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Transcript of Ground Source Heat Pumps installation within Permeable Pavement Systems for wastewater quality...
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008 Permeable Pavement Systems with integrated Ground Source Heating
Pumps
Piotr Grabowiecki
Contents
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
Introduction- Sustainable Drainage Systems- Permeable Pavement Systems- Research Objectives
Materials and Methods- Construction of Systems- Experimental Setup- Inside Rig- Outside Rig- Schematic Layout- Operational Conditions- Analytical Methods
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Contents
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
Results- Water Quality- Carbon Dioxide Collection Points- Carbon Dioxide- Microbiology- Summary Statistics (Inside Rig)- Summary Statistics (Outside Rig)
Discussion
Conclusions
Future Research
Acknowledgements
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Sustainable Drainage Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
Traditional systems capture storm runoff, and subsequently distribute it to nearby watercourses orsewer systems.
Some of these expensive systems have becomeineffective and inefficient.
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Sustainable Drainage Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Source: http://www.floodline.gov.uk
Introduction:Sustainable Drainage Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
Instead of focussing on ‘end-of-pipe’ treatment, sustainable (urban) drainage systems (SUDS) challenge the traditional approach of wastewater treatment by optimising the resource utilisation and development of novel and more productive ‘at source’ technologies.
Apart from swales, filter strips, ponds and wetlands, permeable pavement systems (PPS) can be used.
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Permeable Pavement Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
• Reduce runoff
• Recharge groundwater
• Save water by recycling
• Prevent against water pollution
• Reduce suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia concentrations
• Low requirement for maintenanceCOVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Permeable Pavement Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
• Are effective in-situ bioreactors
• Can be designed as tanked or infiltration systems
• Hydrocarbon decomposition and low evaporation, if composite geotextiles are applied
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Permeable Pavement Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 20082007
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Introduction:Ground Source Heating Pumps
IIE Internal Seminar
January 20082007
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Source: http://www.waterfurnace.com
Introduction:Research Objectives
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• To evaluate the efficiency of PPS with novel Ground Source Heating Pumps (GSHP)
• To assess the potential transfer of pathogens
• To characterise microbial activities under different temperature patterns
• To assess the water quality within different tanked systems
• To prepare Health and Safety, and Risk Assessment guidelines
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Systems were designed and constructed in spring 2006
• One rig containing six experimental systems outside
• One rig containing six experimental systems inside
• Both mirror each other; therefore, the comparison is effective and scientifically sound
• Coolers or heaters provide operational control
• One Institution of Civil Engineers briefing article and one journal review paper (Building and Environment) covering the subject have already been published.
Materials and Methods:Construction of Systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods:Experimental Setup
Inside rig Outside rig
Feature 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Inbitex composite √ √ √ √ √ √
Inbitex geotextile √ √ √ √ √ √
Cooling or heating √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Animal feaces √ √ √ √
Air thermometers √ √ √ √ √ √
Vessel thermometers √ √ √ √
Carbon dioxide sampling
√ √ √ √
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods: Inside Rig
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods: Outside Rig
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods:Schematic Layout
pump
Titan cooler
bin water level
bin sub-basebin
heater
paving blocks
tubing coils
vessel
mains 230 V
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods:Operational Conditions
• Systems are operating 24/7
• Two main patterns of operation for the first year:
Heating PPS during winter season
Cooling PPS during summer season
For the second year, these patterns will be reversed (i.e. cooling during winter and heating during summer)
• Water circulation provides adequate temperature
distribution
• All systems are tanked and the flow regime simulation
is performed manually.
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Materials and Methods:Operational Conditions
• Main pollutants used:
Gully pot liquor – simulates urban runoff
Animal faeces (i.e. dog droppings) – main pathogen source
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3),
ammonia-nitrogen (NH4) and
ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO4) are analysed
using a flow injection analyser.
• Standard water quality indicators: total dissolved solids
(TDS), SS, BOD, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen
(DO) and the redox potential.
• Microbes are analysed for Salonellae, Enterococci and
total heterotrophic bacteria using plate count
techniques.
Materials and Methods:Analytical Methods
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Temperature is monitored with various thermometers
installed within the system.
Data is being analysed using standard methods including MS Excel, SPSS, Self Organising Maps and Minitab.
