GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1

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GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1CRANIAL NERVES # 1

MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 99THTH EDITION, CHAPTER # 14 EDITION, CHAPTER # 14

ExerciseExercise # #20

PagePage ## 249249

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NOTE:NOTE:

THIS IS A THIS IS A STUDY GUIDESTUDY GUIDE, , NOTNOT AN AN ALLALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. INCLUSIVE REVIEW.

THERE THERE MIGHT BEMIGHT BE THINGS THINGS NOT COVEREDNOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT GUIDE THAT MIGHT BEMIGHT BE ASKEDASKED IN YOUR IN YOUR PRACTICUMSPRACTICUMS / /

QUIZZESQUIZZES..

STUDENTSSTUDENTS ARE ARE RESPONSIBLERESPONSIBLE FOR FOR READINGREADING THEIR THEIR TEXBOOKTEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE DURING THE LABORATORY PERIODLABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE , AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUSSYLLABUS

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

– Identifying the major regions of the brain and Identifying the major regions of the brain and state their function. state their function.

– Identifying the meninges. Identifying the meninges. – Locating and naming selected cranial nerves. Locating and naming selected cranial nerves.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)- (CNS)- BRAIN & SPINAL CORDBRAIN & SPINAL CORD PERIPFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMPERIPFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)- (PNS)- NERVES & ASSOCITEDNERVES & ASSOCITED GANGLIAGANGLIA CEREBRAL HEMIPHERESCEREBRAL HEMIPHERES- 2 HALF OF THE CEREBEUM, RIGHT & LEFT- 2 HALF OF THE CEREBEUM, RIGHT & LEFT DIVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FISSUREDIVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FISSURE GYRIGYRI (PLURAL)- THICK AREAS(PLURAL)- THICK AREAS GYRUSGYRUS- (SINGULAR)- FOLDS- (SINGULAR)- FOLDS PRECENTRAL GYRUSPRECENTRAL GYRUS POSTCENTRAL GYRUSPOSTCENTRAL GYRUS FISSURESFISSURES:: DEEP GROOVES DEEP GROOVES SULCISULCI- SHALLOW GROOVES SEPARATING GYRI- SHALLOW GROOVES SEPARATING GYRI SULCY- PLURALSULCY- PLURAL SULCUS- SINGULARSULCUS- SINGULAR LONGITUDINAL FISSURELONGITUDINAL FISSURE- IT SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT- IT SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT HEMISPHERESHEMISPHERES CENTRAL SULCUSCENTRAL SULCUS-- IT DIVIDES THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERS IN IT DIVIDES THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERS IN ANTERIOR & POSTERIORANTERIOR & POSTERIOR

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LATERAL SULCUSLATERAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES - IT SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES FROM TEMPORAL LOBEFROM TEMPORAL LOBE PARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUSPARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBE - IT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBE FROM OCCIPITAL LOBEFROM OCCIPITAL LOBE FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE- FROM CENTRAL SULCUS ANTERIORLY- FROM CENTRAL SULCUS ANTERIORLY PREFRONTAL CORTEXPREFRONTAL CORTEX- MOST ANTERIOR PART OF THE FRONTAL LOBE - MOST ANTERIOR PART OF THE FRONTAL LOBE

F- CENTER OF THE INTELECT FOR RAZONALIZATIONF- CENTER OF THE INTELECT FOR RAZONALIZATION TEMPORAL LOBETEMPORAL LOBE- UNDER THE TEMPORAL BONES UNDER THE - UNDER THE TEMPORAL BONES UNDER THE LATERAL SULCUSLATERAL SULCUS PARIETAL LOBEPARIETAL LOBE- UNDER THE PARIETAL BONES & BEHIND THE - UNDER THE PARIETAL BONES & BEHIND THE FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBEOCCIPITAL LOBE- POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM - POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM UNDER OCCIPITAL BONEUNDER OCCIPITAL BONE

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PRE CENTRAL GYRUSPRE CENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS BEFORE THE CENTRAL SULCUS- GYRUS BEFORE THE CENTRAL SULCUS (ORANGE IN MODEL)(ORANGE IN MODEL) IT CONTEINS IT CONTEINS THE PRIMARY MOTOR AREATHE PRIMARY MOTOR AREA- - F- TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTF- TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT POSTCENTRAL GYRUSPOSTCENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS AFTER THE CENTRAL SULCUS- GYRUS AFTER THE CENTRAL SULCUS (LAVANDER IN MODEL)(LAVANDER IN MODEL) IT CONTEIS IT CONTEIS THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREATHE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA F- TO RECEIVE SENSORY INFO FROM GENERALF- TO RECEIVE SENSORY INFO FROM GENERAL SENSORY RECEPTORS EX- TOUCH, PAIN, TEMPSENSORY RECEPTORS EX- TOUCH, PAIN, TEMP SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREASOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA- - BEHIND THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS (LAVANDER)BEHIND THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS (LAVANDER) F- TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATIONF- TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION BROCA’S AREABROCA’S AREA- CONTEIS - CONTEIS THE SPEECH CENTERTHE SPEECH CENTER F- TO CONTROL MUSCLES OF SPEECHF- TO CONTROL MUSCLES OF SPEECH

