the Middle Loup River valley described in this report is about 112 miles long, and the valley floor ranges in width from about 1 to 2.5 miles. The river from St. Paul to its headwater has about 7, 720 square miles in its watershed and, of this total, about 3, 200 square miles contributes directly to surface-water runoff. The western boundary of the area is near the transitional boundary of the loess plains of central Nebraska and the great Sand Hills region of west-central Nebraska.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

There has been no previous detailed investigation of the ground- water resources of the area. A report by Lugn and Wenzel (1938) did, however, include a very brief reference to the extreme south eastern part.

Relatively long-term water-level records are available for three observation wells, 19 18 9aa near Sargent, 13 12 29ba near Boelus, and 14 10 14bb near St. Paul. These wells were selected in 1934 in connection wj.th a statewide observation-we 11 program carried on jointly by the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska and the Ground Water Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey.

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

The investigation, on which this report is based, is one of several ground-water studies being made in connection with the Department of the Interior's program for the development of the Missouri River basin. The ground-water resources of Nebraska have been coop eratively investigated since July 1, 1930,by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska. Beginning in 1945, the scope of ground-water in vestigations in Nebraska was greatly expanded as part of a com prehensive program in the Missouri River basin. The work was undertaken jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation with the continued cooperation of the Con servation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska. These ex panded studies included the Middle Loup River basin described in this report.

The field work for this report was begun in November 1949 and was concluded in October 1950. Previous to November 1949 other field work had been done in the area but it was on a very small scale and was restricted largely to the expansion of the observation- well program in the valley. This report is based on the following:

O GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE. LOUP RIVER VALLEY

(1) Installation of 122 3/4-inch diameter observation wells. Of these, 99 were installedby jetting methods and 23 were hand augered or driven.

(2) Inventory of 119 existing irrigation and domestic wells selected as desirable control points necessary for the construction of maps showing the depth to water and configuration of the water table. Information on all observation wells are included in the table of well descriptions at the end of this report.

(3) Inventory of the public-supply wells of the principal towns in the area. The records of these public - supply wells are given in the table of municipal wells.

(4) Collection of ground-water samples for chemical analysis from 20 representative wells.

(5) Determination of the altitude of the measuring points at all observation and inventory wells by a Bureau of Reclamation level party. The altitudes, minus the depth to water in the observation wells, served as controls for the construction of the water-table contour map of the area.

(6) Construction of maps showing the configuration of the water table by means of contour lines.

(7) Construction of maps showing the depth to the water table from the land surface.

(8) Preparation of hydrographs showing the changes in water level in 15 observation wells during their respective periods of record.

Many of the observation wells installedby the Geological Survey were for the purpose of ascertaining the effects on the ground-water conditions in the area caused by the operation of existing and pro posed surface-water irrigation projects. These wells were installed near existing irrigation structures and those planned for the Sargent andFarwell projects where the present position of the water table has already been determined.

Other observation wells were installed to obtain coverage of the entire area.

WELL-NUMBERING SYSTEM

The we 11-number ing system used in this report was adopted in Nebraska at the beginning of Missouri River basin ground-water studies. (See fig. 3.) In the well-location number the first set of

17

16

15

I 2

INTRODUCTION

RANGES WEST 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

BASELINE

WELL NO. !6-ll-9cb

R. 11 W. SEC. 9

6

7

18

19

30

31

5

8

17

20

29

32

4

<9"^

16

21

28

33

3

^10

"\

15

22'

27

34

2^

11

" 14 ^

23

26

35

*\

12

13

24

25

36

T.-16N.

Figure 3. Sketch showing system of well identification.

figures indicates the township, the second the range, and the third the section. The lowercase letters that follow the section number indicate the position of the well within the section, the first letter indicating the quarter section and the second letter the quarter- quarter section. The letters a, b, c_, and dare applied in a counter clockwise direction, beginning with the letter a in the northeast quadrant. A figure following the last letter indicates the number of the well within the tract of land indicated, but if only one well is situated within that tract no number is shown.


PERSONNEL

The investigation in the Middle Loup division was carried on under the general supervision of A. N. Sayre, chief of the Ground Water Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey, and G. H. Taylor, regional engineer in charge of the Missouri River basin ground- water investigations. The study was under the direct supervision of H. A. Waite, district geologist in charge of ground-water in vestigations in Nebraska. The quality-of-water studies were under the general supervision of S. K. Love, chief of the Quality of Water Branch, and P. C. Benedict, regional engineer in charge of Mis souri River basin water quality investigations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Appreciation is expressed to the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation for establishing mean sea-level altitudes of the measuring points on all the observation wells in the area. The personnel of that agency were very cooperative and helpful at all times. The author is indebted also to the many residents of the area who gave per mission for the measurement of water levels in their wells and who freely supplied information regarding them.

GEOGRAPHY

AGRICULTURE

The chief industry of the Middle Loup division is agriculture. The upper part of the valley is devoted .almost entirely to grazing and hay production; the lower part, to general farming. The earliest agricultural activity in the area by the white man was cattle raising. This was begun in the years 1869-70 and consisted only of grazing cattle on the open range. Grain farming began to replace open- range ranching about 1872 or 1873, the first homesteads established in the area being in the Middle Loup River valley where an abun dance of wood for fuel and water for domestic use could be obtained. The early agricultural development was slow and it was not until after 1900 that the population began to increase significantly. Soon after 1900 also, a better understanding of the climate and soil re quirements began to show a favorable effect on the economy of the area.

Under the present agricultural system the valley lands arid the more nearly level tablelands are held in comparatively small farms of 160 to 320 acres. The need for supplemental water for irrigation became apparent during the 1930's because of the drought in that

GEOGRAPHY 9

period. As a result, the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District was formed and the irrigation system constructed! conse quently the farmers in the district have surface water available for irrigation. Some farmers who are not in the district have installed irrigation wells. The availability of irrigation water has resulted in a tendency for large ranches to be replaced by smaller, irri gated farms. According to the U. S. Census of Agriculture: 1950; the principal farm crops are corn, wheat, oats, wild hay, alfalfa, rye, and barley, ranking in acreage in the order named.

TRANSPORTATION

Most of the area is served by good transportation facilities. A spur of the Union Pacific Railroad from St. Paul, Nebr., extends southwest through Dannebrog and Boelus to Loup City. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad has a branch line from Central City, Nebr., which traverses the Farwell unit and services the towns of St. Paul, Farwell, Ashton, and Loup City; this branch continues up the Middle Loup River valley to Sargent, Nebr,, where it terminates.

State and Federal highways extend up the valley to Sargent. The towns of St. Paul, Farwell, Ashton, and Loup City are on hard- surfaced highways. The rest of the towns are served by good gravel- surfaced highways. Throughout most of the area the secondary roads follow section lines but in the Sand Hills region they conform to the topography and usually follow the valleys. The farm products, consisting principally of wheat, corn, cattle, and hogs, are trans ported out of the area by truck or train and are marketed chiefly in Omaha, Nebr.

CLIMATE

Precipitation. Precipitation gages at St. Paul, Loup City, Arcadia, and Sargent, Nebr., are maintained by the U. S. Weather Bureau. The stations have different lengths of record, but St. Paul has the longest continuous record, extending from 1895 to the present time.

Most of the precipitation falls during the growing season, from March to October, the most intense precipitation usually accom panying local thunderstorms in summer. The average growing season at Loup City, from the last killing frost in the spring to the first killing frost in the fall, is 148 days and at St. Paul it is 150 days. The rainy season usually occurs in late spring and early summer and it favors the rapid growth of winter wheat and spring- planted small grains. The summer precipitation distribution is usually less favorable to crop growth, and during August and

Cum

ulat

ive

depa

rtur

e fr

om

over

age

prec

ipita

tion

Ann

ual

prec

ipita

tion

Ave

rage

22.4

2 i

nche

s

EX

PLA

NA

TIO

N

Max

imum

Ave

rage

Min

imum

Mon

thly

pr

ecip

itatio

n

Fig

ure

4. P

reci

pit

atio

n r

ecor

ds a

t A

rcad

ia,

Neb

r.,

1900

-49.

Cum

ulat

ive

depa

rtur

e fr

om

av

erag

e pre

cipita

tion

n

/ x

'7 t

/ t

/

/ /

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/ / /

/ / /

/

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/ /

,

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/ /

S

/ 7

"

' ^<

/'/ / /

/ / //

Annu

al

/ / r

'/ /

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7-lr- / /

7777

/ /'

/ /

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prec

ipi

/ pi

/

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n

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itatio

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Fig

ure

5. P

recip

itati

on r

ecor

ds a

t S

t. P

aul,

Neb

r.,

1900

-49.

12 GROUND WATER IN NODDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

September long periods of drought occasionally cause reduced yields of grain. Crop failures, however, are rare because most of the soils are retentive, of moisture when properly cultivated.

The precipitation records since 1900, which include the maxi mum, minimum, and average precipitation at St. Paul and Arcadia, Nebr., for the period of record, and the cumulative departure from average precipitation at St. Paul and Arcadia for the period 1900-49, are shown in figures 4 and 5.

Temperature. Summer months frequently have daily temperatures above 100° F and in winter the temperatures often drop below zero. The mean temperature of the area for a year is about 50° F, the approximate average range being from 23°F in January to 76° F in July.

The prevailing winds are from the south in the summer and from the northwest in the winter but changes in direction are frequent. The winds are usually moderate to strong and tornadoes occur in frequently. The winds in the summer are often accompanied by high temperature and low relative humidity, a condition which causes rapid evaporation of the soil moisture.

The temperature records of St. Paul and Loup City are shown in table 1. This table also includes the prevailing wind directions and frost data.

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATERBEARING PROPERTIES

The geologic formations exposed at the surface in the Middle Loup division are unconsolidated sediments of Pleistocene or Recent age. These unconsolidated sediments, or mantle rock, include loess, dune sand, gravel, silt, and clay. They rest on bedrock of Cretaceous or Tertiary age, consisting of alternating layers of shale, mudstone, sandstone, and limestone, which are essentially flat lying or slightly warped.

The named geologic formations that constitute the mantle rock and the underlying bedrock in the area are listed in table 2, which gives their range in thickness, lithologic character, and importance as sources of water supply.

The bedrock formations in contact with the basal unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments that mantle the area are of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. The Ogallala formation, of Pliocene age, immediately underlies the Pleistocene sediments. It rests on the Pierre shale of Cretaceous age, which rests on the Niobrara formation, also of Cretaceous age.

Tab

le 1

. T

empe

ratu

re,

prev

aili

ng w

ind

dire

ctio

n, a

nd o

ccur

renc

e of

fros

t at

St.

Pau

l an

d L

oap

Cit

y fo

r pe

riod

s of

rec

ord

prio

r to

195

0

Sta

tion

sR

ecor

d ((y

ears

)Ja

n.F

eb.

Mar

.A

pr.

May

June

July

Aug

.S

ept.

Oct

.N

ov.

Dec

.A

nnua

l

Tem

pera

ture

, in

deg

rees

Fah

renh

eit

St.^Paul

Average

....

...

Maximum..

Minimu

m...

Loup Ci

ty

Maximum..

Mini

mum.

..

34 36 30 34

24.0

35.8

12.2

72 -30 22.8

34.8

10.7

72 -39

27.0

39.0

14.9

78 -32 26.4

38.8

14.0

76 -32

38.4

51.4

25.3

89 -12 36.8

50.0

23.6

90 -15

50.4

64.0

36.9

98 10 49.4

63.3

35.4

988

60.7

74.1

47.3

102 22 59.4

73.0

45.8

97 20

70.4

83.4

57.3

110 37 68.4

81.3

55.6

102 34

76.1

89.9

62.3

111 44 74.0

86.8

61.1

106 40

74.6

88.4

60.8

111 36 72.8

86.1

59.5

104 36

65,8

79.7

51.8

103 22 63.4

77.0

49.8

104 21

53.4

67.5

39.2

945 51.4

65.6

37.3

97 4

39.0

51.6

26.4

84 -8 37.8

50.9

24.6

88 -10

26.6

38.1

15.0

75 -25 25.2

37.1

13.3

72 -26

50.5

63.6

37.4

111

-32 49.0

62.1

35.9

106

-39

Pre

vail

ing

win

d di

rect

ion

St P

aul.

....

....

...

34 32N

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WSE N

WSE SE

SE SESE SE

SE SN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

WN

W

Occ

urre

nce

of f

rost

Sta

tion

s

St.

Paul.

.......................

Rec

ord

(yea

rs)

35

35

Ave

rage

gr

owin

g se

ason

(d

ays)

150

148

Dat

es o

f ki

llin

g fr

osts

Ave

rage

s

Las

t in

spr

ing

May

26

May

27

Fir

st i

n au

tum

n

Oct

. 4

Oct

. 2

Ext

rem

es

Las

t in

spr

ing

May

7

May

7

Fir

st i

n au

tum

n

Sep

t. 12

S

ept.

12

Tab

le 2

.

Gen

erali

zed i

deol

ogic

sec

tio

n,

'Hdd

le L

oup

div

isio

n o

f th

e lo

wer

Pla

tte

Riv

er b

asin

, .Y

eora

sA'a

Sys

tem

Quaternary.

Ser

ies

Recent.

Pleistocene.

Sub

divi

sion

(N

ebra

ska

Geo

l.

Sur

vey)

Super

fici

al a

lluviu

m,

loes

s,

dune

san

d,

topso

il.

Big

nell

loe

ss.

Peo

rian

loe

ss.

Tod

d V

alle

y s

and.

Lov

elan

d fo

rmat

ion.

Cre

te f

orm

atio

n.

Sap

pa f

orm

atio

n.

Gra

nd I

slan

d f

orm

atio

n.

Full

erto

n f

orm

atio

n.

Hol

dreg

e fo

rmat

ion.

U

ncon

form

ity

Thi

ckne

ss

(fee

t)

0-1

0

0-2

0

30

-45

0-5

0

20-6

0

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GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES 15

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1 6 GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM

UPPER CRETACEOUS SERIES

Niobrara formation . The Niobrara formation is subdivided into two members, the Fort Hays limestone member, or lower member,, and the overlying Smoky Hill chalk member. The Fort Hays con sists of gray to yellowish-gray massive limestone and is 40 to 60 feet thick. The upper Smoky Hill chalk member consists of lead- gray and yellow shaly chalk and is from less than a foot to about 350 feet thick. The Niobrara formation does not yield water in useful quantities and any found is likely to be of poor quality. No wells have been drilled to the Niobrara formation in this area for a water supply.

Pierre shale. The Pierre shale consists of black, gray, and brownish clay shale with thin layers of bentonite, indurated shaly chalk, well-defined concretionary zones, and, in the upper part, thin sandstones. The shales are of marine origin and are quite finely stratified; their high clay content makes them relatively impervious. The formation ranges in thickness from about 150 to 400 feet, except where it may be thinned as a result of post- Cretaceous erosion. The Pierre shale does not yield water in use ful quantities, except in certain localities outside this area, and any water found is likely to be of poor quality. So far as is known, no wells have been drilled to the Pierre shale in this area.

TERTIARY SYSTEM

PLIOCENE SERIES

Ogallala formation . The Ogallala formation of Pliocene age is the only formation of Tertiary age underlying the area. It is of con tinental origin, having been laid down by streams, and consists of interbedded hard and soft layers of sandy gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Some layers are cemented by calcium carbonate, but others are relatively unconsolidated. The Ogallala is progressively finer textured in an eastward direction. These finer grained deposits, consisting principally of silt and silty sandstone, have been de- scribedas the Seward facies (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950, p. 15) of the Ogallala formation, and they underlie the Pleistocene deposits. The maximum thickness of the Ogallala formation in the Middle Loup River area is about 350 feet. The Ogallala formation exposed near the town of Rockville is a soft, gray, chalky sand stone, believed to be equivalent to the Seward facies.

Fine-to coarse-grained sand constitutes the principal material of the Ogallala formation. Coarser sediments are generally more prevalent in the lower part of the formation. Lenses or beds of


sandy silt, some of them cemented with calcium carbonate, occur in all parts of the formation. Gradations from one lithologic type to another may take place both laterally and vertically, in some places within short distances.

The Ogallalais an excellent water-bearing formation where con siderable thicknesses of saturated coarse sand are present and some domestic and livestock water supplies in the area are derived from wells that tap the Ogallala. It is possible that a few wells obtain water from a combination source of the Ogallala formation and overlying sands and gravels of Pleistocene age. So far as is known, the yields of wells obtaining water from the Ogallala formation are adequate for domestic and stock supplies.

QUATERNARY SYSTEM

PLEISTOCENE SERIES

formation. The oldest Pleistocene deposits in the area con sist of sand and gravel which are found principally in the valleys developed on the pre-Pleistocene surface. The deposits are of widespread occurrence in south-central Nebraska, originally form ing a constructional plain interrupted only by the high divides of the ancestral drainage basins. These fluviatile sediments coalesced eastward, where they graded progressively into outwash deposits and till deposited during the Nebraskan stage of glaciation. The fluviatile material consists mostly of erosional products carried in by streams from higher plains and mountains to the west. These basal Pleistocene deposits, referred to as the Holdrege formation, range in thickness from less than a foot to about 15 feet in the area. The lower part of the Holdrege is correlative with sand and gravel which is pre-Nebraskan and the upper part is correlative with the Nebraskan till.

Lugn (1935) described the Holdrege formation as an inwash- outwash fluvioglacial deposit that was built up as an alluvial plain in Nebraskan time. Information on the general lithology of the Holdrege formation in the Middle Loup division is meager because wells are not known definitely to have penetrated this formation. It is believed, however, that large supplies of water could be ob tained from its saturated sands and gravels.

Fallerton formation . Af ter the wasting away of the Nebraskan glacier, the surface of the sand and gravel of the Nebraskan till was exposed to weathering and erosion, with the concurrent development of soil and the local deposition of fine to coarse sediments in eroded areas. These deposits have been named the Fullerton formation. They range in thickness from about 5 to 30 feet. The Fullerton formation is coextensive with the underlying Holdrege formation and is like-

1 8 GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

wise discontinuous, owing to erosion before and after the deposition of the formations that overlie it. The Fullerton formation is equiv alent in age to silts of the Aftonian stage of eastern Nebraska. So far as is known, the Fullerton formation is not exposed in the Middle Loup division, but it was described originally from an exposure near Fullerton, Nebr. (Lugn, 1935), ana ine type locality is southeast of the area described in this report. The formation is not a water-supply source because of the predominance of clay and silt.

