Ground Improvement Techniques
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Transcript of Ground Improvement Techniques
A.S.NeneProfessor of Civil Engineering (Retd) VNIT Nagpur, India
RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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Introduction - Shilpashashtra Engineering sciences were very advanced in India in ancient period (5000 BC to 1500 AD). More than thousand texts can be mentioned on the various engineering sciences
Many references are available in ancient Indianliterature (Vedas, Puranas, and Shilpa-Samhitas etc).
Most of the practices mentioned in thesereferences are scientific and relevant to modern engineering.RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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The word Shilpa is derived from words Sheel samadhou ,which mean any thing that pleases the mind
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Terms and terminology
. Shilpashashtra - Science which deals with
creation of a Shilpa. . Shilpa Samhita Compilation (of rules and procedures) related to Shilpashastra. Sthapati One who has complete knowledge of Shilpa Samhita (An engineer or architect).
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Extent of Shilpa3 Parts- (Khanda)
A Dhatu -Materials
B Sadhana - Transport
C Vastu -Habitat
10. Yantra Machines
1.Krushi Biological Sciences
4.Rath Surface
5.Nau Water
6.Agniyan Air / space
7.Veshma Housing
2.Jala Water Resources
8.Prakar Forts/ Castles
3.Khani Mining & Metallurgy
9.Nagar Rachana Town Planning
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Vidya- Vidya means a particular technique. One must have both theoretical and practical knowledge of that subject. Kala - Kala means an art which can be acquired by practice and observation. Even a handicapped person can be expert in a particular art without any theoretical knowledge.
There are 32 Vidyas and 64 Kalas related to
Shilpashashtra.RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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Relevant Vidya & KalasVidya Kalas 8.Bhasmikaran 27. Estikadibhajan- Making of (Incineration) bricks, roof tiles etc 48. Mrudsadhan- Collection of soils for a specific purpose 53. Mrudkarm- Soil conditioning
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GROUND IMPROVEMENT
As a leather is stretched by driving nails, the ground was stabilized (by Gods) with gravels and boulders.Shatapatha Brahman, Chapter 21RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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The marshy land was stabilized by gods using sands Kapisamhita, 6.7
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If ground is waterlogged, then the water should be drained out by digging drains parallel to north-east and
refilling the trenches by brickbats and stones so thatexcess water drains out.
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SOIL STABILIZATIONFunctions of soil plasticizers
Increase the workability with minimum water content Increase the water repellent property Increase the strength by increasing the density. Impart glazing to pottery products.RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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Ancient plasticizers can be grouped as
Extracts of Herbs, Fruits and tree barks Trifala- Aamla, Hirda and Behada1 Wood apple2, Holy tree fruit3 Barks- Khadir4, Arjun trees
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Natural fibers
Cotton, coir, wool, silk cotton or jute
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Natural polymersCow Dung, Jaggaery, Coconut water, Eggs, Green Algae, rice husk, burnt coconut shell
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Brick making
Bricks of Lothal -1500 BC
Village Sirpur (chhattisgarh) 5th century AD.
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Foundry soils for metal castingThe Dhokra Technique of the tribal artists of Bastar
1. The first layer, the closest to the wax sculpture, is the river bed soil, water and coal powder applied with brush.2. A paste of red soil with rice husk is applied to first dry solidified layer This is applied with hands. 3.A final coating of rice husk, sand and clay is applied to the entire surface of the piece.
.
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Idols - Mud plasterThis constancy is determined by rolling the clay mass on the palms. When the lines of palm are clearly impressed on the clay mass the constancy is proper.
Liquidity index for this consistency (Palm line limit) corresponds to 15 to 20 %RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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CASE STUDIESA. Gadhi soils white soilThe main constituents are local soil, fine sand, cow dung, quick lime, extracts of Belphal , fibers of jute and water for mixing. The mixture is allowed to mature for a minimum period of 30 days and kneaded everyday.RAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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2. Mud flooring.The floors of Padmanabhapurum palace (1601 A.D) in Kerala were made of a material that is unique blend of burnt coconut shells, quick lime, palm toddy, the whites of eggs and extracts of certain barks of trees and nuts.
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Reasons for loss of ancient technical literature Natural - Limited life of the writing materials, Language Most of the texts were in Sanskrit. Secrecy The knowledge was encrypted Foreign aggression Improper interpretation Neglect by modern engineers Religion misconception Irrelevance Absence of technical dataRAGIT- Feb.2011- Roorkee -India
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CONCLUSIONS1. Ancient Indian engineers and artisans had deep knowledge about ground improvement and stabilization techniques. 2. Many of the ancient Indian techniques may not be relevant as modern methods and materials are more cost effective. But one must appreciate the ancient Indian knowledge which was centauries ahead of that available in rest of the world. 3. There is a need to preserve this treasure of ancient Indian traditions.
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This paper is based on references from the vast collection of rare literature on Shilpasamhita, compiled by Late Shri G.G.Joshi, Nagpur
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