GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND THE SURVEYOR€¦ · Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical...
Transcript of GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND THE SURVEYOR€¦ · Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical...
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GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
AND THE SURVEYORw/ Case Studies
Joseph D. Fenicle, PS
Ohio & Michigan Professional Surveyor
Office of the Fulton County EngineerWauseon, Ohio
Angular By Nature, LLCAdrian, MI
POB - Point of Beginning – April 2009 Article
POB - Point of Beginning – April 2009 Article
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POB - Point of Beginning – April 2009 Article
GPR
Michael Friedhoff, Project Geologist
Mannik Smith Group, Inc.
Canton, MI
John Kessinger, Regional Director
Ground Penetrating Radar Systems, Inc.
Sylvania, OH
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What is GPR?
“GPR works by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material and
recording the strength and the time required for the return of any
reflected signal. A series of pulses over a single area make up
what is called a scan. Reflections are produced whenever the
energy pulse enters into a material with different electrical
conduction properties or dielectric permittivity from the material it
left.”
http://www.geophysical.com/whatisgpr.htm
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
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What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
Radiography uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the body’s internal structures.
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What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
What GPR is not!
►Metal Detector
Metal Detectors detect the
presence of metal nearby.
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
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What GPR is not!
►Gradiometer
A gradiometer is an instrument for
measuring the gradient of an
energy field, especially the
horizontal gradient of the earth’s
gravitational magnetic field.
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
What GPR is not!
►Acoustic Technology
Acoustic Technology is the
science of using sound to
determine the distance and
direction of its source.
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What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
What GPR is not!
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
According to Optical
Ranging “…the
technology is based on
the optimization of data
from many sensors
against a physical
model of the magnetic
field expected from a
utility line.”
What GPR is not!
►Radiography (X-Ray Technology)
►Metal Detector
►Gradiometer
►Acoustic Technology
►New Technology (i.e. Spar Utility Locator)
►Curb Box Charger
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What GPR is not!
►Curb Box Charger
The Curb Box Charger
simply puts a magnetic
charge on ferrous metal
objects.
How Does GPR Work?
►Antenna
►Control Unit
►Power Supply
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How Does GPR Work?
►Antenna
“The antenna receives the electrical pulse produced by the control
unit, amplifies it and transmits it into the ground or other medium at
a particular frequency. Antenna frequency is one major factor in
depth penetration. The higher the frequency of the antenna, the
shallower into the ground it will penetrate. A higher frequency
antenna will also ‘see’ smaller targets. Antenna choice is one of
the most important factors in survey design”
http://www.geophysical.com/whatisgpr.htm
How Does GPR Work?
►Control Unit
“The control unit contains the electronics which triggers the pulse
of radar energy that the antenna sends into the ground. It also has
a built-in computer and hard disk/solid state memory to store data
for examination after fieldwork.”
http://www.geophysical.com/whatisgpr.htm
How Does GPR Work?
►Power Supply
“…GPR equipment can be run with a variety of power supplies
ranging from small rechargeable batteries to vehicle batteries and
normal 110/220-volt. Connectors and adapters are available for
each power source type.”
http://www.geophysical.com/whatisgpr.htm
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How Does GPR Work?
“GPR operates much like a sophisticated and superexpensive fish finder”.
POB – April 2009
How Does GPR Work?
How Deep Does GPR Work?
http://www.usradar.com/how-it-works.shtml
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How Deep Does GPR Work?
How Deep Does GPR Work?
How Deep Does GPR Work?
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How Deep Does GPR Work?
How Deep Does GPR Work?
How Deep Does GPR Work?
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How Deep Does GPR Work?
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that is often mentioned in news commentaries for its use in locating unmarked graves, clandestine burials and tunnels, terrorism and military hazards, and disaster victims. However, the effectiveness of GPR in these activities is highly site-specific and soil dependent. A common concern of GPR service providers is whether or not GPR will be able to achieve the desired depth of penetration in the soils of an assignment area. In many soils, high rates of signal attenuation severely restrict penetration depths and limit the suitability of GPR for a large number of applications. Knowledge of the probable penetration depth and relative suitability of soils can help service providers assess the appropriateness of using GPR and the likelihood of achieving acceptable results. Soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) databases have been used to develop thematic maps showing, at different scales and levelsof resolution, the relative suitability of soils for many GPR applications.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/geo/?cid=nrcs142p2_053622
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Why Use GPR?
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Why Use GPR?
Why Use GPR(for surveying)?
WHAT LIES BENEATH
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Why Use GPR(for surveying)?
Why Use GPR(for surveying)?
“When a corner is positioned in accordance with the lost corner theory of proportioning, the surveyor must be convinced that no future surveyor or court will be able to locate the original corner in a different place. Proportionate measurement is always a rule of last resort.”
Walt Robillard, et al. Brown’s Boundary Control & Legal Principles
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B. Description of corner evidence found and/or method applied in restoring or re-establishing corner.
October 11, I traversed to tie together existing monumentation in 4 cardinal directions from this
corner from A-12, T5S, R6E to M-3, T6S, R5E on the Range Line, as well as L-13, T5S, R5W and
B-1, T6S, R6E. The Baldwin survey notes 3 plow points and 2 stones between A-1 and A-3.
Warnke recovered the 3 plow points in 1994. Using the angles and chainage of the Baldwin
survey with the recovered points, I proportioned several positions to look for the stone at this
corner, as well as the stone ¼ mile south. With Glenn Richard’s help, we drilled thru the
pavement in approximately 30 locations to a depth of 18” and probed to about 40”. We also
checked on the occupied line ¼ mile south of this corner in the middle of the pavement. We also
checked around the Marino corner. We did not find any evidence worthy of proceeding to
excavate thru the asphalt. Using the data I obtained, as well as traverse work done by Richard
and Warnke in Section 6, T6S, R6E, and monumentation found by Warnke from the 1890 Baldwin
survey, it is clear there are inconsistencies between the Baldwin survey, the road survey, and
measured distances between found monumentation and this corner is considered lost. The
position determined by double proportionate measurement would best fit the pipe as set by Glenn
Richard in 1974. December 1, 2011 at 2” depth, found a 1” O.D. iron pipe, being 18 ½” in length.
Found no further evidence. I accept the position of the iron pipe as set by Richard in 1974 as the
best available evidence of the position of the original corner. Set a 5/8” by 36” rebar in place of
the pipe in a set monument box.
Courtesy of:
Consumers Energy, Jackson, MI - Phil Norder, PS
GPR Case Studies
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Thank You - Questions