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TURN THE MODEL OVERTURN THE MODEL OVER

OLFACTORY BULBSOLFACTORY BULBS- THE BULBS TO THE FRONT- THE BULBS TO THE FRONT F- CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELLF- CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL OLFACTORY TRACSOLFACTORY TRACS – WHERE THE BULB ARE ATTACHED TO – WHERE THE BULB ARE ATTACHED TO

F- TO CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELLF- TO CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL OPTIC CHIASMAOPTIC CHIASMA- WHERE THE OPTIC NERVES CROSS (IN THE MIDDLE) - WHERE THE OPTIC NERVES CROSS (IN THE MIDDLE)

OPTIC TRACTSOPTIC TRACTS- FROM OPTIC NERVES BACK TO THE BRAIN- FROM OPTIC NERVES BACK TO THE BRAIN F- TO CARRY VISUAL INFORMATIONF- TO CARRY VISUAL INFORMATION PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND ( (HYPOFISISHYPOFISIS)- )- F- TO PRODUCE MANY HORMONESF- TO PRODUCE MANY HORMONES MAMiILARY BODIESMAMiILARY BODIES- (ORANGE & WHITE IN MODEL)- (ORANGE & WHITE IN MODEL) F-TO CARRY SMELL IMPULSEF-TO CARRY SMELL IMPULSE

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OPEN THE BRAIN IN HALFOPEN THE BRAIN IN HALF

CEREBRAL PEDUNCLESCEREBRAL PEDUNCLES- - POSTERIOR PART OF THE PONSPOSTERIOR PART OF THE PONS F- TO CARRY MOTOR INFORMATIONF- TO CARRY MOTOR INFORMATION PONSPONS- CONNECTS THE CEREBRUM WITH THE CEREBELUM- CONNECTS THE CEREBRUM WITH THE CEREBELUM F-RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO CEREBELLUM & THALAMUSF-RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO CEREBELLUM & THALAMUS AND CONTAIN BREATHING CENTERAND CONTAIN BREATHING CENTER SUBCONSCIOUS SOMATIC & VISCERAL MOTOR CENTERSSUBCONSCIOUS SOMATIC & VISCERAL MOTOR CENTERS MEDULA OBLONGATAMEDULA OBLONGATA-- F- RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO THALAMUS & BRAIN STEM F- RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO THALAMUS & BRAIN STEM

TO CONTROL VITAL SIGNSTO CONTROL VITAL SIGNS (BLOOD PRESSURE, (BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE)HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE)

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Corpora cuadrigeminaCorpora cuadrigemina-- 2 superior colliculies2 superior colliculies-- F- to process visual sensation for visual reflex F- to process visual sensation for visual reflex

To control reflex mov of eyes, head & neckTo control reflex mov of eyes, head & neck 2 inferior colliculies2 inferior colliculies-- F- to process auditory sensation for auditory reflex F- to process auditory sensation for auditory reflex

To control reflex mov of head, neck, & To control reflex mov of head, neck, & trunk (loud voice)trunk (loud voice) Corpus callosumCorpus callosum-- F-to carry info between cerebral hemispheresF-to carry info between cerebral hemispheres FornixFornix- tracts of white matter that connects limbic system - tracts of white matter that connects limbic system

Septum pellucidumSeptum pellucidum- it separates the lateral Ventricles (1 & 2)- it separates the lateral Ventricles (1 & 2) ThalamusThalamus- from anterior commisure to pineal gland- from anterior commisure to pineal gland F- relays & processing centers for sensory informationF- relays & processing centers for sensory information Intermediate massIntermediate mass-(brown model); -(brown model); F- to connect both sides of the thalamus F- to connect both sides of the thalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus- from superior to the optic - from superior to the optic chiasm to posterior margin of mammillary bodieschiasm to posterior margin of mammillary bodies F- to control emotions- feeding, hunger & thirst centers F- to control emotions- feeding, hunger & thirst centers

Autonomic f-heart rate, blood pressure,Autonomic f-heart rate, blood pressure, Respiration & digestive functRespiration & digestive funct To secrete hormones (adh, oxytocine)To secrete hormones (adh, oxytocine) To control circadian rhythms To control circadian rhythms

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Epithalamus (pineal body- or gland)- F- to produce melatonin h Setting circadian rhythm Timming human sexual maturation Protects brain against free radicals Location- lies posterior portion of roof of 3rd ventricleCerebellum- Vermis- (narrow band of cortex along the middline) F- to separate right & left cerebellar hemispheres arbor vitae- white mater of cerebellum Function of cerebellum- adjust postural movement balance and equilibriumProgramming fine tuning movement to make movements smoo