Grand island formation. The Grand Island formation, like the Hol- drege formation, is composed mainly of alluvial sand and gravel and some glacial outwash, its upper part being composed princi pally of fine sand. Deposited during the advance and subsequent decline of the Kansan glacier, this formation has a thickness ranging from less than a foot to about 60 feet in the Middle Loup River area. The Grand Island formation is coextensive with the underlying Pleistocene deposits but it is less sporadic.

The sands and gravels of the Grand Island formation, like the Holdrege, extend westward as old valley fill, in which direction its materials must have been derived from mountains and table lands as were the corresponding sands and gravels of the Holdrege formation. The Grand Island formation is exposed in some gravel pits in the Middle Loup River valley. Practically all the irrigation wells in the Middle Loup River valley and bordering areas obtain water supplies from this formation. Many domestic and livestock wells also are supplied from saturated sands and gravels of the Grand Island formation. The reported yields of wells are as high as 1,800 gpm.

Sappa formation. During the quiescent stage that followed the Kansan glaciation, clay and fine sand were deposited on the Grand Island formation. These deposits, named the Sappa formation (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950), formerly called the Upland formation (Lugn, 1935), range in thickness from about 5 to 50 feet or more. Although probably continuous at the time of depo sition, this formation was subsequently subjected to weathering and eroded to the extent that it was reduced to patchy occurrences be fore the deposition of overlying formations.

The Sappa formation is composed of gray to greenish-gray silty clay and fine greenish-gray sand of aqueous-eolianorigin. A vol canic ash, the Pearlette ash member, is present in the lower part of the formation and is perhaps the best horizon marker in the Pleistocene sediments (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). The Sappa formation is not a water-supply source for wells in this area.

Crete formation . Post-Kansan erosion reduced the constructional plain formed by the Grand Island and Sappa formations to a deeply


and maturely dissected surface. The Crete formation (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950), consisting mostly of sand and gravel modified by materials derived locally from valley slopes, was then deposited in the channels. The thickness of the Crete forma tion ranges from a feather edge to about 30 feet.

The Crete formation is the unit that Lugn (1935) referred to as the "Valley phase of the Loveland formation. " It is a channel-fill deposit which lies unconformably upon the Sappa formation or older Pleistocene sediments, and it is believed to be of Illinoian age (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). It is possible that some of the sands and gravels found in the upper parts of test holes drilled in the Middle Loup division may belong to the Crete formation, but no attempt has been made to differentiate these deposits from other sands and gravels of late Pleistocene age. Where sands and gravels of the Crete formation are saturated, these deposits may yield water to wells in this area.

Loveland tormatio.i. The early phase of deposition represented by the Crete formation gave way to widespread deposition of the Love- land formation, which consists of stratified silt and clay with some laminae of very fine sand within the valleys and massive reddish- brown loess mantling the upland surfaces. The deposition of sand and gravel of the Crete formation and of loess and silt of the Love- land formation,together with subsequent soil formation, took place during the period of the advance and reduction of the Blinoian glacier. The Loveland formation ranges in thickness from about 20 to 50 feet.

The Loveland formation includes a valley and an upland facies which are often separated by a colluvial, or slope, facies. The Loveland formation was deposited either during the Sangamon interglacial stage or during late Illinoian time (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). The three facies of the Loveland formation grade into each other. The Loveland is capped by a persistent old soil which has been called the Sangamon soil in Illinois and the Love- land soil in Nebraska and Iowa. The Loveland formation originated, in part, from exposed older Pleistocene deposits through reworking of the materials by wind and water and, in part, from the exposed fine sands and silts of the Ogallala formation and older units.

The Loveland formation is exposed in a number of places along the Middle Loup River valley. It is also known to occur in upland areas immediately adjacent to the valley. In upland areas the Love- land formation is significant only as a transmitting agent for re charge to the ground-water reservoir. Where the formation occurs below the water table, it does not yield water readily to wells.

Todd Valley sane . The constructional plain on the Loveland forma tion was subjected to mature dissection, and deposition was again


resumed, with aggradation of valleys, by the fine gray sand and gravel of the Todd Valley sand. This formation is a fine grayish sand of alluvial or eolian origin and occurs chiefly as valley fill on the unevenly eroded Loveland formation. It was deposited dur ing the lowan glaciation in early Wisconsin time (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). The deposit is reported to be as much as 190 feet thick in places (Lugn, 1935). No deposits that could be posi tively correlated with the Todd Valley sand have been recognized in the test holes that have been drilled in the Middle Loup River valley. The more permeable parts of this formation are capable of yielding water to wells where they are present below the water table.

D eorian loess. The Todd Valley phase of sedimentation gave way to widespread deposition of the buff to yellowish Peorian loess, which in some upland areas ranges in thickness from about 30 to 45 feet. The Peorian loess is of lowan-Mankato age (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). One fairly thick soil has been recognized on top of the Peorian loess, and traces of other old soils have been recognized in some places. The loess originated from exposed silty alluvium along large rivers (Platte, Loups, and others) and from other sources, but it accumulated to maximum thicknesses in belts bordering the flood plains. A relatively dry cycle followed the wasting away of the lowan ice sheet during middle Wisconsin time and the Peorian loess was deposited. The Peorian loess is significant only as a transmitting agent in recharge to the ground- water reservoir and it does not yield water to wells..

PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT SERIES

loess. Soil formation on the surface of the Peorian loess was followed by deposition of the Bignell loess (Schultz and Stout, 1945), which consists of grayish silt on the terraces and uplands bordering the valleys of the Platte and other rivers. The thickness of this loess ranges from a feather edge to 20 feet and its age is probably Mankato to Recent (Condra, Reed, and Gordon, 1950). The Bignell loess, which consists partly of reworked Peorian loess, was blown from the flood plains and valley sides and depos ited on the terraces and uplands. The Bignell loess also is signif icant only as a transmitting agent in recharge to the ground-water reservoir, and it does not yield water to wells.

Recent deposits. No sharp line divides Recent deposits from those of Pleistocene age. Recent alluvium is restricted to the bottom lands along the Middle Loup River and its principal tributaries and is limited to a few feet of reworked surface materials. In addition.

IRRIGATION IN THE MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY 21

to alluvial deposits, Recent deposits consist of loess, dune sand, and topsoil developed on the valley terraces and upland surfaces. In most locations the Recent deposits are significant only as a transmitting agent in recharge to the ground-water reservoir.

IRRIGATION IN THE MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

MIDDLE LOUP PUBLIC POWER AND IRRIGATION DISTRICT

The Middle Loup River valley had been settled only a few years when many of its residents began to recognize the need for sup plemental water, in addition to rainfall, to stabilize the farm in dustry in the area. In 1936 the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works made the necessary funds available for the con struction of a gravity surface-water system for irrigation in the Middle Loup River valley. This was handled through the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District and much of the following information was obtained from their annual reports.

The original plans for the district included 37,687 acres of land of which about 30, 000 acres was classified as irrigable. The divi sion of this land, by counties, was about as follows: 29 percent in Custer County, 24 percent in Valley County, and 47 percent in Sherman County.

The project, as proposed, included two diversion dams, four canals, and one hydroelectric plant. The diversion dams were built near the towns of Sargent and Arcadia, Nebr., and canals leading from each of the dams were constructed on each side of the valley to distribute irrigation water downstream. The hydro electric plant, however, was not constructed because of the diffi culties encountered in establishing a market for electrical power.

Construction of the four canals was begun in 1936 and was com pleted in 1938. The canals, as originally planned, were designated nos. I, 2, 3, and 4, and were to be the following lengths, respec tively: 12.27, 19.75, 24. 574 and 31.68 miles.

The Sargent diversion dam was built across the Middle Loup River, I mile south of the town of Sargent, Nebr. Water is diverted from the river by this dam into canals 1 and 2. Canal I services lands downstream on the north side of the valley to about 3/4 mile south of Comstock where it turns back into the river. Canal 2 receives water from the Sargent diversion dam, serves lands on the south side of the valley, and discharges its surplus water back into the Middle Loup River at a point about 4 miles south of Comstock.


The Arcadia diversion dam is about 6 miles northwest of Arcadia. This structure diverts water from the river into canals 3 and 4. The lands on the east side of the Middle Loup River from the Arcadia diversion dam to Austin, Nebr.,are serviced from canal 4. The lands on the west side of the valley, from the diversion dam to a point 5 miles south of Loup City, Nebr., obtain their irrigation water from canal 3.

The construction phase of the project officially closed on De cember 30, 1938 at which time the following had been completed: 2 diversion dams, 79.3 miles of main canals, 63.5 miles of lateral, 787 main canal structures, and 752 lateral structures.

The irrigation system is now able to service 25, 350 irrigable acres and is designed so that more laterals may be constructed to service an additional 5, 000 acres. The system has been operated continuously since 1938, the number of acres irrigated during this period being given in table 3.

Table 3. Irrigated acreage, Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District, 1938 ^0

[The figures are billing acreages and are subject to slight reductions for adjustments allowed]

Year

1938.............1939.............1940.............1941.............1942.............1943.............1944.............1945.............1946.............1947.............1948.............104.01950.............

Canal

No. 1

1,219.00 1,699.00 1,958.00 2,010.00 2,037.00 2,064.00 2,099.90 2, 143. 10 2,195.60 2, 143. 35

No. 2

911.00 1,313.00 1,452.00 1,519.00 1,662.00 1,688.00 1,762.60 1,729.70 1,735.15 1,670.90

No. 3

1,328.00 2,723.00 2,830.00 2,863.00 3,172.76 3,337.12 3,451.72 3,579.32 3,701.52 3,590.92

No. 4

1,650.00 3,104.00 3,793.00 3,803.00 4,026.68 3,991.88 4. 043. 10 4,347.00 4,502.09 4, 574. 64

Totals

750.00 5,108.00 8,839.00

10,033.00 10,195.00 10,898.44 11,081.00 11,357.32 11,799.12 12,134.36 11,979.81 11,961.00 11,994.74

IRRIGATION WELLS

The high cash values of cultivated crops during the years following World War II have been an inducement to farmers to bring additional acreage under cultivation. In order to accomplish this, many farm ers turned to wells as a source of water supply. Of 57 irrigation wells known to exist in the area in 1950, 6 were installed in 1946, 10 in 1947, 12 in 1948, 7 in 1949, and 2 in 1950; in addition, more wells were scheduled for construction. Only 20 irrigation wells were installed prior to 1946, the oldest having been completed in 1920. Farmers report the yields of the irrigation wells to range from about 300 to 1,800 gpm. The average of the reported yields is about 860 gpm.

FLUCTUATIONS OF THE WATER TABLE 23

The depths of 45* irrigation wells were measured and the average was 114 feet. The number of irrigation wells classified by depth follows:

50 ft or less......................... 2 125-150 ft........................250-75 ft...... ........................... 2 150-175 ft............. ...........575-100 ft...............................,13 175-200 ft...... ..................2100-125 ft........................... . 17 More than 200 ft................2

Most of the irrigation wells are 18 inches in diameter and all are equipped with deep-well turbine pumps. Tractors and station ary gas engines supply power for most of the irrigation pumps; however, three pumps are run by electric power.

FLUCTUATIONS OF THE WATER TABLE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The ground-water reservoir in the Middle Loup division is con stantly losingwater by discharge and receiving water by recharge. Consequently, the water table does not remain stationary but rises and falls with the change in storage. The water table of the ground- water reservoir acts essentially the same as the water surface of a surface-water reservoir; that is, the water table rises when the amount of recharge exceeds the amount of discharge and declines when the discharge is greater than the recharge. Thus, changes in the water levels in wells indicate the state of balance between discharge and recharge to the ground-water reservoir.

Sources of recharge, or factors tending to raise the water table in the area, are: Precipitation within the area that percolates through the soil to the water table, water added by underground movement from the west and northwest, seepage from the Middle Loup River at times when the water surface in the river is higher than the adjoining water table, and seepage of irrigation water.

Methods of discharge, or factors tending to cause decline of the water table, are: Effluent seepage into the Middle Loup River and its tributaries, pumping from wells, evapotranspiration, and under flow from the area.

WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENTS

Three observation wells in the area have records of water-level- measurements dating from 1934. These wells were a part of the statewide water-level observation program begun in 1934 by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska. Water-level measurements in the three wells were made periodically from

THOUSANDS OF ACRE-FEET

level, in feet below land-surface dalum

ll5"

I

§

s


1934 to 1936, intermittently from 1936 to 1948, and monthly from 1948 to November 1950. Hydrographs of water levels in the wells and the monthly runoff of the Middle Loup River at St. Paul, Nebr., are shown in figure 6. The water-level measurements that have been made manually in all observation wells in the area are shown in table 8. A recording gage was installed on well 17 16 26dc in Valley County. The lowest daily water levels for this well are given in table 9. The hydrograph of the water-level 'fluctuation in well 17 16 26dc, the monthly precipitation, and the monthly run off of the Middle Loup River at Arcadia, Nebr. , are shown in figure 7.

ssl 48,1S » «> 5-

c ° £ Q.o> ^ 6-At M< -J

90-

« 80- o>i 70- b o 60-

40-

30-

20-

V

\L

1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950

Figure 7. A, Monthly precipitation at Arcadia, Nebr. B, Monthly runoff of the Middle Loup River at Arcadia, Nebr. C, Hydrograph of the water-level fluctuations in well 17-16-26dc.

One hundred twenty-two small-diameter observation wells were installed in the Middle Loup River valley by the Geological Survey to obtain a more uniform coverage of the area. Descriptions of these wells are included in table 10 and their locations are shown on plates 1 and 2. These wells were installed where existing wells could not be utilized. The number of wells of each type in each county follows:


County

Valley......Custer......

Total,,*,

Statewide obser vation wells used in present study

2

1

3

Observation wells of other government agencies

167

23

Privately owned wells used in

the observation- well program

2035

236

93

Observation wells installed by

U. S. Geological Survey in 1949-50

15371054

6122

Total number of wells in each county

377212

107 13

241

CHANGES IN WATER LEVEL

The hydrographs of the three observation wells shown in figure 6 indicate that there has been a net rise in water level since 1934. Because the three wells are widely scattered, it may be assumed that the rise has been of nearly the same magnitude throughout the en tire area.

The hydrographs in figure 8 show the water-level fluctuations during the 1950 water year in representative wells dispersed throughout the valley. The hydrographs indicate no net rise or decline of the water table during the periods of record; the only fluctuations were seasonal. Thus, the total amount of ground water in storage did not increase or decrease significantly during the 1950 water year.

Hydrographs are not shown for wells situated near irrigation structures because they do not represent a normal condition of the water table. The water table in many local areas is raised during the irrigation season by the application of surface water for irri gation and by seepage from canals and laterals. Conversely, the water table is lowered temporarily in local areas by pumping of wells for irrigation purposes.

FLUCTUATIONS CAUSED BY PRECIPITATION

Because the silty loam soils of the Farwell unit are relatively impervious, most of the precipitation in this area escapes as sur face runoff or returns to the atmosphere by evaporation. Also the water that does infiltrate down to the water table is in transit a longtime because of the relatively great depth to water in this area.

By contrast, the soils of the Middle Loup River valley are sandy loams and are much more favorable for infiltration than are the soils of the upland area. These soils are porous and a part of the precipitation quickly penetrates the surface and percolates to the zone of saturation. The shallow depth to ground water in the valley also contributes to the quick response of the water table to precipitation.


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21-2 -29cdg

Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.1949 1950

Figure 8. Fluctuations of the water level in 11 wells in the Middle Loup River valley.

For any locality in the area, following precipitation, the rate of recharge to the zone of saturation is not uniform because of the wide range in soil texture. Because of this, the water table does not rise uniformly after a rain but forms a temporary shape of mounds and hollows which soon level out to a nearly plane surface again after the rain ceases.

FLUCTUATIONS CAUSED BY THE RIVER

The water table under those lands directly adjacent to the Middle Loup River fluctuates with the changes in the stage of the river.


The graph of well 17 16 26dc and the graph of the river discharge at Arcadia, Nebr., (fig. 6) show the close relationship that exists between surface and ground water in areas close to the river. The effect that change of river stage has on the water-table fluctuations diminishes as the distance from the river increases. However, the area from Gates to Sargent on the north side of the river is an exception to this. A change of stage in the river in this area has a pronounced effect on the relative position of the water table for the entire distance from the river to the valley limit.

CONFIGURATION OF THE WATER TABLE

The configuration of the water table in the Middle Loup division is shown on plates 1 and 2 by means of water-table contours. The methods used in preparing these maps are described in following paragraphs. On the maps the altitude is the same for each point on the water table along a given contour line. Ground water moves in the direction of maximum slope; that is, at right angles to the contours. Therefore, the water-table contour lines show the con figuration of the water surface in the same manner that topographic contour lines show the configuration of the land surface. The shape of the water table generally conforms to that of the land'surface, although it is less accentuated.

Water-level measurements were made in 180 wells during the months of October and November 1950 in order to provide sufficient control for the construction of the water-table contour map. These wells either had been installed by the Geological Survey or were domestic or irrigation wells that has been selected at an earlier date. At the time of the initial visit to each well, all the pertinent information was obtained from the owner or operator. This infor mation is included in the table of well descriptions (table 10).

Altitudes were established by instrumental leveling by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation for the measuring point of each well. The water-level measurements were then subtracted from the altitudes of the measuring points and the resulting figures were the altitudes of the water table above sea-level datum at the well locations. Contour lines were then drawn on the map representing points of equal altitude on the water table.

The contour lines are all V shaped upstream, indicating that the Middle Loup River is effluent throughout its entire length. Thus, any rise or fall in the ground-water level will have a direct effect on the discharge of the river. The river recharges the ground- water reservoir only during periods when it is at flood stage.

The greatest deviation in the direction of ground-water move ment shown by the water-table contours is on the north side of the

DEPTH TO WATER 29

river from Milburn to Comstock, Nebr. As usual, the contour lines are V shaped upstream between the proposed Milburn diversion dam site and the river bridge north of Gates, indicating ground- water movement toward the river; however, the north side of the river in this area also has a gradient of about 10 feet to the mile following the general trend of the valley, and only a slight gradient toward the river. On the south side the gradient is approximately 20 feet to the mile and almost directly toward the river. This suggests that there is,on this latter side, pronounced discharge of ground water relative to surface flow.

North of Gates from the river bridge eastward to Sargent, the contour lines show that on the south side of the valley the direction of ground-water movement is toward the river. On the north side of the valley the movement is away from the river toward the valley limits. This directional difference may be caused by a change in the permeability of the water-bearing materials or effects of irri gation pumping. The concentration of irrigation wells along the northern valley limit indicates a gravel deposit having good water bearing characteristics. West of Sargent, the situation is different. Alow ground-water divide is there, and the movement is both away, from and toward the river. The ground water moving away from the river and out of the valley is believed to be following an extension of the gravel deposit that lies beneath, and extends beyond, the northern valley limit.