Materials and Methods:Analytical Methods
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results: Water Quality
0
50
100
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450
500
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Mar-07
Am
mo
nia-
nitr
og
en, i
nflo
ws
(mg
/l)
Am
mo
nia-
nitr
og
en, s
yste
ms
(mg
/l)
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
IN
IN+P
Ammonia-nitrate for the inside and outside systems
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results: Water QualityOrtophosphate-phosphorus for the inside and outside systems
0
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15
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25
30
35
40
0.0
0.5
1.0
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2.0
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Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Mar-07
Ort
ho-p
hosp
hate
-p
hosp
horu
s, in
flo
ws
(mg
/l)
Ort
ho-p
hosp
hate
-p
hosp
horu
s, s
yste
ms
(mg
/l)
Date
123456ININ+P
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
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1.0
1.2
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1.8
Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07
Ort
ho
-ph
os
ph
ate
-ph
osph
oru
s, in
flow
s (m
g/l
)
Ort
ho
-ho
sp
ha
te-p
ho
spho
rus,
sy
ste
ms
(m
g/l
)
Date
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IN
IN+P
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results: Water QualityNitrate-nitrogen for the inside and outside systems
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
May-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Jan-07 Mar-07 Apr-07
Nitr
ate-
nitr
og
en (
mg
/l)
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
IN
IN+P
0
1
2
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4
5
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Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07
Nit
rate
-nit
rog
en
(mg/
l)
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
IN
IN+P
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
upper part of lowersub-base (0.1-6.3 cm
aggregates)
lower part of lowersub-base
(0.1-6.3 cm aggregates)
upper sub-base(0.5-2 cm aggregates)
0.5 cm clean stone 5 cm width
25 cm width
10 cm width
25 cm width
Results:Carbon Dioxide Collection Points
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results: Carbon DioxideCarbon dioxide for the inside and outside systems
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07
Ca
rbo
n d
iox
ide
(p
pm)
Date
Point 1Point 2Point 3Point 4Point 5Point 6Point 7Point 8Air
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
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Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07
Ca
rbo
n d
iox
ide
(p
pm)
Date
Point 9Point 10Point 11Point 12Point 13Point 14Point 15Point 16Air
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results: Microbiology
Microbiology: colony forming units (CFU) per 100ml of the samlpe
Rig location
CFU per 100 ml Bin number 1 2 3 4
Inside Shigellae; Salmonellae 498 441 260 195 Enterococci 173 215 68 578 Total Heterotrophs 121000 56750 38500 74000 Outside Shigellae; Salmonellae 8931 368 598 371 Enterococci 704 251 370 198 Total Heterotrophs 51500 100833 180000 129800 Rig location
CFU per 100 ml Bin number Inflow 5 6 - P + P
Inside Shigellae; Salmonellae 198 68 636 920 Enterococci 59 185 883 3900 Total Heterotrophs 63500 78750 101250 7605000 Outside Shigellae; Salmonellae 708 485 160 78 Enterococci 95 98 178 598 Total Heterotrophs 77667 76833 171750 378250
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results:Summary Statistics (Inside System)
Variable Statistics Bin numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6
BOD (mg/l)
Mean 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 SD 0.30 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.32 0.30
SS (mg/l)
Mean 166.7 199.0 260.0 131.1 138.2 174.2 SD 179.98 269.09 256.73 136.42 166.32 179.77
TDS (mg/l)
Mean 202 213 187 217 201 202 SD 19.0 20.1 29.9 12.8 17.5 29.8
DO (mg/l)
Mean 5.0 5.3 6.5 5.4 4.6 5.6 SD 1.52 1.71 2.20 1.34 1.38 2.08
pH (-) Mean 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5 SD 0.26 0.21 0.26 0.28 0.21 0.22
Cond (S)
Mean 403 428 374 435 403 416 SD 38.4 40.7 59.5 25.4 35.1 80.4
AN (mg/l)
Mean 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.11 SD 0.219 0.146 0.123 0.154 0.102 0.114
NN (mg/l)
Mean 3.2 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.4 2.2 SD 3.69 1.35 3.10 1.35 0.49 2.78
OPP (mg/l)
Mean 0.89 0.48 0.47 0.82 0.43 0.47 SD 0.460 0.481 0.491 0.559 0.549 0.502
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Results:Summary Statistics (Outside System)
Variable Statistics Bin numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6
BOD (mg/l)
Mean 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 SD 1.72 0.30 0.65 0.30 0.65 0.67
SS (mg/l)
Mean 90.0 77.3 130.0 71.3 96.0 42.0 SD 112.03 146.70 275.56 97.02 208.44 78.00
TDS (mg/l)
Mean 202 213 187 217 201 202 SD 19.0 20.1 29.9 12.8 17.5 29.8
DO (mg/l)
Mean 5.1 6.1 6.8 5.5 6.4 7.3 SD 1.15 0.90 1.17 0.87 0.81 1.41
pH (-) Mean 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5 SD 0.28 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.15
Cond (S)
Mean 403 428 374 435 403 416 SD 38.4 40.7 59.5 25.4 35.1 80.4
AN (mg/l)
Mean 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 SD 0.103 0.027 0.022 0.036 0.020 0.027
NN (mg/l)
Mean 1.7 0.3 2.6 1.0 0.7 1.8 SD 2.27 0.25 1.26 1.56 0.72 0.99
OPP (mg/l)
Mean 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.60 0.14 0.23 SD 0.428 0.336 0.253 0.298 0.120 0.236
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Discussion
Biological Oxygen Demand:
Values vary between 0.3 – 1.1 mg/l, very satisfactory
result as for the bottom of the system level with the
reduction of inflow values up to 99%
Suspended Solids:
High variability between outside and inside systems, with
maximum standard deviation of 275.56 mg/l.
Result of sediment pump out while sample collection –
sum of all acumulated elements and compounds
Varied properties of gully pot mixture.
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Discussion
Nitrate Nitrogen:
Maximum values of 3.2 and 2.7 mg/l for inside system and
2.6 mg/l for outside system, caused by either system
imperfections or accumulation of nitrate form ammonia
transformation.
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Ortho-phosphate-phosphorus removal rate of 95%
• The rate of release is between 50 and 70% lower
than the European Union Waste Water Treatment
Directive 97/271/EEC requirements
• Ammonia-nitrate removal rates are similar to ortho-
phosphate-phosphorus rates
• Increase of nitrate-nitrogen within the systems, but
still lower concentrations if compared to EU WWTD –
(approximately 40%)
• Carbon dioxide values clearly show increased
microbial activity during warm seasons
Conclusions
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Microbial pathogenic organisms may be found
because of higher temperatures throughout the year.
• Outside rigs have much better removal rate
performances than the controlled ones
Conclusions
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Introduction of the second year switching pattern
• Statistical analysis and modelling
• Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sediment
analysis for more accurate representation of
micro-organisms within the systems
• Determination of Escherichia coli
• Temperature distribution modelling within
PPS with GSHP installation (potentially another PhD
project)
Future Research
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
• Brian Garrat, Peter Jones and Steven Spikes
(Hanson Formpave)
• The University of Edinburgh
• Coventry University
• Various Final Year Project students and occasional
visitors
Acknowledgements
IIE Internal Seminar
January 2008
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY
Thank You!