THE CEREBELLUMTHE CEREBELLUM

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THE CEREBELLUM (ARBOR VITAE)THE CEREBELLUM (ARBOR VITAE)

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MENINGESMENINGES

MeninxMeninx= membrane: for protection= membrane: for protection Cranial meningesCranial meninges (From exrternal to internal)(From exrternal to internal) Dura materDura mater-- endosteal layerendosteal layer Dural sinusDural sinus Dura materDura mater- - meningeal layermeningeal layer Subdural spaceSubdural space Arachnoid materArachnoid mater Subarcnoid space contains csfSubarcnoid space contains csf Pia materPia mater-- for nourishment cerebral cortex for nourishment cerebral cortex

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CRANIAL MENINGES (CONTINUATION)CRANIAL MENINGES (CONTINUATION)

Dura materDura mater Falx cerebri-Falx cerebri- formed by dura mater along formed by dura mater along longitudinal fissurelongitudinal fissure F- to separate the cerebral hemispheresF- to separate the cerebral hemispheres Superior sagital sinus-Superior sagital sinus- venous sinus within the falx cerebri venous sinus within the falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli-Tentorium cerebelli- on top of the cerebellum on top of the cerebellum F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres from those of the F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres from those of the

cerebellumcerebellum

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VENTRICLES VENTRICLES

Function of the ventriclesFunction of the ventricles- to contain - to contain CSFCSF

Lateral ventriclesLateral ventricles (1 & 2) (1 & 2) 33rdrd ventricle ventricle Interventricular foramen- to connect lateral Interventricular foramen- to connect lateral ventricle with 3ventricle with 3rdrd ventricle ventricle Cerebral aqueduct- to connect 3Cerebral aqueduct- to connect 3rdrd ventricle ventricle with fourth ventriclewith fourth ventricle Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle Choroid plexus-Choroid plexus- function- it contains the function- it contains the ependimalependimal cells for production of cells for production of CSFCSF

CRANIAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVES I- I- olfactory nolfactory n- (not seen in charts, just in model)- (not seen in charts, just in model) F- special sensory, to carry smell impulseF- special sensory, to carry smell impulse II-II- optic noptic n- special sensory, to carry visual info- special sensory, to carry visual info IIIIII- - oculomotoroculomotor-motor-to control movement of the muscles of the -motor-to control movement of the muscles of the

eyeseyes IVIV--trocleartroclear-motor, eye movement (superior oblique muscles of the -motor, eye movement (superior oblique muscles of the

eyeseyes VV--trigeminaltrigeminal- (sensory & motor)- to face chewing muscles - (sensory & motor)- to face chewing muscles

VIVI--abducensabducens-motor- eye movement. Loc : pons & medulla-motor- eye movement. Loc : pons & medulla F- lateral rectus muscle of the eyesF- lateral rectus muscle of the eyes VIIVII- - facialfacial-(sensory & motor)--(sensory & motor)- F- muscles of facial expressionF- muscles of facial expression Carries motor info for faceCarries motor info for face

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VIIIVIII- - vestibulococlear nvestibulococlear n- special sensory- special sensory Vestibular branch- balance & equilibriumVestibular branch- balance & equilibrium Cochlear branch- hearingCochlear branch- hearing IXIX- - glosopharyngeal nglosopharyngeal n- sensory & motor-- sensory & motor- Head & neckHead & neck X-X- vagus n vagus n- sensory & motor-- sensory & motor- Organs in thorax & abdomenOrgans in thorax & abdomen XIXI--accessory naccessory n- motor-- motor- Neck, upper back, trapezius & sternocleidomastoid musclesNeck, upper back, trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles XIIXII- - hypoglossal nhypoglossal n- motor- tongue movement- motor- tongue movement

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OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

OLFACTORY FIBERS

OLFACTORY BULB

OLFACTORY TRACT

(chapter #17)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parasympathetic or craniosacral division- To maintain body under resting conditions

Preganglionic neuron: located in CNS, found in brain and sacral part of spinal cord (s2-s4) Pregaglionic fibers: from CNS to ganglia Intramural or terminal ganglion- contain ganglionic neurons postganglionic fibers: from ganglia to organ

Sympathetic or thoraco lumbar division-

To put the body in alert state

Preganglionic neuron: in CNS (spinal cord t1-l2)

White ramus communicans: contain preganglionic unmyelinatesd fibers

Splanchnic nerves – preganglionic fibers

Sympathetic chain ganglia: contain ganglionic neurons

collateral ganglion: contain ganglionic neurons

Gray ramus communicans: contain postganglionic unmylinated fibers

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REMEMBER!REMEMBER!

GO TO THE TUTORING ROOGO TO THE TUTORING ROOAND PRACTICE WITH MODELS.AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS.

ROO 3326.ROO 3326.

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1

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