In the upland part of the Farwell unit between Oak Creek and the Middle Loup River, the direction of ground-water movement is southeasterly and the gradient about 9 feet per mile. To the east, between Oak Creek and Turkey Creek, the direction of movement and the gradient remain about the same. The direction of ground- water movement on the east side of Turkey Creek changes to east ward and continues to change direction until the movement is toward the northeast. The gradient of the water table becomes steeper as the direction of movement changes to the northeast. This gradient reaches a maximum of approximately 20 feet to the mile beneath the upland directly west of the confluence of the Middle Loup with the North Loup River.

DEPTH TO WATER

The depth to the water table in the area investigated is equal to the difference between the altitude of the land surface and that of the water table. The surf ace topography of the area is more irreg ular than the water table and the depth to water is governed largely by irregularities in the topography. In general, the depth to water is greater in regions of highest altitude.


In the construction of the depth-to-water maps (pis. 1 and 2), the same wells were utilized that were used in the construction of the water-table contour maps. Two methods were employed to con struct the depth-to-water maps. The depth-to-water map for the lands in the Sargent and Farwell units was constructed by super imposing water-table contours upon a map showing surface topog raphy. The difference in altitude between the two sets of contours is the depth to water at any specific point. Isobaths (or lines of equal depth) were drawn, delimiting areas in which the depth-to- water level lies within specific ranges. As of 1950, the area between the Sargent and Farwell units was not mapped topographically, so the above-mentioned method could not be used. The depth to water in each well was used as a control for the map of this part of the area and isobath lines were drawn by interpolation between the wells.

The depth to water in the Middle Loup River valley ranges from less than 10 feet near the river to as much as 60 feet near the valley margins and bordering intermediate slopes. Although water-level information in the Farwell unit is scanty, it is known that the depth to water in much of the upland part of the unit is greater than 100 feet, and in some parts of the unit, greater than 150 feet.

MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES

Water pumped from wells is the source of the water supplies for all towns in the Middle Loup River valley and in the Farwell unit. The communities of Gates, Walworth, and Milburn, however, do not have municipal water-supply systems. Each town was visited during the course of the investigation and inventory was made of the supply wells. Depths of the municipal wells ranged from about 31 to 180 feet, and the diameters, from 5 to 24 inches. At that time a sample of water for chemical analysis was taken directly from the source pump and all available data on consumption were recorded. Examination of the data indicates that a few records were in error; accurate information is not available because most of the towns do not meter their water at the source.

The greatest difficulty encountered by the typical municipality in the region is the finding of a high-yielding aquifer close to the town. Detailed ground-water investigations and test-drilling pro grams in the vicinities 6f municipalities would help in the location of future supply wells.

The pertinent data on the municipal wells, arranged in downstream order of the towns, are given in table 4. Table 5 summarizes the data on consumption of water in the towns of the area.

MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES 31

Table 4. Municipal well data, Middle Loup division, Nebraska

[All are drilled wells and, unless otherwise noted, have turbine lifts powered by electric motors.'Chemical analysis made]

and well no.

Arcadia !7-16-26ba*......

Ashton 15-13-27ab*......

Boelus 13-12-29ab*......

Com stock 18-17-2db*.. ......

Dannebrog 13-11-llab.......

13-11-lldb*......

Farwell U-ll-6ba*.. ......

Loup City l5-14-l8bdl*..... 15-14-18bd2*.....

Rockville 13-13-5dd*.. ......

Sargent 19-18-3ddl.......

19-18-3dd2.......

St. Paul 14-10-3ac.........14-10-3cc.........14-10-3db*.. ......

14-10-4ad.........

com pleted

1936

1928

1935

1927

1915

1934

1934

1922 1930

1946

1936

1947

193619481926

1936

Depth (feet)

81

150

31.5

180

60

85

140

116123

120

90

90

544344

58

Well

Diameter (inches)

12

12

12

8

5

18

8

18 18

2

24

24

181818

18

Capacity (gpm)

300

100

80

250

550

375 425

250

500

180180180

180

Remarks

At pump house 1 block S. of post office.

Located^ block E. of post office.

At pumphouse located on last street in western part of town.

block E. of post office.

Used only in emergency. Plunger type (reciprocating) lift, tractor powered (gaso line).

elevator.

At pumphouse by railroad tracks on main street.

cylinder type.

Located 2 blocks E. of water tower.

Located 4 blocks N. and 1 block E. of water tower.

tween Howard, Grand, 4th, and 5th Sts.

Sheridan and Kendall Sts.


Table 5. Municipal water supplies in the Middle Loop division, Nebraska

City or townNumber

of wells

Storage capacity (gallons)

Water main pressure (pounds per square inch)

Daily consumption (thousands of

gallons)

Maximum Average

*No public water supply.

Milburn to Loup City

Milburn 1........

Walworthl.......

Loup City.......

3 1 1 2

50,000 50,000 60,000

300,000

35-45 50-85 50-60 45-60

150 360 432

1,000

100 30 40

200

Farwell unit

1 1

40,000 35,000

60-65 50-75

144 93.6

6.7 40

Loup City to St. Paul

Rockville.......

Dannebrog...... St. Paul.........

1 1 2 4

&30,000 50,000 75,000

0 40-55 46-54 50-?

? ?

1,173.6 1,008

9 10

50175

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER

By i-'rank H. Rainwater

The extent to which most fresh waters may be effectively utilized is closely associated with the chemical quality of the water. Mete oric water (water from rain and snow) is relatively pure and devoid of contamination except for small quantities of dissolved atmos pheric gases. As soon as the water strikes the earth, however, it begins to dissolve the soluble materials in the earth's crust. The' water may quickly run off into streams and dissolve little material, or it may slowly percolate to ground-water reservoirs and even tually discharge into a stream. The latter process favors solution of materials, and the resultant water usually is more highly miner alized. The extent of solution is dependent on the nature of the solid material, the solubility of the material in water, and the con tact time. In areas where the water table is near the surface and few soluble salts are in the soil, precipitation may actually dilute the ground water. The chemical character of the water is, there fore, the resultant of its geologic and hydrologic environment, and often gives valuable information concerning the nature of the soil and the subsurface geology with which the w '.terhas been in contact.

In the period July 1949 to July 1950, 21 samples of water for chemical analysis were collected from wells in the lower Middle Loup River valley. It was not possible to ascertain the specific' water-bearing formations from which these samples were obtained,

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER 33

but the known water sources in the area are either unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary age or the Ogallala formation of Tertiary age.

In the following pages the quality of the ground water in terms of its predominant characteristics is described, the suitability of the water for domestic and irrigation uses is discussed, and the possibilities of changes in ground-water quality under an extended irrigation program are considered.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN RELATION TO USE

Kat'er for domestic use. Maximum concentration limits have been established for some of the mineral constituents commonly found in water. These concentration limitations for potable water on interstate carriers are shown in table 6.

Table 6. Allowable limits lor certain constituents in potable water used on interstatecarriers

[Parts per million. Standards by U. S. Public Health Service, 1946]

Iron and Manganese Chloride (Cl)............................... 250(Fe + Mn)..................................... 0.3 Fluoride (F)................................. 1.5

Magnesium (Mg)............................... 125 Nitrate (NQ )........................,...... 144Sulfate (SO ).. ................................ 250 Dissolved solids.................'........... 2500

INatl. Research Council, Comm. on Sanitary Eng. and Environment, 1950. 21,000 permissible if better water not available.

High fluoride concentration in water may cause the dental defect known as mottled enamel, if the water is used for drinking by young children during calcification of the permanent teeth, but consump tion of water containing small quantities of fluoride (as much as 1.0 to 1.5 ppm) has been shown to reduce tooth decay.

Nitrate in water may indicate contamination by sewage or other organic matter, as nitrate represents the final stage of oxidation in the nitrogen cycle. However, the origin of a high nitrate content in some natural water is not completely understood and may in some places be related to sources other than contamination. Medical research indicates that drinking-water with a high nitrate content may cause cyanosis in infants ("blue baby").

Hardness is that property of water usually recognized because of the increased quantity of soap to produce a lather or because of the deposits of insoluble salts (generally of calcium, magnesium, or both) when water is heated or evaporated. Constituents other than calcium and magnesium, such as iron, aluminum, strontium, barium, zinc, or free acid, also cause hardness, but as a rule these constituents are not present in sufficient quantities to have any appreciable effect. Hard water is objectionable in the home, because

34 GROUND WATER IN NODDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

of its soap-consuming properties. Specific concentration limits are not established for hardness, but it is generally agreed that water having a hardness of less than 50 or 60 ppmis soft and water having more than about 200 ppm is very hard.

Water for irrigation. All waters used for irrigation contain varying quantities of certain chemical constituents. If their concentration is not too great, some of the constituents improve the growth of plants; others are harmful to plant growth and to soils. The more important factors that affect the quality of water for irrigation are total salt concentration, percent sodium, and carbonate, bicarbon ate, and boron concentrations.

The total concentration of dissolved salts may be expressed in terms of weight per unit weight (parts per million), total equivalents per million, or specific conductance as micromhos. Equivalents per million show the true chemical relations of the positively charged ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), termed "cations, " and the negatively charged ions (carbonate, bi carbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride), termed "anions. " Equivalents per millionforan ion are calculated by dividing parts per million by the combining weight of that ion or by multi plying by the reciprocal of the combining weight. The equivalents per million corresponding to one .part per million (reciprocal of combining weight), of the more prevalent ions in water are shown below:

Cations Anions

Calcium............................... 0.050 Carbonate............ 0.033Magnesium........................... .082 Bicarbonate......... .016Sodium.... ............................ .043 Sulfate................ .021Potassium........................... .026 Chloride.............. .028

Fluoride.............. .053Nitrate............... .016

Percent sodium is calculated by dividing the equivalents per million of sodium by the sum of the equivalents per million of the cations and multiplying by 100.

According to Wilcox (1948):

"The cations calcium, magnesium and sodium react with the base exchange material of the soil and determine very largely the physical character of the soil. Calcium and magnesium, in proper proportion, maintain the soil in good condition of tilth and struc~- ture* * *. Sodium, like the other cations, when applied to the soil in the irrigation water reacts with certain clay minerals known as the base exchange material of the soil. Unfavorable physical con ditions result when sodium is the predominant cation. "


The irrigationist should consider not only the chemical quality of the water before application of the water to the soil but also the chemical changes that take place while the water stands on the land or infiltrates the soil. The ratio of carbonate and bicarbonate to the various cations is primarily responsible for changes in water quality brought about by evaporation. Eaton (1949) describes the following changes that may take place during evaporation: (1) If water contains little carbonate, all the ions will tend to increase in concentration in the same general proportion; (2) if the water con tains calcium and magnesium in equivalent quantities to that of carbonate, there will be an increase in percent sodium as the less soluble calcium and magnesium carbonates precipitate; and (3) if the water contains carbonate in excess of calcium and magnesium, not only will percent sodium increase but there will be a residue of sodium carbonate. Residual sodium carbonate increases the pH of the water. At higher pH values the organic material of the soil is brought into solution and the soil may become rather impervious to water movement. Magistad and Christiansen (1944) report that waters containing less thanO. 5 ppm of boron are classified as ex cellent to good, with reference to boron, and are suitable for most plants under most conditions.

The generalizations concerning quality-of-water requirements for irrigation have application to normal soils under average con ditions. There is general agreement among the investigators that other factors, such as soil composition, permeability, drainage, and irrigation practices, must be considered in rating waters for irrigation.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WATER

Ground water in the lower Middle Loup River valley is of the calcium bicarbonate type and contains appreciable quantities of silica. Chemical analyses of samples collected in this region are shown in table 7. These analyses show that the water is generally of good quality and uniform in content of dissolved constituents. Abnormal concentrations of nitrate occur in water from wells 13-12-29ab, 13-13-13cc, 14-10-30ba, 19-18-3ddl, and20-21-10bc and suggest pollution of these wells by surface drainage.

Figure 9 shows that an increase in total concentration of dissolved solids is accompanied by a proportional increase in calcium and magnesium but by only a slight increase in sodium and potassium. Relations between predominant cations and anions are also of in terest. The principal anions are carbonate and bicarbonate, to gether termed "alkalinity." Alkalinity plotted against concentrations of alkaline earths as obtained from the analytical data, is shown graphically in figure 10. On cursory inspection the correlation

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Well depth (feetj

Date of collection

Temperature {°F^

Silica fSiOj)

Iron (Fe)

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Carbonate (CO3)

Bicarbonate (HCO^)

Sulfate (SO4)

Chloride (Cl)

rluoride (F)

Nitrate (NO3)

Boron (B)

Dissolved solids

Total i? g

Noncarbonate S

Percent sodium

Specific conductance (micromhos at 25 *C)

pH

[Analytical results in parts per million except as indicated]

S

&

ATITVANI


14

12

5 6 o

Calcium and magnesium-

Sodium and potassiur

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 TOTAL CONCENTRATION. IN EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION

36

Figure 9. Relation of alkaline earths and alkalies to total concentration of dissolved solids, lower Middle Loup River valley, Nebraska.

appears poor. However, those samples that are apparently deficient inalkalinity are found to have a high nitrate content. Microbiological metabolism is offered as a plausible explanation for increase in nitrate accompanied by decrease in alkalinity. During periods of precipitation wells are often contaminated by nitrogenous organic matter carried by surface seepage around the casing. Nitrogenous material may also infiltrate to the ground-water reservoir in those areas that have poor surface drainage and loose soil texture. Ni trogenous material is decomposed in the presence of oxygen by nitrobacterial organisms normally present in the soil. One reaction in the decomposition produces nitrous acid, which maybe oxidized to nitric acid. The acid reacts instantaneously with the bicarbonate ion to produce carbon dioxide, water, and nitrate ion. The resultant solution contains the nitrate ion in equivalent proportion to the amount of bicarbonate ion decomposed. If the bicarbonate equivalent of the nitrate is added to the normal alkalinity, the relation between corrected alkalinity and total hardness shows closer correlation. The slope of the actual-ratio line in figure 10 is approximately unity. From this it must be deduced that almost stoichiometric relations exist between the alkaline earths and alkalinity.


16

14

12

EXPLANATION

Nitrate less than 5ppm

O Nitrate greater than 5ppm

Heads of arrows indicateplots when considering nitrate

as alkalinity

10

246 ALKALINE EARTHS. IN

8 10 12 14 EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION

16

Figure 10. Relation of alkalinity to alkaline earths, lower Middle Loup River valley.Nebraska.

Silica constitutes 10 to 26 percent by weight of the anhydrous residue of the samples from unpolluted wells. The location of all sampling points and the percentage of silica found at each are shown in figure 11. Although local conditions cause variation in the percentage of silica in the water, there is a general trend to ward lower percentages downstream along the Middle Loup River valley. The two samples collected in the Oak Creek valley indicate a similar tendency. Connor (1951) reports a similar downward trend in percentage of silica in the Middle Loup River water between Dunning and St. Paul. This similarity between the valley and the river is to be expected because the Middle Loup River is an effluent stream in most of this section of the valley and receives a major part of its water from ground-water inflow.


K ', I K ,L. s - - -fV t .f^ rt -


Relation of suitate to depth to water. The concentration of the sulfate ion is the largest single variable in the analyses of the ground watere The concentration of sulfate bears no relation to geographic location of the well, direction of ground-water movement, or well depth, but it may be closely correlated with the depth to water below the land surface. Concentrations of sulfate greater than 11 ppm were not found in samples where the depth to water exceeded 20 feet. Where the depth to water was less than 20 feet, sulfate concen trations of 1. 0 to 182 ppm were found. Although the exact nature of the water-bearing material in the sampled wells is not known, the sulfate content of the water may be an indication of the different types of water-bearing materials in the area, or the shallow wells may be more likely to obtain sulfate from surface sources.

USABILITY OF THE GROUND WATER

Pomestic puiposes. All the municipal supplies sampled in the lower Middle Loup River valley are potable if classified by concentration limitations given in table 6. The high iron content in the water from one of the wells of Loup City is not representative of the de livered water. Three analyses of the delivered water of Loup City by the Nebraska State Health Department give a maximum of 0. 1 ppm of iron. Although the raw water may be high in iron content, most of the iron is probably precipitated by natural oxidation while the water is standing in the reservoir. The ground water of the entire area is hard, and the public supplies of Dannebrog and Boelus are excessively so. The chemical quality of municipal water supplies of the lower Middle Loup River valley is expressed graphically as equivalents per million in figure 12.

Irrigation purposes,. The ground-water samples collected in the lower Middle Loup River valley are classified graphically in figure 13, after Wilcox(1948), on the basis of percent sodium and specific conductance. All samples are classified as "excellent to good" with the exception of those from the two most highly polluted wells. These samples fall into .the "good to permissible" class because their total salt concentration is higher.

Figure 10 shows that carbonate and bicarbonate are present in the water in an approximate stoichiometric ratio with calcium and magnesium. This characteristic places the water in the second category described by Eaton (1949). (See p. 35.) The percent sodium will increase if evaporation causes the precipitation .of calcium and magnesium carbonates. However, on the basis of the samples collected, the initial percent sodium is very low and the quality of the water would be impaired for irrigation use only under the most adverse irrigation practices.

Figu

re 1

2. P

rinc

ipal

min

eral

con

stitu

ents

of

mun

icip

al w

ater

sup

plie

s, l

ower

Mid

dle

Loup

Riv

er v

alle

y, N

ebra

ska.

42

100 i

GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VALLEY

60

40

30

20

10

EXCELLENTTO |

GOOD

DOUBTFUL

GOODTO I

PERMISSIBLE

DOUBTFULTO

UNSUITABLEUNSUITABLE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE, IN MICROMHOS PER CM AT 25°C

Figure 13. Classification of ground water for irrigation, lower Middle Loup River valley,Nebraska (after Wilcox).

