Ground-Water Flow through Porous...
Transcript of Ground-Water Flow through Porous...
![Page 1: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil & Ground Water DistributionEastern USA
Soil Moisture BeltSoil Moisture Belt
Unsaturated (Unsaturated (VadoseVadose = = Aeration) ZoneAeration) Zone
Capillary FringeWater TableWater Table
Saturated Saturated ((PhreaticPhreatic) Zone) Zone
Ground-Water Flow through Porous Medium
Water Wells
= Head
![Page 2: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Darcy's LawApplied to movement of water through
a permeable substance
V = K h/l
K = hydraulic conductivity in gal/day-ft2
h/l = hydraulic gradient
Darcy's Law
V = K h/l
K = hydraulic conductivity in gal/day-ft2
since Q = A V
then Q = A K h/l
Darcy “Constants”
Material clean clean sand vfsd silt unweatheredgravel sandy gvl loams clays
Aquifer GOOD POOR IMPERVIOUS
Darcy K 106 103 20 1 .002
![Page 3: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Darcy's Law Example
Given: pond with surface area of 1000 ft2
and hydraulic gradient of 100 ft of rise in 100 ft of horizontal distance.
Calculate the amount of water that would leak out of the pond if the bottom is
(A) gravel with K = 106 or (B) clay with K = 10-3.
Q = A K h/l
Darcy's Law ExamplePond
1000 ft2
gravel K = 106
clay K = 10-3
Q = A K h/l
100 ft
100
ft
Stream
Add Ohio Outwash Terrace Flow Net map, Show effects of well
field for 2001
![Page 4: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ground-Water Flow
Ground-Water Discharging into Stream
Aquifer System
![Page 5: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Aquifer SystemPerched Aquifers
OilWell
Influent Stream Recharging Aquifer
Kite Stream, Antarctic Polar Desert
Steve Kite Photo
![Page 6: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Artesian Aquifer
HotHot GroundGround--Water: 2 MethodsWater: 2 Methods
• Bring Heat Source near the Surface: Super-Heating and Boiling!– Iceland, Yellowstone, etc.
• Take Water Deep below the Surface, Followed by Rapid Rise & Discharge– Thermal Springs in the Virginias
Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone NP
![Page 7: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pool in Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
Siliceous Sinter Deposit @ Fishing Cone Hot Spring, Yellowstone NP
Minerva Travertine Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone NP
![Page 8: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TYPICAL GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
• 16.5oC/km 48oF/mi • Average Worldwide
Slow Deep Infiltration Slow Deep Infiltration + Rapid Rise & Discharge+ Rapid Rise & Discharge
HotHot Springs, VirginiaSprings, Virginia
• Average Air Temp. = ~52oF • Average Water Temp = ~106oF• How Far Down to Raise Water ~54oF • ~54oF / (48oF/mi) = 1.1 mile deep• Water Must Rise to Surface Rapidly,
or It Will CoolCool on Way to Surface
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
RechargeRecharge
![Page 9: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
GeothermalGeothermalHeatingHeating
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
![Page 10: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
Nasty-Smelling,Hard, Warm Spring
Geology of White SulphurSprings, WV
Fault
SulphurSulphur--Rich Black Shale
Rich Black ShaleLimestoneLimestone
$$$$
![Page 11: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Karst & Caves
The Rock OrganOrgan Cave,
Greenbrier Co., WV
Carbonate Dissolution CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 =
CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca2+ + 2 HCO3
-
(Dissolved Ions)
Conditions Favoring Karst:
1. Lithology
>60 % calcite, best if > 90 % calcite
Best If Massive, Xline, Hard, Pure Limestone
Shale in Thin Bedded Limestone = Ground-water Flow Barrier
Rock Needs Strength to Support Karst Features
![Page 12: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Conditions Favoring Karst:
1. Lithology
2. Available relief:permits vertical drainage component
3. Well-developed bedding or fractures
Conditions Favoring Karst:
1. Lithology
2. Available relief
3. Well-developed bedding or fractures
4. >100m unit thickness
5. Humid, warm climatehigh CO2 content (vegetation decomposition) rapid reactions (kinetics)
Typical Limestone Outcrops in Karst Landscape
![Page 13: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/
ch_l/gif/L082.GIF
Variable Depth to
Bedrock & Well
Prospects
Sinkhole (Doline) near Mammoth Cave NP, KY
Trout Pond: Sinkhole Exposed in Hardy Co., WV during August 2002
Pre-Draining vs. Post-Draining
Photo: Lee Avery, WVGESUSFS Photo
Water Levels Dropped Several ft/day ~ 3 to 5 August 2002
![Page 14: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Blue Ridge
FoothillsKarst
Elevator!