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON FUTURE WATER QUALITY

Land in the lower Middle Loup River valley is now irrigated to some extent with both surface and ground water. The Middle Loup division of the lower Platte River basin project (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1951) includes plans for surface-water irrigation of 103,000 acres, in the Sargent, Lees Park, Middle Loup, and Far- well units. Whenever irrigation water is applied to the land, the question arises as to the probable effect of irrigation on the quality of the ground water. The quality of the ground water may be changed by three principal means: (1) Irrigation water different in chemical character from the ground water may percolate to the ground-water reservoir and change the quality of the latter; (2) the irrigation


water as it percolates to the ground-water reservoir dissolves soluble material from the mantle rock, which may result in an increase in mineral salt content of the ground water; (3) salts will be concentrated in the soil solution or precipitated on the surface soil by evapotranspiration in areas where the water table is now, or may be in the future, sufficiently close to the ground surface to bring the capillary zone in contact with the surface or root zone. The result of the last change is an increase in the concentration of salts in the ground water in that vicinity.

Significant changes in the quality of the ground water in the lower Middle Loup River valley are not expected from the first two mechanisms. Connor (1951) states that "Although more miner alized, the ground water is similar in composition to the surface water. " Soil surveys in Custer, Valley, Sherman, and Howard Counties by Hayes and others (1926), Gemmell and others (1932), Brown, Gemmell, and Hayes (1931), and Hayes and others (1924) indicate that the principal soils in the proposed irrigation area are of the Valentine, Grundy, Hall, and Cass series. In general, these soils have been leached of much of their soluble salts and are known to contain little calcareous material. The small quan tities of sodium in the ground- and surface-water samples indicate the relative absence of soluble sodium in the soil. Irrigation water percolating through such soil would be expected to dissolve a mini mum quantity of salts.

Increased concentrations of dissolved salts in the ground water in some areas as a result of raising the water table is a very real possibility. Plate 2 shows that the depth to water in much of the area along the river is less than 10 feet. Meinzer (1923, p. 32 38) cites several investigators who have described the movement of water by capillarity in various types of soils. The consensus is that the effective capillary zone varies in thickness from 3 to 4 feet in coarse sandy or gravelly soils to 8 feet or more in fine soil. Raising of the water table would appreciably increase the probability of concentration of salts in the soil and ground water of these areas. However, because the quality of the ground water is excellent, a change in chemical character of considerable magnitude would be required before the water would be impaired for domestic or irri gation use, except possibly in local areas.

It must be borne in mind that the lower Middle Loup River valley is only a small part of the vast ground-water system underlying this area of Nebraska. Any modification of conditions that affect ground water in the upgradient areas outside of the valley might affect the chemical quality of the water within this area also.


GENERAL SUMMARY

The Middle Loup division includes the valley lands lying along the course of the Middle Loup River from a point about 3 miles north of the town of Milburn to the confluence of the Middle Loup River with the North Loup River about 5 miles downstream from St. Paul. It includes also the interstream divide area between the Middle Loup Rive rand the North Loup River south of a line across the divide between a point about 5 miles upstream from Loup City on the Middle Loup River to a point on the North Loup River near Elba. The area is roughly 112 miles long and encompasses approxi mately 650 square miles. The area has a semiarid climate, with an average annual precipitation of about 23. 25 inches. Although this amount of precipitation is sufficient for crop production if it is received at favorable times during the growing season, the distri bution usually is not favorable; hence, farming is dependent upon irrigation for high crop yields. The principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, wild hay, alfalfa, rye, and barley. Irrigation in part of the area was begun in 1938 with the completion of the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation District project. About 12,000 acres is irrigated in this project. Additional lands are irrigated each year from ground-water sources. A total of 57 irrigation wells were pumped during the summer of 1950. The Bureau of Reclamation plans to furnish supplementary water supplies to permit putting additional acreage under irrigation.

The major part of the area considered in this report is flat to gently sloping and comprises valley bottom land and stream ter races. In addition to the valley lands, part of the upland area in the lower end of the divide between Middle Loup and North Loup Rivers is also considered. The bedrock underlying the area'is of Cretaceous and Tertiary age and consists principally of the Nio- brara formation and the Pierre shale. Above these is the Ogallala formation. Of the formations referred to, only the Ogallala can be considered as a source of ground-water supply. It is believed to range in thickness from about 150 to 350 feet in .the area.

The principal sources of ground water for irrigation and domestic uses at present are sand and gravel formations of Pleistocene age. Ample water supplies from these for domestic and stock needs can be obtained throughout the area, and adequate supplies for- irrigation needs can also be obtained over much of the area. However in parts of the area, particularly in the vicinity of Rockville, the sand and gravel deposits are relatively thin; consequently, water from them is somewhat limited. The Ogallala formation underlying the area is capable of yielding water of good quality, but when wells are developed in it difficulty is experienced in screening out fine sand without materially decreasing the yield of water.

DESCRIPTION OF WELLS 45

The water table in much of the area is near the land surface and, with the proposed importation of water to the area, waterlogging of the lower lying land is likely to occur. Thus, further detailed investigations of the shallow ground water should be made pre liminary to the design and construction of drainage systems, be cause the present general investigation was not designed to give the detailed data required for drainage developments.

Ground water in the lower Middle Loup River valley is of the calcium bicarbonate type and contains high concentrations of silica. The silica-dissolved solids ratio decreases downstream. The water is hard but otherwise generally satisfies requirements for a potable water. Two of the samples were found to contain nitrate in excess of the maximum concentration thought to be safe for infant feeding. The water is suitable for irrigation use because of its low mineral content, low percent sodium, and low concentration of boron.

Little change in the chemical quality of the ground water is ex pected in the advent of extended irrigation practices, except in areas where the water table is raised to bring the capillary zone in contact with either the soil surface or the root zone. A more de tailed study of the relation of depth to water to chemical quality would be desirable in areas in which the water table may rise as a result of future irrigation.

WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENTS

As pointed out earlier, the investigation on which this report is based included periodic manual measurements of the depth to water in 241 observation wells. Additional manual water-level measure ments were made infrequently in other observation wells. A re cording gage was established on observation well 17-16-26dc. Meas urements of the depth to water below land surf ace in all observation wells are given in tables 8 and 9.

DESCRIPTION OF WELLS

Records were obtained for 243 wells in the Middle Loup division. The locations of all wells are shown in plates 1 and 2. The available pertinent data for all wells that are shown on the two maps are givfen in table 10.


SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bates, J. D., 1947, Geology report no. 3, reconnaissance report, Rockville dam site, low er Platte sub-basin, Nebraska: U. S. Bur. Reclamation, 8 p.

1949, Data for design, Milburn diversion dam, geological report no. 12, pt. 3, appendices A & B, Middle Loup River, Milburn, Nebr., lower Platte area, Nebraska: U. S. Bur. Reclamation, 13 p.

-1950, Data for design, Lillian canal, geological report no. 14, pt. 3,ces A & B, Middle Loup division, Sargent unit, lower Platte River basin area, Nebras ka: U. S. Bur. Reclamation, 9 p.

Brown, L. A., Gemmell, R. L., and Hayes, F. A., 1934, Soil survey of Sherman County, Nebr.: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bur. Chemistry and Soils, ser. 1931, no. 5, 33 p.

Condra, G. E., and Reed, E. C., 1936, Water-bearing formations of Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey Paper 10, 24 p.

1943, The geological section of Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 14, 82 p.

Condra, G. E., Reed, E. C., and Gordon, E. D., 1950, Correlation of the Pleistocene de posits of Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 15a, 73 p.

Connor, J. G., 1951, Progress report, chemical quality of the surface waters in the Loup River basin, Nebraska: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 107, 15 p.

Eaton, F. M., 1949, Irrigation agriculture along the Nile and the Euphrates: Sci. Monthly, v. 69, p. 34-42.

Gemmell, R. L., Nieschmidt, E. A., Lovald, R. H., and others, 1935, Soil survey of Val ley County, Nebr.: U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bur. Chemistry Vid Soils, ser. 1932, no. 4, 38 p.

Harrington, A. S., 1936, First annual report of the Middle Loup Public Power andlrriga- tion Dist., Public Works Administration docket 5055-PP-D.

1937, Second annual report of the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation Dist., Public Works Administration docket 5055-PP-D.

Hayes, F. A., Paine, L. S., Gross, D. L., and Krueger, O. M., 1924, Soil survey of How ard County, Nebr.: U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bur. of Soils, (Advance sheets field oper ations of the Bureau of Soils, 1920), p. 965-1004.

Hayes, F. A., Layton, M. H., Nieschmidt, E. A., and others, 1931, Soil survey of Custer County, Nebr.: U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bur. Chemistry and Soils, ser. 1926, no. 36, 54 p.

James, H. C., 1938, Third annual report of the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation Dist., Public Works Administration docket 5055-PP-D.

1939, Fourth annual report of the Middle Loup Public Power and Irrigation Dist., Public Works Administration docket 5055-PP-D.

Keech, C. F., 1952, Ground-water resources of the Wood River unit of the lower Platte River basin, Nebraska: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 139, 96 p.

Lugn, A. L., 1935, The Pleistocene geology of Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 10, 213 p.

Lugn, A. L., and Wenzel, L. K., 1938, Geology and ground-water resources of south- central Nebraska, with special reference to the Platte River valley between Chapman and Gothenburg: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 779, 242 p.

Magistad, O. C., and Christiansen, J. E., 1944, Saline soils, their nature and manage ment: U. S. Dept. Agriculture Circ. 707, p.-8-9.

Meinzer, O. E., 1923, The occurrence of ground water in the United States, with a dis cussion of principles: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 489, 321 p.

Meinzer, O. E., and Wenzel, L. K., 1935, Water levels and artesian pressure in observa tion wells in the United States in 1935: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 777, p. 86-88.

Schultz, C. B., and Stout, T. M., 1945, Pleistocene loess deposits of Nebraska, in Sym posium on loess, 1944, Am. Jour. Sci., v. 243, p. 231-244.

U. S. Bur., of Reclamation, 1951, A plan of development for the lower Platte River basin, Nebraska, Missouri River basin project, Project planning rept. 7-10.0c-l, p. 53-57.

U. S. Public Health Service, 1946, Drinking-water standards: Reprint no. 2697, 14 p., from U. S. Public Health Service Repts., v. 61, p. 371-384.

Waite, H. A., and others, 1949, Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrol ogy of the lower Platte River valley, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water, by H. A. Swenson: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 20, 211 p.

Wilcox, L. V., 1948, The quality of water for irrigation use: U. S. Dept. Agriculture Tech. Bull. 962, 40 p.

TABLE 47

Table 8. --Water-level measurements In wells [In feet below land-surface datum]

Blaine County

Date Water level Date Water

level Date Water level

21-21-29cc

Dec. 19, 1949 Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7

2.59 2.512.66 2.01

Apr. 27, 1950 June 2July 14 Aug. 11

2.30 2.172.73 2.15

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10Oct. 30

2.05 2.212.30

21-21-29cdl

Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7 Apr. 27

3.542.20 3.99 3.99

June 2, 1950July 14 Aug. 11 Sept. 1

5.685.68 5.61 5.70

Oct. 10, 1950Oct. 30

5.725.82

21-21-29cd2

Dec. 19, 1949 Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7

3.97 4.073.29 1.56

May 1, 1950 June 2July 14 Aug. 11

4.07 3.944.12 3.92

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10Oct. 30

4.82 4.174.26

21-21-29dc

Apr. 7, 1950 May 1 June 2

5.83 5.99 5.56

July 7, 1950 July 14 Aug. 11

a6.07 a6.15

5.49

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10 Oct. 30

5.36 5.64 5.83

21-21-32aa

Dec. 19, 1949 Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7

11.47 11.4511.59 11.31


11.22 10.5510.16 10.24

Sept. I, 1950 Oct. 10Oct. 30

9.71 10.2010.32

21-21-32bb

Apr. 7, 1950 Apr. 27 June 2

1.68 2.49

a2.57

July 7, 1950 July 14 Aug. 11

a 3. 66 a3.75 2.59

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 17 Oct. 30

2.92 3.24 3.20

21-21-32ca

Apr. Apr. June

7, 1950 27

2

34 4

98 28 48

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 a4 a 4 a4

67 71 19

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

4.50 4.66 4.78

21-2l-32dc

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

2

8 8 8

69 87 75

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 a8 a 8

8

90 9874

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

8.73 8.85 8.79

21-21-33ba

Apr. May June

7, 1950 1 2

42. 42. 42.

87 67 78

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 a42. a42.

42.

30 25 33

Sept. Oct.

1, 1950 30

42.24 42.17

21-21-33bc

Apr. May June

7, 1950 1 2

7. 7. 7.

77 94 66

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 a7. a7.

7.

69 75 24

Sept. Oct.

1, 1950 30

6.95 7.37

a Measured by Bureau of Reclamation.


Table 8. -- Water-level measurements in wells--Continued

Blaine County Continued

DateWater level Date

Water level Date

Water level

21-21-33cc

Dec. 19 1949 Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7

4.47 4.414.21 3.51


3.74 3.644.49 3.99

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10Oct. 30

3.75 4.503.87

21-21-33cd

Dec. 19, 1949 Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7

7.61 7.697.65 7.39


7.38 7.097.49 7.26

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10Oct. 30

6.86 6.947.07

21-21-33dc

Apr. 7, 1950 May 1 June 2

10.99 10.89 10.44

July 7, 1950 July 14 Aug. 11

a !0.64 a !0.70

10.85

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 10 Oct. 30

10.39 10.35 10.45

Custer County

15-17-lad

June 21, 1950 21.84 | Sept. 27, 1950

17-17-laa

21.30 1 Nov. 6, 1950 21.48

Nov. 9, 1949Dec. 5Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 6

5.195.154.524.374.04

Apr. 5, 1950May 2May 31July 5

4.054.484.194.68

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 1

1.844.704.374.80

18-17-3bb

Oct. 6, 1949Nov. 11Dec. 1Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

6.486.496.476.376.40

Mar. 13, 1950Apr. 4Apr. 26May 31July 6

5.875.595.775.356.19

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 2

6.845.476.046.14

18-17-4ac.

Apr. 13, 1950 12.35 j May 31, 1950 12.05 ||

18-17-9bb

Sept. 28, 1950 12.49


12.5113.7314.5515.1215.35

Apr. 4, 1950Apr. 26May 31July 5

15.2615.4315.3710.73

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 2

11.2111.8710.8112.46

18-17-llcb

Aug. 8, Aug. 30

1950 3 3

19 63

Sept. 27, 1950 4 08 Nov. 1, 1950 4.06

TABLE 8 49

Table 8. --Water-level measurements in wells Continued

Custer County--Continued



18-17-lldbl


4.825.025.315.475.31


4.665.034.283.99

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 2

3.093.843.673.99

18-17-lldb2


5.795.906.226.325.86


5.395.854.974.14

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 2

3.924.734.034.85

18-17-14aa

Dec. 1, 1949Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 13

3.363.793.823.09


2.133.322.473.31

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 1

2.032.722.702.83

18-17-14bb

Nov. 18, 1949Dec. 1Jan. 5, 1950

5.035.465.03

Feb. 3, 1950Apr. 26May 31

4.185.244.89

July 5, 1950Sept. 27Nov. 1

5.205.465.27

18-17-l5db

Nov. 18, 1949Dec. 1Jan. 5, 1950Apr. 26

1.081.301.381.03

May 31, 1950July 5Aug. 8

1.211.371.17

Aug. 30, 1950Sept. 27Nov. 1

1.091.08.98

18-17-16da

Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar.

1, 19495, 19503

13

13.5514.0814.5514.76 I Apr.

Apr.MayJuly

4, 1G502631

5

14.8515.1615.3215.56

Aug.Aug.Sept.Nov.

8, 19503027

1

14.5514.4114.4814.88

18-17-23ba

Aug. 8, Aug. 30

1950 1 2

69 00

Sept. 28, 1950 2 43 Nov. 2, 1950 2.24

18-17-23dd

Aug. 8, 1950 Aug. 30

1.50 1.58

Sept. 28, 1950 1.77 Nov. 2, 1950 1.80

18-17-26cc

Sept. 27 1950 8.62

18-17-26dd

Sept. 27, 1950 14.99



Table 8. --Water-level measurements in wells--Continued

Custer Couftty--Continued

Date Water le-el

Date Waterlevel

Date Water level

18-17-36dd

Nov.Dec.Feb.Apr.

9,5,3,

26

1949 11

1950

1

2.872.83

MayJuly

1. 38 Aug.1.39 j

31, 195058

114

297655

Aug.Sept.Nov.

30, 195028

1

112

949426

19-17-6dd

Jan. 5, 1950 June 1 July 6

20.72 20.95 20.51

Aug. 8, 1950 Aug. 30

19.36 19.74

Sept. 28, 1950 Nov. 1

19.28 19.16

19-17-8ad

Apr. 13, 1950 52.82 July 6, 1950 52.77 Sept. 28, 1950 52.38

19-17-9ca

Sept. 26, 1949Nov. 10Dec. 5Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

69.3869.0469.1469. 1269.22

Mar. 13, 1950Apr. 26June 1July 6

69.1069.0268.8568.99

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 1

68.7468.6668.7368.69

19-17-17bb

Nov. 9, 1949Dec. 5Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

8.539.149.299.44

Apr. 4, 1950Apr. 26June 1July 6

8.888.706.127.06

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 1

5.866.637.377.53

19-17-19ad

Nov. 11, 1949 | 4.69Dec. 1Feb. 3, 1950

4.784.74

Apr. 4 3.37

Apr. 26, 1950May 31July 6Aug. 8

4.263.563.283.44

Aug. 30, 1950Sept. 28Nov. 1

4.064.234.48

19-17-20cd

Aug. 8, 1950 2.63 Sept. 28, 1950 3.39

19-17-21bb

May 31, 1950 Aug. 8

5.74 5.59

Sept. 28, 1950 6.46 Nov. 1, 1950 6.56

19-17-24bc

Apr. 26, 1950 May 2 May 31

59.59 60.91 60.80

July 6, 1950 Aug. 8 Auj,. 30

60.91 60.77 60.79

Sept. 28, 1950 Nov. 1

60.84 60.80

19-17-27bb

July 6, 1950 Aug. 8

5.98 5.43

Aug. 30, 1950 Sept. 28

6.02 6.56

Nov. 1, 1950 6.67

19-17-27dd

July Aug.

6, 8

1950 3.86 2.66

Aug. Sept.

30, 28

1950 3.36 1 3.63 1

Nov. 1, 1950 2.84

TABLE 8 51



Date Water level

Date Water level

Date Water level

19-17-29cd

Nov. 11, 1949Dec. 1Jan. 5, 1950Apr. 4

10.4011. OG11.5211.88

Apr. 26, 1950May 31July 6Aug. 8

11.8711.6610.9210.06

Aug. 30, 1950Sept. 28Nov. 1

10.5210.9811.25

19-17-33ad

Dec. 1, 1949Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3A^r. 4

8.408.137.078.32

Apr. ?6. 1950May 31July 6Aug. 8

8.568.098.378.15

Aug. 30, 1950Sept. 28Nov. 2

8.198.718.43

19-17-34dd


4.344.214.334.373.72


3.193.502.733.83

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 28Nov. 1

3.043.474.003.92

19-18-2ad

NDV. 22, 1949 28 96 Feb. 3, 1950 29.56 Sept. 29, 1950 27.66

19-18-3ad

Sept.

June Aug.

28, 1950 26

1, 1950 6 6

87

82 82

Aug. Sept.

1

19-18-5cb

29, 1950 29

7.00 7.18

19-18-8da

June July

1, 1950 7

33

28 82

Aug. Sept.

10, 1950 1

3.54 3.84

Nov. 2, 1950 7.35

Oct. 9, 1950 Nov. 2

3.70 3.76

19-18-9aa

Aug. 9, 1934Nov. 5Dec. 28Feb. 20, 1935Apr. 15June 10July 10Aug. 8Sept. 11Oct. 15Nov. 20Dec. 22Jan. 11, 1936Mar. 23May 29

14.7814.1914.0013.8313.9013.4113.3214.0514.6613.7913.5213.5113.3913.1913.48

Nov. 5, 1936Mar. 28, 1937June 12Oct. 11Oct. 20, 1938June 2, 1939Nov. 25Mar. 26 1940July 16Oct. 28Oct. 16, 1941Nov. 11, 1942May 16, 1945Mar. 27, 1948

14.1813.7214.1514.7914.5814.4014.2013.8514.9814.6914.4112.7313.0911.98

Sept. 10, 1949Oct. 6Nov. 10Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 13Apr. 5Apr. 26June 1July 6Aug. 9Aug. 29Sept. 27Oct. 30

12.2812.5812.3812.4212.4212.3311.1611.9612.0411.3011.9411.3711.4811.7611.58

19-18-9bb

Aug. Aug.

9. 29

1950 11.20 11.28

Sept. 29, 1950 11 53 Nov. 2, 1950 11.61






19-18-10db

Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.

10, 1949 1 5, 1950 3

8 8 8 8

09 26 25 24

Mar. Apr. Apr. July

13, 4

26 6

1950 7 7 7 6

52 42 69 84

Aug. 8, 1950 Aug. 30 Sept. 28 Nov. 1

5 6 6 7

68 33 75 03

19-18-llab

Apr. 13, 1950 9 51 | Sept. 28, 1950 8. 79 1

19-18-14ad

Aug. Aug.

May

8, 1950 30

7 8

31, 1950 2

58 03

Sept.

91 | Sept.

27.

19-

28,

1950 7

18-14da

1950 3.

69 Nov. 1, 1950 8

67

34

19-18-15ab

Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.

10, 1949 1 5, 1950 3

13

3. 3. 2. 2. 2.

54 48 65 28 13

Apr. Apr. June July

4, 26

1 6

1950 2. 3. 2. 3.

35 20 79 50

Aug. 8, 1950 Aug. 30 Sept. 28 Nov. 1

2. 3. 3.

. 3.

85 22 2134

19-18-24bd

July Aug.

6, 1950 8

21. 21.

81 62

Aug. Sept.

30, 28

1950 21. 21.

71 88

Oct. 9, 1950 21. 92

19-19-lad

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

7.558.198.899.08

Apr. 5, 1950May 2June 1July 6

8.678.678. 178.45

Aug. 9, 1950Aug. 31Sept. 29Nov. 2

8.228.398.608.68

19-19-2bb

Aug. 23, 1949Sept. 26Nov. 10Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950

17.5116.9016.8016.8917.00

Feb. 3, 1950Apr. 5May 2June 1July 6

17.0717.05

I Aug. 9, 1950Aug. 31

16.94 Sept. 2917.00 I Nov. 217. 56 |

16.5516.6216.7116.87

19-19-4cc

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Feb. 3, 1950Apr. 5

8.959.768.219.07

May 2, 1950June 1July 6

9.489.519.62

Aug. 9 j 9. 53

Aug. 31, 1950Sept. 29Nov. 2

9.579.729.89

19-19-4da

Aug. 9, 1950 4.62 Aug. 31, 1950 4.91 Sept. 29, 1950 5.13

19-19-5cc

Aug. 10, 1950 12.39 Aug. 31, 1950 12.43 Oct. 9, 1950 12.44

TABLE 8 53



Date Water level

Date Water level

Date Water level

19-19-9bc

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

8.578.178.127.95


7.387.597.778.37

Sept. 1, 1950Oct. 9Nov. 2

8.228.068.20

19-19-10ad

Oct. 9, 1950 11 89 Nov. 2, 1950 11. 97 1

19-19-12ac

June July

1, 19507

34

80 06

Aug. Sept.

10, 1

1950 4. 4.

00 08

Oct. 9, 1950 3.96

19-20-lcc

Aug. Aug.

9, 1950 31

15.96 15.79

Oct. 9, 1950 15. 80 Nov. 2, 1950 15.83

19-20-lcd

Sept. 7, 1949Nov. 11Dec. 2,Jan. 5, 1950

12.8812.1512.0912.12

Feb. 6, 1950Apr. 5May 2June 1

12.1111.7911.8511.74

July 6, 1950Aug. 10Aug. 31Oct. 9

12.0711.7911.8111.94

19-20-ldd

Aug. 9, 1950 Aug. 31

18.38 18.32

Oct. 9, 1950 18.40 Nov. 2, 1950 18.51

19-20-2aa

Aug. Aug.

9, 31

1950 4.14 4.06

Oct. 9, 1950 4 09 i Nov. 2, 1950 4.23

19-20-3bc

At r. 14, 1950 10.57 May 2, 1950 10.62 Oct. 9, 1950 10.23

19-20-3dd

Aug. 9, 1950 Aug. 31

9.98 L 9.55

Oct. 9, 1950 9.68 Nov. 2, 1950 9.68

19-20-5aa

Aug. 10, 1950 Aug. 31

14.32 14.52

Oct. 9, 1950 14.41 Nov. 2, 1950 14.50

19-20-5bb

Oct. 6, 1949 Nov. 11 Dec. 2Jan. 3, 1950 Feb. 6

19.29 19.33 19.5819.46 18.80

Apr. 5, 1950 May 2 June 1July 7

19.33 19.43 19.4919.67

Aug. 10, 1950 Aug. 31 Oct. 9Nov. 2

19.72 19.41 19.4519.52




Date Water level Date Water 1

level JDate Water

level

19-20-5cb


15.4415.8115.8215.8015.82


15.7915.5915.4815.5215.90

Aug. 10, 1950Aug. 31Oct. 9Nov. 2

16.1115.8115.8015.96

19-20-9aa


17.0416.8916.8316.7716.78


16.7816.6316.5216.5016.91

Aug. 10, 1950Aug. 31Oct. 9Nov. 2

17.0716.5016.4216.52

19-20-12db

Sept. 7, 1949 22.11 Nov. 11 21.98

Dec. 2, 1949 21.96 1 Jan. 5, 1950 21.96 f

May 2, 1950 21.63

19-20-13bb

Sept. 11, 1950 a !6.79 Nov. 16, 1950 17.82 |j

20-17-31ac

July 6, 1950 77.95 Sept. 28, 1950 77.69 f

20-17-31ca

Apr. 14, 1950 81.11 Sept. 28, 1950 80.89 |

20-18-27db

Apr. 12, 1950 79.12 Sept. 29, 1950 78.82 |

20-18-28da

Sept. 29, 1950 77.14 | | |

20-18-29cb

Sept. 29, 1950 76.67 1 II

20-18-34cb

Apr. 12, 1950 39.14 July 6 40. 41

Aug. 9, 1950 39.10 II Aug. 30 38.98 |

f

Sept. 29, 1950 38.89 Nov. 2 38.87

20-18-35ba

Apr. 12, 1950 74.83 June 1 74. 80

Apr. 12, 1950 53.74

Aug. 8, 1950 74.74 1 Aug. 30 74.91 1

20-18-35db

Sept. 28, 1950 52.04 ||

20-18-36db

Sept. 28, 1950 63.22 || 1

Sept. 28, 1950 74.70 Nov. 2 74. 68

TABLE 8 55





20-19-25da

Sept. 29, 1950 54. 58 |] 1

20-19-25dd

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

32.9933.2233.9834.29


34.7534.8835.0935.43

Aug. 9, 1950Aug. 31Sept. 29Nov. 2

35.3835.2835.1935.17

20-19-26cd

Apr. 13, 1950 64 45 | Sept. 29, 1950 65. 15 1

20-19-31cb

Aug. 26, 1P49Sept. 26Nov. 10Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950

32.0231.8431.7931.8830.38


31.9031.8431.8631.8932.13

Aug. 9, 1950Aug. 31Sept. 29Nov. 2

32.0532.0331.9932.08

20-19-33cc

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3

22.8422.8722.9123.07


23.0223.0123.1223.30

Aug. 9, 1950Aug. 31Sept. 29Nov. 2

23.3623.3523.3323.47

20-19-34ab

Sept. 26, 1949Nov. 10Dec. 2Jan. 5, 1950

54.3452.6652.7252.79


52.8052.8852.6152.70

July 6, 1950Aug. 9Aug. 31Sept. 29Nov. 2

52.8552.7452.6952.6252.68

20-19-34cb

Sept. 29, 1950 , 25. 39 J

20-20-28dd

June 1, 1950 14. 26 1 Aug. 10, 1950 12.96 1 Oct. 9, 1950 13.00

20-20-29bb

Apr. May June

14, 1950 2 1

34 34 34

10 11 13

July Aug. Aug.

7, 10 31

1950 34 34 33

18 22 89

Oct. 10, 1950 Nov. 3

33.82 33.92

20-20-30aa

Aug. 24, 1949Sept. 26Nov. 10Dec. 2

33.0932.5432.3832.47

Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6Apr. 5May 2

32.5732.6732.5832.60

June 1, 1950July 7Oct. 10

32.6232.6932.27

20-20-30da

Apr. 14, 1950 19. 37 | Oct. 9, 1950 18 98 1




Custer County Continued

Date Water level

Date Water level

20-20-32bb

June 1, 1950 3 89 J Oct. 9, 1950 3 72

Date Water level

20-20-33bb

Aug. 10, 1950 7 70 1 Oct. 9, 1950 7 65 Nov. 2, 1950 7.77

20-20-33da

Aug. 31, 1950 11 17 J Oct. 9, 1950 10 75 Nov. 2, 1950 11.41

20-20-35aa

Aug. Aug.

9, 1950 31

38 38

94 88

Sept. 29, 1950 38 90

20-20-36cc

Oct.Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.

6, 1949 10

2 5, 1950 6

4 3 3 3. 2

21 90 26 11 19

Apr. May June July

5, 1950 2 1 6

1 2. 2. 3.

83 3276 51

Nov. 2, 1950 38.92

Aug. Aug. Sept. Nov.

9, 1950 31 29

2

3.39 3.13 3.09 3.24

20-21-4bd

Apr. May June

7, 19501 2

16. 15. 15.

01 96 75

July July

7, 1950 14

a !5. a !5.

82 85

Aug. Sept.

11, 19501

15.77 b !5.04

20-21-4dd

Apr. May June

7, 19501 2

17. 18. 17.

76 24 58

July July Aug.

7, 1950 14 11

17. 17. 17.

71 76 63

20-21-5ca

Apr. Apr. June

7, 1950 27

2

c+0. c+. c+.

15 02 05

July July

7, 1950 14

ao.a

35 | 49

20-21-5dc

Apr. Apr. June

7, 1950 27

2

4. 5.4.

84 J July 18 July 85 J Aug.

7, 1950 14 11

a5. a 5.

4.

71 81 86

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

16.97 17.04 17.04

Aug. Oct.

11, 1950 17

c+0. 06 c+. 14

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

4.73 5.26 5.38

20-21-6aa

Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6Apr. 6Apr. 27

5.275.095.105.36

June 2, 1950July 14Aug. 11

5.245.705.16

Sept. 1, 1950Oct. 17Oct. 30

5.265.355.42

20-21-6ab

Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6 Apr. 7 Apr. 27

13.9714.06 14.16 14.25

June 2, 1950July 14 Aug. 11 Sept. 1

14.2914.23 14.19 13.83

Oct. 11, 1950Oct. 17 Oct. 30

13.6113.51 13.48

TABLE 8 57

Table 8, --Water-level measurements in wells--Continued


Date Water level

Date Water level

Date Water level

20-21-8ad

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

2

6.59 6.86 6.79

July July Aug.

7, 1950 14 11

a7.27 a7.40 6.89

Sept. Oct.

1, 1950 17

6.81 6.97

20-21-9cc

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

4.78 5.43 5.35

July July Aug.

7, 1950 14 11

a6.12 a4.34

5.02

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

5.26 5.58 5.66

20-21-9dd

Nov. 10, 1949Dec. 2Jan. 3, 1950Feb. 6

3.593.222.992.53

Apr. 27, 1950June 2July 14Aug. 10

2.452.284.042.19

Sept. 1, 1950Oct. 11Oct. 30

2.522.863.12

20-21-10bc

Sept. Nov. Dec.

26, 1949 10

2

21 21 21

15 18 09

Jan. Apr. June

3, 27

2

1950 20 20 20

52 66 93

Aug. Oct. Oct.

10, 1950 9

30

21.94 20.89 21.09

20-21-16bd

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

2

7.04 6.74 6.34

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 a6 7 6

94 10 94

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

6.66 6.95 7.05

20-21-17ad

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

2

6 66

00 40 32

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 7 7 4

27 37 68

Sept. Oct. Oct.

1, 1950 17 30

6.42 6.74 6.79

20-21-21ab

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

2

1 2 2

54 74 42

July July Sept.

7, 14

1

1950 a3a4

73 03 83

Oct.Nov.

11, 1950 2

2.18 2.58

20-21-21ad

Apr. Apr. June

6, 1950 27

1

7 7 6

19 07 84

July July Aug.

7, 14 11

1950 n

7 7

56 66 74

Sept. Oct.Nov.

1, 1950 11

2

6.91 6.82 6.90

20-21-22bc

Oct. 6, 1949 Nov. 10Dec. 2 Jan. 3, 1950

3.45 2.492.36 2.56

Apr. 6, 1950 June 2July 14 Aug. 10

1.59 2.423.99 1.67

Sept. 1, 1950 Oct. 9Nov. 1

2.13 2.282.38

a Measured by Bureau of Reclamation.b Well destroyed after this date.c In feet above land-surface datum.




Date Water level

Date Water level

Date Water level

20-21-22cc

Apr. 27, 1950 June 2 July 7

6.33 5.67

a6.67

July 14, 1950 Sept. 1

6.80 5.87

Oct. 17, 1950 Nov. 2

5.70 5.87

20-21-23da

June July

1, 19507

11. 11.

54 51

Aug. Aug.

10, 31

1950 11.46 II 10. 76 [

Oct.Nov.

10, 2

1950 10.73 10.86

20-21-26cb

Sept. 11, 1950 327.26 Nov. 16, 1950 28.69

20-21-26cd

Sept. 11, 1950 a43.33 Nov. 16, 1950 44.73

20-21-27ab

Sept. 11, 1950 a !8 26 1 Nov. 16, 1950 23 oo 1

20-21-35ab

Sept. 11, 1950 a35 37 | Nov. 16, 1950^ 37 84 1

20-21-36ad

Oct. 9, 1950 16.91

Howard County

13-10-3dc

May 22, 194SJuly 8Aug. 5Sept. 28Nov. 9Dec. 6

12.6812.5712.9813.0712.9412.87

Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 7Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3

12.8712.8912.7012.6112.66

May 31, 1950July 7Sept. 8Oct. 4Oct. 31

12.5712.7512.4412.4512.48

13-10-4ad

May 22, 1949July 8Aug. 5Sept. 29Nov. S

6.139.14

11.6311.8110.59

Dec. 6, 1949Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 7Mar. 6Apr. 10

9.799.479.929.068.26

May 3, 1950May 31Sept. 8Oct. 4Oct. 31

8.366.869.879.369.34

TABLE 8 59


Howard County--Continued

Date Water level

Date Water level

Date Water level

13-10-7cd

July 8, 1949Aug. 5Sept. 28Nov. 8Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950

1.903.003.223.223.173.31

Feb. 7, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3May 31

3. 162.481.932.401.31

July 7, 1950Aug. 17Sept. 8Sept. 29Oct. 31

2.582.172.842.942.93

13-ll-6aa

Jan. 11, 1950 Feb. 21Mar. 6 Apr. 11

12.00 11.3911.19 12.67

May 3, 1950 June 1July 6

11.59 11.1812.11

Sept. 6, 1950 Oct. 13Nov. 6

11.72 11.7411.52

13-ll-6bd

July 20, 1949 Sept. 28

49.81 49.12

Nov. 9, 1949 May 3, 1950

50.84 48.95

Oct. 13, 1950 48.61

13-ll-8dd

Jan. Feb. Mar.

11, 1950 21

6

16 15 15

68 72 52

Apr. May June

11, 1950 3 1

16.26 15.98 15.49

July Sept. Oct.

6, 1950 6

13

16 16 16

71 39 46

13-ll-9bb

Oct. 13, 1950 1 42 93 1I

13-ll-9db

July 25, 1949Sept. 28Nov. 9Dec. 6

55.0255.9254.5454.36

Jan. 11, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 11May 3

54.0252.4953.3353.22

June 1, 1950Aug. 17Sept. 6Oct. 13

52.8953.5954.2353.99

13-ll-14da

Oct. 31, 1950 3 87 1

13-ll-17aa

July 27, 1949 Sept. 28

58.56 60.15

Nov. 9, 1949 Dec. 6

60.56 58.26

Jan. 11, 1950 Apr. 11

58.22 59.77

13-ll-20dd

MayJulySept.

27, 19498

28

414142

412960

Nov.Dec.Jan.

9,69,

1949

1950

424242

454833

Oct. 4, 1950 43.12

Measured by Bureau of Reclamation.