Depth to Bedrock may be >200 m
http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/
ch_l/gif/L081.GIF
Grote, T.G., 2006, WVU PhD
Qaf2 Qaf1
Pit 3Pit 2
Pit 1
Cumberland Valley Sequence carbonate rocks
Chi
lhow
ee G
roup
met
ased
imen
tary
roc
ks
colluvium
karst featurescarbonate residuum
Qaf3
West East
Qaf2 Qaf1
Pit 3Pit 2
Pit 1
Cumberland Valley Sequence carbonate rocks
Chi
lhow
ee G
roup
met
ased
imen
tary
roc
ks
colluvium
karst featurescarbonate residuum
Qaf3
West East
Florida Aquifer
Miller, James A., 1990, GROUND WATER ATLAS of the UNITED STATES: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina,USGS HA 730-G
capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/ ch_g/G-text6.html
![Page 15: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Doline = Sinkhole near
Echo River Spring, FL
http://www.aristov.com/photo/natu/mamc/sinkhole.htm
Florida Sinkholes
http://www.gcn.ou.edu/~jahern/dynamic/groundwater/groundw
ater.html
Raders Valley, Greenbrier Co., WVa
![Page 16: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rders Valley Greenbrier Co, WV Detail
Clastic
Rx
Where are Carbonate Rx? Where are Clastic Rx?
Winterpark, Florida Sinkhole Swallows Porsche Dealership
Miller, 1990,USGS HA 730-G
![Page 17: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Not for Web Reproduction
Guatemala City Sinkhole, 23 Feb 2007
LLORCA, JUAN CARLOS, Associated Press http://www.ordena.com/digg/sinkhole.html
Groundwater, Karst, and
Caves
LLORCA, JUAN CARLOS, Associated Press http://www.ordena.com/digg/sinkhole.html
Guatemala City Sinkhole, 2007
Not for Web Reproduction
Tower Karst & Karren - China
http://www.gcn.ou.edu/~jahern/dynamic/groundwater/groundwater.html
![Page 18: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tower Karst - China
Cave Passages
• Record History of Cave Development
Styx River Resurgence Mammoth Cave NP, KY
![Page 19: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
River Resurgence in Wyoming
http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/ch_l/gif/L083.GIF
Break Down, Mammoth Cave
![Page 20: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mammoth Cave Elliptical Tube
http://www.gcn.ou.edu/~jahern/dynamic/groundwater/groundwater.html
Buckeye Cave, Greenbrier Co., WV, Greg Springer WebsiteElliptical Tube Partly Filled with Alluvial Sediments
Photo © 2001 by Ed McCarthy
& Carl Samples.
Vadose Tube: Looking Down, Mammoth Cave
![Page 21: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vadose Tube: Looking Up, Mammoth Cave
Mammoth Cave Web Sites• http://www.iddr.ie.psu.edu/~wdm8/trips/mammoth/mammoth1.html• http://www.earthwatch.org/p/Pcrothers.GIF
Cass Cave,photo by Tom Hay
VadoseCanyon
Leads into PhreaticTube
![Page 22: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Carbonate Dissolution CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 =
CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca2+ + 2 HCO3
-
(Dissolved Ions)
Carbonate Precipitation Ca2+ + 2 HCO3
- = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Travertine, Tufa, Marl
Falling Spring Marl-Travertine Deposit, Rt. 220, Near Covington,
Virginia
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Photo
www.mme.state.va.us/Dmr/GALLERY/historic/
Images/BWMORP/bwcov.jpg
![Page 23: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Falling Spring Marl-Travertine Deposit, Rt. 220, Near Covington,
Virginia
S. Kite Photo
http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/stalmite/stalmite.
html
Stalactites and Stalagmites
Travertine Precipitation
Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- =
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Degassingof CO2
![Page 24: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stalactites
• Ornamentation
Popcorn
• Ornamentation
Popcorn
Aragonite Xls• Ornamentation
![Page 25: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stalagmites
Columns
Columns
![Page 26: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Rim Stone
Rim Stone, Stalactites, Stalagmites, Columns
• Ornamentation
Speleothem Web Sites:• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/sodastw/sodastw.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/spar/spar.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/rimstone/rimstone.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/aragonit/aragonit.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/staltite/staltite.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/shield/shield.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/popcorn/popcorn.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/clouds/clouds.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/stalmite/stalmite.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/column/column.html• http://www.goodearth.com/virtcave/shelfst/shelf.html
![Page 27: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rock Shelter in Baja
Claifornia
Meadowcroft Rock Shelter,
Avella, PA
http://members.delphi.com/MCCONAUGHY/web/Meadowcroft/meadcr07.htm
April 1975 photo by Mark McConaughy
Meadowcroft Rock Shelter TodayWQED Pittsburgh History Series
http://www.wqed.org/erc/pghist/units/WPAhist/wpa1.html
![Page 28: Ground-Water Flow through Porous Mediumpages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/Geo321Lect16_2007GWKarst.pdfGround-Water Flow through Porous Medium Water Wells ... 100 ft of horizontal distance. ...](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00e8ef7f8b9af1148d5bad/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Meadowcroft Rock Shelter Roof-Fall BreakdownWQED Pittsburgh History Series
http://www.wqed.org/erc/pghist/units/WPAhist/wpa1.html
Meadowcroft Rock ShelterStratigraphy
Sediment Sources:Rock Fall BlocksGrain Fall “Rain”Slopewash from AboveColluvium from MarginsAnthropogenic Deposits
For More on Meadowcroft and other Important Archeological Sites:
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/archaeology/sites/northamerica/meadowcroft.html