Date Water level Date

Water level Date

Water level

13-ll-22dd

Oct. 31, 1950 11 91 | I

13-ll-28da

May 26, 194SJuly 8Aug. 5Sept. 28Nov. 8Dec. 6

7.887.679.709.389.519.66

Jan. 9, 1S50Feb. 10Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3

9.549.198.789.139.34

May 31, 1950July 7Sept. 7Sept. 29Oct. 31

9.19S. 009.679.449.52

13-ll-29cb

June 16, 1949July 7Aug. 5Sept. 23Nov. 8Dec. 6

3.584.145.145.295.175.18

Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 10Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3May 31

4.994.534.192.794.954.66

July 7, 1950Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4Oct. 31

5.445.175.225.295.46

13-ll-30aa

Oct. 27, 1950 9.25 1 Oct. 31. 1950 9. 32 J

13-ll-36aa

May 27, 1949July 8Sept. 28Nov. 8

6.636.158.288.32

Dec. 6, 1949Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 10May 31

8.368.338.427.54

July 7, 1950Sept. 2SOct. 31

7.088.017.87

13-12-27aa


3.853.764.114.655.125.27


5.426.535.485.565.595.58


5.495.214.695.035.02

13-12-29ba

Aug. 7, 1934Nov. 5Dec. 28Feb. 20, 1935Apr. 15June 10July 9Aug. 8Sept. 10Oct. 15Nov. 19Dec. 22Jan. 11, 1936Mar. 23May 28July 14Sept. 15

29.3828.6628.1327.7127.2926.3826.0726.9227.2627.6227.5227.3927.3526.5826.7628.0429.09

Nov. 4, 1936Mar. 28, 1937June 12Aug. 8July 11, 1938Oct. 19June 1, 1939Nov. 25Mar. 26, 1940July 16Oct. 28Oct. 16, 1941Nov. 26, 1942Mar. 29, 1948July 2Oct. 1

29.0427.7527.5428.3427.7028.2727.8728.3227.6229.0930.1928.4726.9525.8426.6027.10

May 2, 1949July 8Aug. 5Sept. 23Nov. 8Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 10Mar. 3Apr. 10May 3May 31July 7Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4Oct. 31

24.9524.3625.0825.7726.4225.9427.2225.9024.7225.7625.7125.9025.8026.1326.2726.27

TABLE 8 61



Date Water I level [ Date

Water level Date

Water level

13-12-31ba

June 28, Aug. 16

1950 3 1

04 68

Sept. Oct.

7, 1950 4

3. 1

17 36

Oct. 31, 1950 2.16

13-12-32cb


2.853.885.996.776.726.72


6.866.716.266.066.085.06


5.415.015.685.896.22

13-12-35aa

Oct. 27, 1950

Oct. 27, 1950

9.39 Oct. 31, 1950 9. 44 1

13-12-36cc

1.32 | Oct. 31, 1950 0. 94 |

14-10-4ca

May 21, 1948Oct. 1May 2, 1949June 1Aug. 10Sept. 29

29.2728.2927.7927.5827.3328.00

Nov. 9, 1949Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 11May 3

27.2127.7127.6527.3627.3927.24

June 1, 1950Aug. 16Sept. 6Oct. 13Nov. 3

27.1727.8926.3626.3426.37

14-10-8dd

June 17, 1949Aug. 10Sept. 29Nov. 9Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950

3.455.245.445.976.456.81

Feb. 10, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 11May 3June 1

7.487.177.587.687.36

July 6, 1950Aug. 16Sept. 6Oct. 13Nov. 3

6.733.494.364.835.30

14-10-14bb

Aug. 7, 1934Nov. 6Dec. 29Feb. 21, 1935Apr. 16June 3July 10Aug. 9Sept. 11Oct. 16Nov. 20Dec. 23Jan. 12, 1936Mar. 24May 29July 16Sept. 15

7.797.877.517.236.996.216.066.877.297.517.397.257.166.626.607.297.85

Nov. 6, 1936Mar. 29, 1937June 13Aug. 8Oct. 12July 12, 1938Oct. 20June 2, 1939Nov. 27Mar. 27, 1940July 17Oct. 29Oct. 17, 1941Oct. 31, 1942July 18, 1944Mar. 29, 1948

7.897.076.947.367.706.607.676.287.436.917.558.096.776.955.975.89

June 28, 1948Oct. 1May 2, 1949May 31Aug. 5Sept. 29Nov. 9Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3July 7Aug. 17Sept. 8Oct. 4

5.856.274.925.216.236.586.686.706.756.335.996.286.114.215.465.58





Water level Date

Water level

14-10-28dd

May 22, 1949Aug. 5Sept. 29Nov. 9Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950

4.065.40

5.425.445.475.37

Feb. 7, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 10May 3May 31

5.195.255.355.065.22


5.224.915.175.044.81

14-10-30ba

May 24, 1949Aug. 10Sept. 29Nov. 9

13.8013.4016.6613.81

Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 10Apr. 11May 3

14.5814.8914.6614.81

July 6, 1950Aug. 16Oct. 13Nov. 3

14.7212.5713.2714.38

14-ll-30cb

July 27, Nov. 9

1649 30. 31.

3356

Dec. Jan.

6, 11,

1949 1950

32.27 31.73

Apr. 11, 1950 29.26

14-ll-36dc

May 24, 1949Aug. 9Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950

36.0236.5634.5934.50

Apr. 11, 1950May 3Aug. 16

35.6335.9135.52

Sept. 6, 1950Oct. 13Nov. 3

36.8135.1535.29

14-12-5cc

Jan. 11, 1950 Feb. 21 Mar. 6

4.78 4.69 4.57

Apr. 11, 1950 May 3 June 1

4.64 4.68 3.64

Sept. 6, 1950 Oct. 13 Nov. 6

4.51 4.35 4.39

14-12-15bb

Jan. 11, 1950Feb. 21Mar. 6Apr. 11

9.249.249.099.11

May 3, 1950June 1Aug. 17

9.048.687.54

Sept. 6, 1950Oct. 13Nov. 6

8.138.448.40

14-12-24dc

Jan. 11, 1950 Feb. 21Mar. 6Apr. 11

7.33 7.006.817.04

May 3, 1950 June 1Aug. 17

7.00 6.866.36

Sept. 6, 1950 Oct. 13Nov. 6

7. 18 7.227.05

15-10-34cb

June 29, 1948Oct. 1Apr. 26, 1949May 31June 30Sept. 27

19.6019.5017.9717.7416.8617.35

Nov. 9, 1949Dec. 6Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 9Mar. 29May 2

17.3117.4517.6117.7417.8717.87

June 6, 1950Aug. 17Sept. 11Oct. 4Oct. 31

17.9414.7215.4615.2815.43

Sherman County

13-13-2cd

May 4, 1950 156 75 Oct. 20, 1950 156 70 1

TABLE 8 63


Sherman County Continued


Water level Date

Water level

13-13-4dc

June 22,Sept. 22Nov. 7

1949 119118119

109270

Dec.Jan.Feb.

6,9,7

19491950

118.64118.84120. 11

Apr.MayOct.

10,33

1950 118.82119.46118.76

13-13-5dd

Oct.Nov. Feb.

9, 1949 8 7, 1950

EN? tO EN? 61 27 40

Mar. Apr.

14, 1950 10

23 23

45 45

May June

3, 1950 2

CO CO CO CO 40 46

13-13-7ba

July Aug.

7, 1950 16

3 2

04 92

Sept. Oct.

8, 19504

31

46 97

Nov. 7, 1950 2 79

13-13-7da

July July

7, 1950 9

3 3

50 IT Aug. 50 I Sept.

16, 1950 7

3 3

24 84

Oct.Nov.

4, 19507

2 3.

55 13

13-13-13cc

Sept. 1, 1S49Sept. 23Nov. 8Dec. 6

58.8454.9353.5557.07

Feb. 7, 1950Apr. 10May 3July 7

53.6053.6353.6158.62

Aug. 16, 1950Sept. 7Oct. 3Nov. 7

53.6954.8653.6653.59

13-13-15cb

July Aug.

7, 1950 16

15 15

29 00

Sept. Oct.

7, 3

1950 15 15

69 83

Nov. 7, 1950 15.75

13-13-21aa

June July

27, 1950 6

4 4.

69 65

Sept. Oct.

7, 4

1950 4 2

69 49

Nov. 7, 1950 4.08

13-13-21bb

June July

27, 1950 6

11. 11.

58 II Aug. 67 | Sept.

16,7

1950 11. 11.

29 50

Oct.Nov.

4, 19507

11.59 11.48

13-13-23da

June 23, 1949Sept. 23Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950

37.9537.9338.3738.45

Feb. 7, 1950Apr. 10June 2July 7

38.5138.2237.7837.95


37.6437.7537.81

|

13-13-26da

July Sept.

6, 1950 7

10. 10.

66 95

Oct. 4, 1950 10.79 Nov. 7, 1950 10.65

13-13-27ba

Oct. 4, 1950 2. 10 Nov. 7, 1950 2.51 1

64 GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOOP RIVER VALLEY


Sherman County- - Continued


Water level Date

Water level

13-13-35aa

July 6, Aug. 16

1950 20. 20.

7364

Sept. Oct.

7, 4

1950 20. 20

66 67

Nov. 7, 1950 20.67

13-14-lab

Aug. Aug.

7, 16

1950 4 4

2542

Sept. Oct.

7, 1950 4

4.69 4.20

Nov. 7, 1950 4.32

13-14-12ab

June 23, 1949 Sept. 22

93.05 93.41

Nov. 7, 1949 Apr. 10, 1950

93.08 93.12

May 3, 1950 Oct. 4

93.13 93.49

13-15-29ad

Aug. 18, 1950 Sept. 8

4.35 4.64

Sept. 27, 1950 5.36 Nov. 6, 1950 6.17

13-16-13aa

June 28, 1950 Sept. 8

7.00 7.38

Sept. 27, 1950 7.69 Nov. 6, 1950 7.59

14-13-26ab

Jan. 18, 1949 Apr. 10, 1950

52.82 52.88

May 3, 1950 52.83 Oct. 20, 1950 52.13

14-14-3cc

June 26, 1949Sept. 22Nov. 7Jan. 9, 1950

6.376.638.039.09

Apr. 10, 1950June 2July 6Aug. 16

9.207.377.716.44


6.846.427.43

14-14-5bc

Mar. 29, 1948Oct. 1Apr. 29, 1949June 3Aug. 5Sept. 22Nov. 7

11.429.71

10.9511.158.879.89

10.89

Dec. 5, 1949Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 7Mar. 14Apr. 10May 3

11.3312.0011.9812.1912.3412.51

June 2, 1950July 6Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4Nov. 7

12.2611.4610.0410.759.82

10.56

14-14-8ac

Mar. 29, 1948Oct. 1Apr. 29, 1949June 3July 7Sept. 22

6.518.766.466.436.017.95

Nov. 7, 1949Dec. 6Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 7Apr. 10May 3

7.958.028.038.087.567.78

June 2, 1950July 6Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4

6.646.995.796.286.63

14-14-15ba

Aug. 7, 1950 Sept. 7

7.55 8.31

Oct. 3, 1950 8.45 Nov. 7, 1950 9.72

TABLE 8 65


Sherman County--Continued



14-14-16bb

June 24, 1949Sept. 22Nov. 7Dec. 5

10.1612.3312.4312.58

Jan. 9, 1950Feb. 7Mar. 14Apr. 10

12.5512.5012.2712.29

May 3, 1950June 2Sept. 7Oct. 4

12.5410.7011.5311.80

14-14-21da

Aug. 7, 1950 Aug. 16

4.52 4.79

Sept. 7, 1950 Oct. 4

4.99 4.59

Nov. 7, 1950 4.87

14-14-23cb

June 26, 1949 Sept. 22

10.88 12.46

Nov. 7, 1949 Jan. 9, 1950

12.65 12.65

July 6, 1950 Oct. 3

11.92 12.04

14-14-25dd

Aug. 7, 1950 Aug. 16

6.94 7.12

Sept. 7, 1950 Oct. 3

7.72 8.18

Nov. 7, 1950 8.51

14-14-35cb

June 24, 1949 Dec. 6

30.14 30.35

Jan. 9, 1950 Feb. 7

30.50 30.59

June 2, 1950 Oct. 4

30.72 30.51

14-16-4abl

June 22, 1950 Aug. 18

19.42 18.79

Sept. 8, 1950 Sept. 27

19.12 19.20

Nov. 6, 1950 19.41

14-16-4ab2

June 22, 1950 18.00 Sept. 27, 1950 17.77

14-16-9dc

June 22, 1950 32.79

14-16-10cd

June 21, 1950 Sept. 8

40.28 39.92

Sept. 27, 1950 39.96 Nov. 6, 1950 39.91

14-16-23bb

June 22, 1950 Aug. 18

39.79 39.35

Sept. 8, 1950 Sept. 27

39.47 39.48

Nov. 6, 1950 39.56

15-13-9cd

July 21, 1949Sept. 28Nov. 9Dec. 6Jan. 11, 1950

28.6329.9029.5329.5729.62


29.2529.1629.1929.24


27.0127.2227.5027.67




DateWater 1 level 1 Date

Water level Date

Water level

15-13-9dc


31.7332.6832.4432.4332.44


32.4832.0432.1231.98


31.7530.7430.9831.06

15-13-29ca

Apr. 17, 1950 107.01 Oct. 20, 1950 107.14

15-13-30dd

Apr. 17, 1950 101.22 May 3, 1950 | 101.29 [ Oct. 20, 1950 j 101.23

15-14-17cb


16.7717.4818.2718.4818.5418.57

May 3, 1950May 4May 8May 10May 29

18.5618.5818.6218.6217.46

May 31, 1950June 2June 16Oct. 3Nov. 7

17.8417.7217.3613.0613.22

15-14-19ab

Nov. 7, 1949Nov. 8Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 1Mar. 6Mar. 27Apr. 24May 1

10.5210.5511.7011.6611.3911.2111.5611.8911.83

May 2, 1950May 3May 4May 8May 10May 29May 31June 2June 9

11.8711.8111.8111.8411.8011.4011.4411.5011.56

June 16, 1950July 3Aug. 16Sept. 7Sept. 29Oct. 3Nov. 7Nov. 27Dec. 29

11.5511.3810.3010.7911.0811.1611.3911.4811.37

15-14-19cb

July 1, 1948Oct. 1Apr. 29, 1949June 3July 7Sept. 22Nov. 7Nov. 8Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 1

5.486.525.015.245.654.885.285.295.375.324.93

Mar. 6, 1950Mar. 27Apr. 24May 1May 2May 3May 4May 8May 10May 29

4.244.425.034.804.824.904.894.494.093.52

May 31, 1950June 2June 9June 16July 3July 6Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4Nov. 7

3.884.104.724.634.604.604.194.974.705.24

15-14-32aa

Aug. 7, 1950 Aug. 16

5.24 5.39

Sept. 8, 1950 Oct. 3

5.94 6.62

Nov. 7, 1950 6.98

15-15-2ab

Oct. 3, 1950 1.34 Nov. 7, 1950 2.10

TABLE 67




Water 1 level [ Date

Water level

15-15-2cd

Nov. 16, 1949Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 6

4.554.424.183.693.37


4.054.544.694.62

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 2Nov. 7

4.374.724.294.29

15-15-3dc

June 26, 1949Sept. 23Nov. 30Feb. 3, 1950Mar. 6

14.1914.1114.8215.2915.06


14.8615.1714.8214.60

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

13.9814.1614.1614.58

15-15-4aa

June 9, 1950 July 3

4.02 4.41

Aug. 14, 1950 Sept. 12

2.98 4.49

Oct. 3, 1950 Nov. 7

3.17 4.21

15-15-llcb

Nov. 30, 1949 Jan. 4, 1950 Feb. 3Mar. 6

6.89 7.15 7.277.10

Mar. 31, 1950 Apr. 24 June 9July 3

7.00 7.38 6.926.46

Sept. 12, 1950 Oct. 2Nov. 7

6.34 6.02 6.61

15-15-13bb

Aug. 16, 1950 Sept. 7

2.05 3.07

Oct. 2, 1950 1.54 Nov. 7, 1950 2.74

15-15-14bd

June 23, 1949Sept. 23Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 1

16.4916.7517.7317.9217.79

Mar. 6, 1950Mar. 28Apr. 24June 9

17.7518.1018.3017.85

July 3, 1950Aug. 14Oct. 3Nov. 7

17.5117.4016.8917.43

15-15-24cc

Sept. 23, 1949Nov. 7Nov. 8Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 1Mar. 6Mar. 28

12.5613.2213.2513.5514.1714.8815.3615.67

Apr. 24, 1950May 1May 2May 3May 4May 8May 10June 9

16.0316.0916.0816.0116.1416.1616.207.19

June 16, 1950July 3July 6Aug. 16Sept. 7Oct. 4Nov. 7

7.7910.0210.3511.9712.3312.4412.29

15-16-7aa

June 27, Sept. 8

1950 26 26.

87 63

Sept. 27, 1950 26 64 Nov. 6, 1950 26.55

15-16-7da

June 21, 1950 23.77 I Sept. 27, 1950 24. 12 Nov. 6, 1950 23.78





Water level Date

Water level

15-16-17ac

June 22, 1950 28.42 Sept. 8, 1950 27.35 Sept. 27, 1950 27.43

15-16-33ad

June 22, 1950 19.66 Sept. 27, 1950 19.38

16-14-8bd

July 21, 1949 110. 26 | May 3, 1950 109. 97 Oct. 6, 1950 109.74

16-14-20aa


77.8776.8976.5376.6376.59


76.6877.1076.6676.70


76.9776.7176.4576.77

16-15-5dd

Oct. 11, 1949Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 2

42.9442.7643.0345.30

Mar. 6, 1950Apr. 3Apr. 24June 9

44.8042.5943.1442.45

July 5, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3

41.2341.9440.69

16-15-6da

Oct. 3, 1950 5.00 1 Nov. 7, 1950 5.24 |

16-15-8dd

Sept. 27, 1949Nov. 7Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 2

4.304.083.883.873.98

Mar. 6, 1950Apr. 3Apr. 24June 9July 5

3.282.603.143.133.55

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

3.023.883.333.82

16-15-9dc


12.5913.3513.5013.7913.99

Mar. 6, 1950Apr. 3Apr. 24June 9July 5

14.1914.4414.6614.9314.41

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. ' 6Nov. 7

14.3814.3114.6414.99

16-15-16cd

Nov. 16, 1949Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 2

6.256.246.216.09

Mar. 6, 1950Apr. 3Apr. 24June 9

5.655. 505.645.36

July 5, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

5.755.435.375.56

16-15-19ab

Nov. 20, 1949 Jan. 4, 1950 Feb. 3

22.21 22.99 23.38

Apr. 24, 1950 July 3 Sept. 12

24.11 18.49 18.89

Oct. 19, 1950 Nov. 7

20.73 21.47

TABLE 8 69

Table 8. --Water-level measurements in wells Continued Sherman County--Continued


level 1 Date Water level

16-15-20cc


9.219.52

10.0110.3710.72


10.7610.9811.068.31

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

8.267.917.478.62

16-15-21aa

Nov. 16, 1949Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 2Mar. 6

5.055.095.165.174.74

Apr. 3, 1950Apr. 24June 9July 5

4.674.994.885.14

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

4.635.024.954.98

16-15-26ca

Oct. 11, 1949Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 2

48.9349.8250.4050.73

Mar. 6, 1950Apr. 3Apr. 24

50.6951.1951.35

June 9, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3

51.2849.6148.49

16-15-27ab

Nov. 16, 1949 Jan. 4, 1950 Feb. 2

4.40 4.64 4.51

Apr. 24, 1950 June 9 July 5

4.10 4.07 3.99

Sept. 12, 1950 Oct. 19Nov. 7

4.59 4.22 4.32

16-15-28bb


21.0521.2021.4121.0420.79


20.8921.2721.0321.12

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

19.9920.9620.9221.15

16-15-33aa

June July

9, 1950 3

3.4.

90 42

Sept. Oct.

11, 3

1950 5. 4.

01 30

Nov. 7, 1950 5.04

16-15-34dd

Sept. 12, 1950 5 27 Oct. 19, 1950 4.77 Nov. 7, 1950 4.78

16-15-36cc

Sept. 23, 1949Nov. 7Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950

12.2120.29

8.3811.59

Feb. 2, 1950Mar. 6Apr. 3Apr. 24

13.8415.9117.4318.22

June 9, 1950July 5Oct. 3Nov. 7

20.3921.2223.0223.78

16-16-lda

Aug. 14, 1950 Sept. 12

4.35 5.25

Oct. 3, 1950 3.76 Nov. 7, 1950 4.42

16-16-2ad

Aug. 16, Sept. 12

1950 8.46 8.80

Oct. 3, 1950 8.84 Nov. 7, 1950 8.92

70 GROUND WATER IN MIDDLE LOUP RIVER VA1LEY

Ta'ile 8. --Water-level measurements in wells Continued



level DateWater level

16-16-12bc

Aug. 29, 1949Sept. 27Nov. 7Tec. 1

32.3733.6834.7835.22

Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 3June 9July 3

35.6235.9236.4133.22

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

34.1234.0334.6035.35

16-16-12dc


26.0826.2928.3528.9129.49

Feb. 3, 1950Mar. 13Apr. 3Apr. 24June 9

29.9930.3330.5330.6530.69

July 3, 1950Aug. 14Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

26.8528.3227.7827.9529.76

16-16-13aa


6.8313.1813.5613.6913.99

Feb. 3, 1950Mar. 13Apr. 24June 9July 3

14.2914.4714.7414.9512.92

Aug. 14, 1950Sept. 12Oct. 3Nov. 7

14.3214.1414.1314.19

July 5, 1950 Aug. 8

24.97 25.31

Apr. 17, 1950 May 31

21.94 21.81

Apr. 17, 1950 May 31 July 5

29.92 29.94 29.82

Valley County

17-16-3cc

Aug. 30, 1950 25.58 Sept. 27, 1950 25.67

17-16-6bc

July 5, 1950 Aug. 8

22.56 I! Aug. 30, 1950 22.22 |j Sept. 27

22.28 22.42

17-16-7ab

Aug. 8, 1950 Aug. 30

29.79 Sept. 27, 1950 29. 86 Nov. 1

29.98 29.97

17-16-9bd

Sept. 26, 1949Nov. 8Dec. 1Jan. 5, 1950

7.739.45

10.1510.73

Feb. 3, 1950Mar. 3Apr. 3July 5

10.7711.6611.897.85

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 27Nov. 2

8.368.288.079.27

17-16-10dd

Aug. Aug.

8, 30

1950 11 11

69 87

1 Sept. 27, 1950 11 33

17-16-17ac

Sept. 26, 1949Dec. 5Jan. 5, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 3

3.484.464.094.263.57

Mar. 13, 1950Apr. 5May 2May 31July 5

3.633.103.263.362.75

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 27Nov. 1

3.293.784.163.98

TABLE 8 71


Valley County--Continued


level DateWater level

17-16-21da

Nov. Dec. Apr.

28, 1949 6 5, 1950

0.70 .68 .08

Apr. May July

24, 1950 31

5

0.41 .06 .58

Sept. 27, 1950 Nov. 1

0.70 .42

17-16-25aa

Aug. 24, 1949Sept. 27Nov. 7Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 3

9.069.589.449.349.429.619.55

Apr. 3, 1950Apr. 24May 31July 5July 5Aug. 8

9.479.349.199.169.358.37

Aug. 14, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 27Oct. 30

8.288.348.929.04

Nov. 27 ! 9.25Dec. 29 9.24

17-16-25cb

Sept. 27, 1949Nov. 7Nov. 30Jan. 4, 1950Feb. 3Mar. 3

3.192.802.672.541.721.04

Apr. 3, 1950Apr. 24May 31July 5July 5

1.112.151.432.342.36

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 14Aug. 30Sept. 27Nov. 1

2.182.252.232.802.62

d !7-l&-26dc

17-16-34aa


9.7110.9411.1811.6511.93

Mar. 13, 1950 I 10.87Apr. 3Apr. 24May 31July 5

11.2811.5911.157.96

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 14Aug. 29Sept. 27Nov. 1

9.369.179.819.65

10.70

18-16-30cc


4.694.794.065.275.27


4.754.864.084.47

Aug. 8, 1950Aug. 30Sept. 27Nov. 1

4.024.034.374.24

Record given in table 9.


i Table 9. Water-level record, well 17-16-26dc, Valley County [Lowest daily stage taken from recorder charts, in feet below land-surface datum]

1944Day

1 234 56789

101112131415161718 19 2021 22 23 24 25262728 29 30 31

Jan.5.52 5.515.495.48 5.465.445.425.405.38

a5.37a5.37a5.35a5.34a5.32a5. 30a5.28a5.26a5.24 a5.22 5.195.17 5.15 5.11 5.08

a5.05a5.04

5.024.97 4.93 4.91 4.88

Feb.4.88 4.874.884.87 4.854.864.844.834.86

a 4. 88a4.89a4.91a4.92

4.934.824.894.854.88 4.91 4.904.79 4.70 4.65 4.60 4.564.584.644.63 4.64

Mar.4.66 4.664.674.70 4.634.734.864.974.994.994.984.914.904.935.90

^57624.994.89 4.91 4.944.97 4.98 4.92 4.71 4.734.784.794.76 4.65 4.77 4.76

Apr.4.66 4.324.374.82 4.884 Q9

4.924.874.784.884.393.593.24

....

3.35^ 44

3.633.83 3.87 3.47

May3.75 3.813.013.45 3.85d ri94.074.004.184.274 94

3.333.603.603.814.014 97

4.52 4.66 4.724.45 4.29 4.38 4.57 4.584.564.663.20 4.84 4.92 4.96

June5.02 5.115.115.18 5.255.33

July

5.99 6.03 6.066.09 6.13 6.16 6.18 6.21

Aug.

6.076.005.935.89 5.88 5.83 5.60

Sept.5.49 5.545.615.66 5.675.455.395.445.505.545.575.555.585.615.655.695.72

as. 74 as. 72 as. 73as. 75 as. 77 as. 78 as. 81 a 5.82

5.835.845.85 5.85 5.87

Oct.5.89 5.895.845.79 5.715.445.415.445.465.485.515.545.575.605.625.635.655.67 5.67 5.645.64 5.64 5.66 5.67 5.695.705.715.71 5.71 5.71

Nov.5.70 5.715.715.71 5.695.665.625.575.575.575.575.565.555.535.545.555.555.54 5.54 5.505.48 5.47 5.47 5.47 5.455.315.245.22 5.27 5.36

Dec.5.44 5.475.475.39 5.255.195.145.105.155.215.275.325.335.325.285.245.215.28 5.31 5.325.33 5.36 5.38 5.39 5.415.415.415.40 5.35 5.27 5.21

1945Day

1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9

1011 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 2324 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.a 5.17 a 5.21 a 5.25 a 5.26

5.255.19 5.14 5.08 5.06 5.075.04 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.874.84 4.79 4.76 4.73 4.714.68 4.65 4.63 4.61 4.564.54 4.52 4.51 4.58 4.70 4.73

Feb.4.90 4.91 4.91 4.85 4.814.74 4.69

a 4.66 a4.63 a 4.59a 4.55 a 4.52 a 4.48 a 4.44

4.414.50 4.58 4.63 4.66 4.674.67 4.67 4.68 4.66 4.614.51 4.65 4.67

Mar.4.66 4.60 4.62 4.62

a 4. 634.73

a 4.74 a 4.75 a 4.76 a 4.77a 4.78 a 4. 79 a 4. 80 a 4.81 a 4. 82a 4.83 a 4. 84 a 4. 85 a 4. 86

4.884.91 4.94 4.98 5.06 5.095.13 5. 16 5.24 5.28 5.31 5.33

Apr.5.37 5.41 5.42 5.42

a 5.38a 5.39 a 5.40 a 5.41 as. 42

5.435.46 5.49 5.51 5.42 5.295.204.79 4.35

a 4. 22 a 4.30a 4.37 a 4.45 a 4.53 a 4.60 a 4.68a 4.76 a 4. 83 a 4. 91 a 4.99 a 5.06

Maya 5. 14

5.21 5.27 5.325.375.42 5.47 5.53 5.54 5.44

*5. 37 a 5.34 a 5.32 a 5.29 *5.265.26 5.34 5.45 5.52 5.565.56 5.30 5.22 5.32 5.415.48 5.50 5.08 4.96 5.03 5.04

June4.53 4.73 4.87 4.92 4.884.16

a 4.01 a 4. 08 a 4. 15 a 4.22a 4.29 a 4. 36 a 4. 42 a 4. 50 a4.57*4.64 a 4.71 a 4.78 a 4. 85

4.945.03 5.12 5.22 5.23 5.285.34 5.40 5.30 5.385.42

July5.43 5.49 5.56

^5. 64 a 5.73

5.76 5.80 5.85 5.88 5.905.90

a 5.95 *5.98 a 5.98 »5. 95fts. 96 a 5.84

5.73 5.76 5.835.91 5.95 5.99 6.03

a 6.05a 5.86

5.79 5.82 5.89 5.98 6.07

Aug.6.14 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.216.24 6.27

a 6. 28 6.27 6.256.21 6.23 6.14 6.26 6.286.30 6.32 6.34 6.35 6.386.39 6.30 6.20 6.17 6.196.23 6.30 6.35 6.38 6.40 6.43

Sept.6.45 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.496.53 6.54 6.54 6.55 6.566.56 6.56 6.55 6.53 6.536.55 8.56 6.56 6.51 6.476.44 6.45 6.47 6.48 6.486.48 6.43 6.33 6.27 6.23

Oct.6.18 6.15 6.14 6.12 6.116.10 6.08 6.08

a 6. 08 a 6. 06a 6. 05 a 6. 04 a 6. 04 a 6. 03 a 6. 03a 6. 03 a 6. 02 a 6. 02 a 6. 02 a 6. 02a 6. 01 a 6. 01 a 6. 01 a 6. 00 a 6. 00a 5. 98 a 5.98 a 5. 98 a 5. 97 a 5. 96 a 5. 96

Nov.5.95 5.94 5.94 5.94 5.925.91 5.91 5.90 5.89 5.895.88 5.87 5.86 5.85 5.845.83 5.83 5.82 5.82 5.815.80 5.80 5.80 5.80 5.795.77 5.76 5.74 5.73 5.72

Dec.5.71 5.71 5.70 5.69 5.69

a 5. 67 a 5. 65

5.63 5.62 5.625.63 5.63 5.62 5.60 5.585.57 5.58 5.58 5.57 5.545.50 5.47 5.44 5.42 5.385.36 5.33 5.31 5.27 5.24 5.21

a Interpolated.

TABLE 9 73

Table 9.--Water-level record, well 17-16-26dc, Valley County--Continued

1946Day

1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9

1011 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.5.17 5.13 5.10 5.08 5.055.03 5.02 5.02 5.03 5.035.05 5.09 5.12 5.14 5.145.14 5. 18 5.17 5.11 5.065.09 5.10 5.14 5.13 5.075.05 5.08 5.11 5.11 5.06 5.06

Feb.5.09 5.12 5.13 5.13 5.105.06 5.03 5.01 5.01 4.994.99

4.99

4! 92 4.92 4.904.87 4.85 4.82 4.80 4.784.75 4.78 4.76

Mar.4.76 4.77 4.77 4.81 4.844.81 4.73 4.69 4.64 4.664.66 4.71 4.77 4.80 4.824.73 4.10 4.22 4.34

4! 64 4.71 4.92

Apr.

5.01 5.07 5.13 5.175.21 5.25 5.29 5.30 5.295.19 5.08 5.14 5.22 5.265.31 5.35 5.39 5.44 5.485.53 5.58 5.64 5.67 5.715.74 5.78 5.81 5.85 5.86

May5.88 5.79 5.52 5.46 5.505.54 5.58 5.62 5.65 5.625.26 5.14 5.19 5.29 5.375.43 5.48 5.54 5.60 5.665.72 5.76 5.78 5.68 5.094.91 4.98 5.09 5.17 5.17 4.99

June5.03 5.11 5.17 5.24 5.325.39 5.48 5.56 5.63 5.705.78 5.85 5.99 5.95 6.006.05 6.08 5.43 4.58 4.025.04 4.24 4.53 4.72 4.874.97 5.06 5.15 5.22 5.31

July5.39 5.46 5.53 5.60 5.665.72 5.77 5.82 5.86 5.925.98 6.03 6.08 6.13 6.156.15 6.05 6.03 6,08 6.136.16 6.19 6.24 6.26 6.296.31 6.33 6.35 6.37 6.39 6.40

Aug.6.41 6.43 6.44 6.46 6.476.47 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.496.51 6.52 6.52 6.47 6.446.42 6.46 6.50 6.53 6.576.58 6.59 6.59 6.59 6.576.54 6.49 6.46 6.43 6.42 6.40

Sept.6.41 6.42 6.42 6.37 6.346.34 6.34 6.30 6.23 6.166.13 6.11 6.11 6.09 6.056.02 6.01 6.01 6.00 5.855.74 5.70 5.70 5.71 5.745.77 5.80 5.83 5.82 5.78

Oct.5.75 5.77 5.79 5.80 5.714.30 3.82 3.35 3.53 3.463.81 3.88 4.14 4.30 4.374.40 4.39 3.90 3.95 4.164.30 4.42 4.42 4.50 4.564.624.64 4.66

Nov.

4'. 07 4.114.174.34 4.45 4.42 4.49 4.594.50 4.60 4.60 4.60 4.65

Dec.4.69 4.72 4.76 4.69 4.654.66 4.67 4.70 4.76 4.784.77 4.80 4.84 4.85 4.824.84 4.93 4.99 5.00 5.004.98 4.92 4.91 4.87 4.846.83 6.82 4.92 5.04 5.13

1947Day

12 34 56 7 8 9

1011 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 2223 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.

5^29 5.33 5.335 31 5.22 5.12 5.02 4.92

4.63 4.674.73 4.74 4.74 5.71 4.634.65 4.65 4.64 4.59 4.55

^LSlTl 4.48 4.47 4.45

Feb.

4.55 4.554.52 4.52 4.62 4.68 4.694.69 4.68 4.45 4.35 3.913.63 3.77 3.99 4.12 4.204.25 4.28 4.33 4.41 4.484.55 4.56 4.55

Mar.4.554.56 4.56 4.54 4.524.50 4.48 4.43 4.40 4.394.30 4.31 4.30 4.26 4.294.29 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.334.30 4.25 4.22 4.31 4.384.43 4.44 4.24 4.36 4.40 4.40

Apr.4.494.52 4.52 4.27 4.284.08 4.19 4.10 3.84 4.35

4! 08 4.204.28 4.36 4.45 4.52 4.60

4! 83

May4.894.95 5.00 5.07 5.145.08 5.21 5.25 5.28 5.315.35 5.37 5.39 5.42 5.435.35 5.34 5.38 5.37 4.854.89 5.00 5.10 5.18 5.255.35 5.37 5.32 4.89 4.51 4.63

June4.714.68 4.77 4.77 3.793.88 4.14 4.44 4.60 4.60

b2.91 3.26 3.56 3.773.87 4.05 4.09 3.24 3.443.61 3.61

July4 9Q4.46 4.59 4.71 4.814.91 4.98 5.07 5.15 5.205.18 5.21 5.28 5.32 5.375.42 5.42 5.28 5.36 5.375.36 5.39 5.42 5.46 5.485.50 5.54 5.58 5.66 5.72 5.77

Aug.5.815.86 5.91 5.96 6.006.06 6.09 6.12 6.15 6.196.22 6.24 6.26 6.28 6.296.30 6.32 6.34 6.36 6.376.38 6.40 6.42 6.43 6.436.33 6.27 6.25 6.24 6.24 6.25

Sept.6.286.32 6.35 6.37 6.406.43 6.44 6.46 6.47 6.476.44 6.32 6.10 5.98 5.945.93 5.93 5.94 5.96 5.975.97 5.97 5.97 5.97 5.975.95 5.94 5.93 5.94 5.94

Oct.5.925.90 5.89 5.88 5.875.87 5.86 5.86 5.86 5.855.85 5.86 5.87 5.87 5.865.86 5.84 5.82 5.82 5.815.80 5.79 5.79 5.78 5.775.75 5.74 5.72 5.68 5.68 5.66

Nov.5.645.63 5.61 5.60 5.575.54 5.60 5.48 5.46 5.435.41 5.37 5.35 5.32 5.305.28 5.25 5.22 5.19 5.145.07 5.01 5.03 5.07 5.085.06 4.99 4.97 4.98 4.99

Dec.4.994.97 5.01 5.03 5.045.04 5.00 4.97 4.98 4.995.02 5.05 5.05 5.05 5.014.96 5.00 5.00 4.96 4.914.87 4.83 4.81 4.79 4.784.74 4.70 4.65 4.62 4.70 4.82

Highest observed stage in period of record.


Table 9. --Water-level record, well 17-16-26dc, Valley County Continued

1948Day

1 2O

4 56 7 8 9

1011 1213 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.

4.87

4.804.71 4.67 4.55 4.48 4.474.47 4.544.68 4.82 4.894.97 5.09 5.15 5.20 5.235.23 5.19 5.20 5.29 5.325.33 5.35

5.43 5.43 5.43

Feb.

5.41 5.35 5.27 5.23 5.215.20 5.17 5.15 5.19 5.205.17

5.05 4.98 4.944.86 4.78 4.68 4.55 4.494.44 4.37 4.31 4.34 4.284.26 4.19 4.07 4.00

Mar.

3.92 3.90 3.92 3.94 3.913.85 3.91 3.93 3.97 3.98

3.06 2.97 3.10 3.173.26 3.31 3.42 3.60 3.723.94 4.05 4.02 4.07 4.12 4.22

Apr.

4.29 4.33 4.37 4.43 4.484.49 4.54 4.62 4.65 4.654.70 4.744.75 4.78 4.824.88 4.91 4.94 4.99 5.055.08 5.10 5.13 5.15 5.135.14 5.19 5.24 5.28 5.32

May

5.36 5.38 5.41 5.44 5.475.30 5.03 5.09 5.18 5.225.25 5.305.36 5.42 5.495.55 5.61 5.66 5.72 5.785.83 5.88 5.89 5.82 5.795.84 5.90 5.95 5.98 5.98 5.82

June

5.75 5.79 5.88 5.97 6.016.04 6.07 6.09 6.12 6.156.17 6.176.01 5.94 5.925.93 5.94 5.80 5.65 5.615.46

a5.28 a5.12

5.02 5.115.18 5.08 4.76 4.88 5.00

July

5.13 5.25 5.36 5.44 5.52

a 5.59 5.65 5.71 5.77 5.815.85 5.845.84 5.82 5.825.85 5.87 5.87 5.72 5.755.78 5.83 5.89 5.96 6.006.04 6.06 6.09 6.09 5.71 5.62

Aug.

5.60 5.61 5.48 5.32 5.255.27 5.28 5.31 5.36 5.455.53 5.545.33 5.10 5.065.11 5.21 5.32 5.41 5.50

5.74 5.805.85

6.' 02

Sept.

6.05 6.08 6.11 6.13 6.166.17 6.15 6.12 6.07 6.056.05 6.086.10 6.14 6.166.18 6.20 6.22 6.23 6.246.24 6.24 6.23 6.22 6.196.17 6.16 6.15 6.15 6.14

Oct.

6.14 6.13 6.12 6.10 6.106.10 6.09 6.07 6.05 6.046.02 6.005.99 5.98 5.975.95 5.95 5.94 5.92 5.905.89 5.88 5.86 5.85 5.835.81 5.80 5.78 5.77 5.75 5.72

Nov.

5.70 5.68 5.67 5.65 5.635.58 5.55 5.52 5.50 5.485.47 5.465.45 5.43 5.425.40 5.39 5.38 5.36 5.345.33 5.30 5.26

5.04 4.96 4.88 4.83 4.80

Dec.

4.75 4.74 4.72 4.64 4.564.58 4.61 4.63 4.64 4.644.64 4.624.56 4.49 4.554.67 4.75 4.77 4.79 4.794.74 4.64 4.57 4.48 4.474.46 4.44 4.48 4.50 4.54 4.57

1949Day

3 4 56 78 9

1011 12 13 14 151617 18 19 2021 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.

4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57

....

4.42 4.50 4.584.59 4.56 4.48 4.43 4.384.364.38 4.40 4.43 4.434.41 4.38 4.36

Feb.

....

4.76 4.784.77

3.04

Mar.

3.04 3.03 2.99 3.02 3.323.41 3.413.48 3.62 3.693.72 3.77 3.80 3.71 3.76

3.57 3.60 3.70 3.853.87 2.97 3.14 3.20 3.12

Apr.

2.70 2.86 2.95 2.95 3.033.22 3.433.65 3.65 3.183.50 3.73 3.91 3.91 3.11^ V7

3.73 3.97 4.10 4.144.19 4.27 4.35 4.48 4.504.57 4.63 4.68 4.73 4.75

May

4.76 4.82 4.86 4.91 4.954.754 V7

4.38 3.93 4.194.37 4.51 4.63 4.72 4.784.804.78 4.85 4.93 4.974.87 4.26 4.34 4.47 4.604.74 4.85 4.95 5.02 5.09 5.15

June

5.17 5.14 5.11 5.16 5.185.19 5.154.06 3.78 3.583.88 4.04 4.20 4.36 4.514.664.80 4.89 4.97 5.035.10 5.19 5.26 5.32 5.375.43 5.44 4.82 4.78 4.82

July

4.93 5.00 5.18 5.28 5.365.42 ^ dfl5.48 4.88 4.854.91 5.13 5.22 5.30 5.385 d<;5.53 5.56 5.60 5.545.48 5.56 5.66 5.69 5.73

....

Aug.

5.84 5.87 5.90 5.935.97 6.006.03 6.06 6.086.10 6.12 6.14 6.15 6.165 945.93 5.91 5.86 5.695.64 5.64 5.67 5.75 5.825.86 5.81 5.81 5.80 5.82 5.83

Sept.

5.85 5.88 5.89 5.83 5.76

5 41 '

5.36 5.34 5.295.24 5.22 5.16 5.19 5.235.285.35 5.43 5.50 5.545.60 5.63 5.66 5.67 5.695.72 6.70 5.72 5.73 5.75

Oct.

5.80 5.81 5.83 5.84 5.825.80 5.785.70 5.67 5.425.31 5.16 5.13 5.13 5.135.125.14 5.17 5.17 5.185.19 5.19 5.21 5.21 5.225.23 5.23 5.24 5.24 5.26 5.26

Nov.

5.25 5.26 5.27 5.27 5.275.27 5.265.24 5.23 5.215.20 5.29 5.28 5.24 5.245.245.24 5.25 5.26 5.255.27 5.18 5.17 5.14 5.125.11 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.11

Dec.

5.11 5.12 5.11 5.12

%. 135.13 5.135.14 5.17 5.135.13

as. 01 as. 05 5.08 5.095.145.11 5.08 5.06 5.035.10 5.17 5.23 5.28 5.325.36 5.39 5.40 5.36 5.32 5.27

Interpolated.

TABLE 9 75

Table 9. --Wat<-r-l^pl record, well 17-16-26dc, Valley County--Continued

1950

Day

1 2 34 56 7 89

1011 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Jan.

5.22 5.17 5.10 5.17

5.07

4.98

4.58

Feb.

4^47 4.45 4.43 4.374.31 4.24

4.01 4.02 4.024.00 3.98 3.97 3.89 3.813.80 3.77 3.80 3.80 3.813.81 3.71 3.61

Mar.

3.63 3.63 3.65 3.65 3.633.52 3.55 ? R7

4.70 4.764.86 4.86 4.85 4.77 3.693.42 3.13 3.10 3.14 3.173.23 3.15 3.05 3.19 3.313.38 3.65 3.87 3.96 3.97 4.01

Apr.

4.07 4.11 4.11 3.88 4.034.11 4.18 4.234.23 4.214.17 4.25 4.32 4.34 4.384.39 4.38 4.46 4.57 4.604.62 4.65 4.69 4.73 4.774.78 4.81 4.81 4.42 4.09

May

4.21 4.32 4.41 4.45 4.453.90 4.13 4.163.47 3.753.97 3.93 3.82 4.11 4.294.36 4.51 4.53 3.30 3.313.38 3.69 3.98 4.14 4.284.31 3.90 3.66

a3.62 a3.91 a4.20

June

4.40 4.52 4.65 4.75 4.834.93 5.00 5.095.17 5.245.31

a 5.39 5.47 5.47 5.225.23 5.17 4.93 4.77 4.844.91 5.04 5.14 5.24 5.335.41 5.55 5.55 5.58 5.62

July

5.65 5.62 5.43 5.43 5.195.18 5.265 97

4.73 4.334.22 4.37 4.54 4.70 4.794.84 4.85

^3.693.69 3.72 3.32 3.48 3.453.77 4.02 4.23 4.37 4.50 4.62

Aug.

4.75 4.85 4.92 4.83 4.624.64 4.71 4.814.83 4.584.62 4.62 4.46 4.57 4.744.87 4.93 4.98 4.77 4.334.46 4.60 4.75 4.87 4.974.98 4.84 4.86 4.93 5.00 5.07

Sept.

5.12 5.17 5.23 5.28 5.335.36 5.39 5.435.46 5.495.50 5.50 5.47 5.41 5.405.36 4.99 4.95 4.95 4.924.96

5.16 5.20 5.26 5.24

Oct.

5.13 4.73 4.15 4.02 4.194.30 4.45 4.554.61 4.684.73 4.78 4.82 4.85 4.874.91 4.93 4.95 4.98 5.015.03 5.03 5.03 5.05 5.055.06 5.06 5.08 5.10 5.11 5.12

Nov.

5.15 5.16 5.16 5.14 5.115.14 5.14 5.155.18 5.205.20 5.20 5.15 5.10 5.065.04 5.04 5.02 5.00 5.014.99 4.82 4.72 4.82 4.864.86 4.82 4.74 4.70 4.66

Dec.

4.64 4.61 4.64 4.65 4.674.85 4.92 4.974.97 4.934.85 4.76 4.64 4.55 4.544.53 4.54 4.55 4.55 4.504.51 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.384.33 4.46 4.56 4.57 4.54 4.39

Interpolated.

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107

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GI

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T N T T

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800

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74.4

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2,3

78.0

3

2,3

91.8

2

2,3

40.6

4

2,3

63.5

12,3

41.2

02,3

42.6

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2,3

81.7

82,3

66.5

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7.7

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9.3

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12

3.0

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12.5

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20.4

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18.8

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t. 28

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t. 29

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TABLE 10 79

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) |

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(10)

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16

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160 80 19 10 84 no 21 50 11 20 80 10

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17 21 27

GT GT

GT

GT GT GT GT GT T GT GT GT GT GT GT T GT GT B GT GT GT GT GT B

GT T T GT GT GT GT GT GT

N P N N Cy N T Cy N N Cy Cy N T N N T N N N N N N C N N N Cy N Cy N N N

350

1,10

0

N N N N W N T W N N W W N T N N T N N N N N N N N N N W N W N N N

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1,87

7.87

1,83

7.38

1,83

9.36

1,90

7.68

1,95

5.43

1,88

9.22

1,92

2.67

1,91

6.27

1,87

0.84

1,84

7.67

1, 9

28. 0

7

1,90

6.68

1,86

6.11

1,87

0.38

1,87

6.92

1,87

9.58

1,89

7.18

1,89

5.71

1,93

8.28

1,92

3.23

1,92

6.38

1,89

4.63

1,90

5.60

1,82

5.19

1,82

9.17

1,79

6.83

1,81

6.22

1,85

3.44

1,94

1.61

1,87

5.90

1,97

4.40

1,96

1.91

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16.4

511

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3.44

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449

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4,

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7,

19

50Se

pt.

29,

1950

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. 4,

19

50D

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. 27

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13,

1950

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. 13

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J J J J J J J J J Dr

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170

190 10

.511 78 20.9

10.5

1^7

44 16 10 31 10 9Q 15 64 17 108

155 15 90 10 85 15 105 97 90 208

123 37

4 4 3. a 4 1 1 * 4 a 3 4 3 a 5 18 18a

183

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in <

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155 15 90 10 85 15 105 97 90 208

123 37

GT GT GT GT B GT GT GT GT GT GT

GT GT

GT GT GT GT B GT S GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT T

Cy Cy N N Cy

N N N Cy

N N N N Cy N N Cy C T T N T N T N Cy T T T T T Cy

525

800

N W N N W N N N N N N N N H N N H T G T N T N T N H G G G G T H

0 R 0 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o R, T

T T 0 T 0 T 0 D T T I T T O

0 6 0

1.8

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2.5

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3.7 .8 1.0 1.0

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921,9

70.9

91,9

68.8

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95.3

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67.5

91,9

52.6

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66.7

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76.5

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56.9

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2,0

38.8

52,0

33.8

12,0

48.9

92,0

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20.7

52,0

30.0

32,0

06.3

82,0

10.4

11,9

54.2

62,0

24.5

62,1

71,1

12,1

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92,1

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610

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6.9

210

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8.63

8.95

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05.9

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10.5

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018

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40.6

639

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28.5

0

Oct

. 3,

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4,

1950

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50D

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4,

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4,

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19

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20,

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J J Dr

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J J J J Dr

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37 129

145 28 21 105 20 10 14

205 10 10 183 32 92 106

163 86 21 21 17 14 124 37

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17.5

35.2

10 10 40 10

5 5 18 18 5 18 18 18 6 4 5 18 4 !

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145 28 21 105 20 10 14

205 10 10 183 "?9

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163 86 91 91 17 14 124 37

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GT T GT GT GI

GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GI

GT GT GT GT GT OT GT T GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GI

Cy cy Cy N N N N N T N T T T T T Cy

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1,00

0

950

1,26

0

300

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INDEX

Page Acknowledgments................................... 8Agriculture............................................ 8-9Alkalinity of ground water...................35, 37-38Alluvium......................................... 14, 20-21Arcadia diversion dam............................. 22

Bibliography......................................... 46Bignell loess....................................... 14, 20Blaine County....................................... 3, 26Boron in ground water............................ 34, 35

Changes in water level,.......................... 23-28Chemical quality of water....................... 32*43

changes in....................................... 42, 43constituenta, for domestic use.... 33, 34, 36, 40constituents, for irrigation.......... 34-35, 36, 40effect of irrigation on.......................... 42-43physical and chemical relationships....... 35-40

Climate................................................. 9-12Cretaceous system................................... 16Crete formation................................. 14, 18-19Custer County..............................3, 21, 26, 43

Discharge of ground water......................... 23

Farwell unit......................... 3, 6, 9, 26, 29, 30Fluctuations of water level, in wells...........23-28Fluoride in ground water........................... 33Frost................................................... 9, 13Fullerton formation............................ 14, 17-18

Geologic formations, character, distribution,and water-bearing properties........ 12-21

Grand Island formation........................... 14, 18Ground water, chemical quality of............. 32-43

diacharge of........................................ 23movement of................................'...... 28-29recharge to.......................................... 23utilization of.................... 9, 22-23, 30-32, 40

Hardness of ground water.......................... 33Highways............................................... 9Holdrege formation................................ 14, 17Howard County.................. ...............3, 26, 43Hydrographs of wells............................. 24, 25

Investigation, previoua and present............. 5-6Irrigation, by canals........................... 9, 21-22

by wells........................................ 9, 22-23effect on farming practices...................... 9effect on future water quality................ 42-43usability of ground water........................ 40

Location and extent of report area............... 3-51Level and formation............................... 14, 19

Middle Loup Public Power and IrrigationDistrict................................... 21-22

Middle Loup River...................23, 24, 25,- 27-28Milburn diversion dam............................ 3, 29-

Page Municipal water suppliea........................ 30-32

Niobrara formation................................ 15, 16Nitrate in ground water......................33, 35, 37

Ogallala formation........................ 15, 16-17, 33

Peorian loess....................................... 14, 20Personnel.............................................. 8Pierre shale......................................... 15, 16Pleiatocene series..................................17-20Pliocene series.................................... 16, 17Precipitation.................................... 9-12, 25

Quaternary system............................ 17-20, 33

Railroads................................................ 9Recent deposits............................... 14, 20, 21Recent aeries.................................. 14, 20, 21Recharge to ground water........................... 23

Sappa formation.................................... 14, 18Sargent diversion dam............................... 21Sargent unit......................................... 6, 30Scope of investigation.............................. 5-6Sherman County........................... 3, 21, 26, 43Silica in ground water............................... 38Sodium in ground water............................34-35Soils............................................. 12, 26, 43Sulfate in ground water............................. 40

Temperature......................................... 12, 13Tertiary system.................................... 16, 17Test holes, description.......................... 76-83Todd Valley sand.............................. 14, 19-20Topography.............................................3, 5

Upper Cretaceous series............................. 16Usability of ground water, for domestic

purposes..................................... 40for irrigation......................................... 40

Valley County........................ 3, 21, 25, 26, 43

Water-bearing properties of geologicformations...................;............ 12-20

Water consumption, municipalities................ 32Water-level changes................................23-28Water supplies, municipal................... 30-32, 41Water table, configuration........................ 28-29

depth below land surface..................... 29, 30Water-table fluctuationa.......................... 23-28

caused by precipitation........................ 26-27caused by river..................................27, 28measurements...........5, 6, 23-26, 28, 45, 47-75

Well-numbering system.............................. 6-7Wells, deacription......................... 22-23, 76-83Wilcox, L. V., quoted................................ 34Wind................................................... 12, 13

r U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :T955

8.5-322784


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYR.2I W

' MILBURN ' DIVERSION

WATER SUPPLY PAPER 1258 PLATE 1EXPLANATION

DEPTH TO WATER, IN FEET

Hydrogroph showing fluctuations of water level in well 20-2l-6oa

BLAINE_ CO

CUSTER CO

247O

_ 2300 Contour line on wafer table

(Interval 5 feel) Datum is mean sea level

Observation well of the U S. Geological Survey or the U. S Bureau of ReclamationHydrogroph showing fluctuations of R 2O W

the water level in well 20-2l-22bc '

APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION

JAN. I, 1951

Stock or domestic well

9 I 2 Miles

The hydrographs show water level in observation H*HS in feet below land-surface datum

I Hydrogroph showing fluctuations of . I . the water level in well 19-I7-9CO "

1949 1950

Hydrogroph showing fluctuations of the water level in well 19 2D 5cb S S,2z E'z

a IA

S 5 IJ

e^

s /1934

AtV1935

K1936

/\

\1937

,__

1938

^-"

1939

jf^

1940^

1941

/-

/

1942 1943 1944 1945

^~-~~'

1946

.--'''

1947 I94C

^~~-v~

1949

|/W

1950 I9SI

Hydrograph showing fluctuations of the water level in well 19-18-900

1949 I9SO 1991

Hydiooroph snowing fluctuations of the water level in veil l9-|7-l9ofc

MAP OF THE SARGENT UNIT, NEBRASKA, SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS, DEPTH TO WATER. AND CONTOURS OF THE WATER TABLE, OCTOBER 1950322784 O - 55 (In pocket) No. 1


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY R. 21 W. R. 20 W.

WATER SUPPLY PAPER 1258 PLATE 2

R. 19 W. R. 18 W. R. 17 W.

MAP OF THE LOWER LOUP RIVER VALLEY, NEBRASKA SHOWING DEPTH TO WATER AND THE CONTOUR OF THE WATER TABLE. 1950

APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION JAN. I, 1951

^ 2240

Contour line on woter table(Interval 20 feet)

Datum is mean sea level

Observation well of the U.S. Geological Survey

or the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation

OIrrigation well

o-Stock or domestic well

3ZZ784 O - 55 (In pocket) No. 2

Ground-Water Resources of the Middle Loup Division of the ...pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1258/report.pdfvalley...

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