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Transcript of Gross Anatomy of the Brain - Columbia University€¦ · Gross Anatomy of the Brain Midbrain Pons...
1
Gross Anatomy of the Brain
Midbrain
Pons
Pyramid
Basispedunculi
Optic nerve (II)Optic chiasmOptic tract
Oculomotor nerve (III)Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V)Abducens nerve (VI)Facial and intermediatenerves (VII)Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)Glossopharyngeal (IX)and vagus nerves (X)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)Accessory nerve (XI)Pyramidal decussation
Cervicalventralroots
Diencephalon
CRANIAL NERVES
2
PyramidOlive
Basis pedunculi
Cerebellar peduncles:SuperiorMiddle
Inferior
Opticnerve (II)
Lateral geniculate body
Oculomotornerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminalnerve (V)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Facial and intermediatenerves (VII) Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)and vagus nerves (X)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Cervicalventralroots
Inferior colliculus
Spinal accessorynerve (XI)
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Diencephalon
CRANIAL NERVES
Special visceral Generalsomatic
General and special visceralGeneral somatic
Special somatic
Midbrain
AfferentMotor
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord
Generalvisceral
Hypoglossal nucleus (N. XII)
Dorsal motor nucleusof vagus (N. X)
Accessory nucleus (N. XI)Spinal trigeminalnucleus (V, VII, IX, X)
Solitary nucleus(N. VII, IX, X)
Principal sensorytrigeminal nucleus (N. V)
III
VII
IX
XXIIIX
VI VIIIVIII
IV
III
V
IX, X
VII
V
V
V, VII,IX, X
XI
Vestibular nuclei(N. VIII)
Cochlear nucleus(N. VIII)
Edinger-Westphalnucleus (N. III)
Oculomotornucleus (N. III)
Trochlearnucleus (N. IV)
Trigeminal motornucleus (N. V)
Abducens nucleus (N. VI)Facial motornucleus (N. VII)
Salivatorynucleus
Nucleus ambiguus (N. IX, X)
Superior (N. VII)Inferior (N. IX)
Mesencephalictrigeminalnucleus (N. V)
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Special somaticafferent (VIII)
Afferent:Somatic
Sulcuslimitans
Visceral
General somaticafferent (V, VII, IX, X)General and specialvisceral afferent(VII, IX, X)General visceralmotor (III, VII, IX, X)
General somaticmotor (III, IV, VI, XII)
Special visceral motor(V, VII, IX, X, XI)
VisceralSomatic
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
3
Edinger-Westphalnucleus (III)
Section through superior colliculus
Section through inferior colliculus
Mesencephalictrigeminalnucleus (V)
Trochlearnucleus (IV)
Mesencephalictrigeminal nucleus (V)
Oculomotornucleus (III)
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Section through middle cerebellar peduncle
Section through cochlear nuclei and the trapezoid body
Vestibularnuclei (VIII)
Spinaltrigeminalnucleus (V)
Abducens nucleus (VI)Cochlearnuclei (VIII)
Mesencephalictrigeminalnucleus (V)Vestibularnuclei (VIII)
Principal sensorytrigeminalnucleus (V)
Motortrigeminalnucleus (V)
Facial motornucleus (VII)
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Parvocellular
MagnocellularML
MLF
ICP
PYR
BRAIN STEM RETICULAR FORMATION
4
BRAIN STEM DEVELOPMENT
A B
C
D
Sulcus limitans
Alar plate
Basal plate
Special somaticafferent
Generalvisceral motorSpecialvisceral motorGeneral somaticmotor
Solitary nucleus(VII, IX, X)
Hypoglossalnucleus (XII)
Dorsal motornucleus ofvagus (X)
Nucleusambiguus (X)
General and specialvisceral afferentGeneral somaticafferent
Vestibular nucleus (VIII)
Spinaltrigeminalnucleus(V, VII, IX, X)
BRAIN STEM DEVELOPMENT
Motorareas
Non-motorareas
Brain stemmotor nuclei
Basalganglia
Motorneurons
Movement
Spinalinterneurons
Cerebellum
MOVEMENT CONTROL
5
Medial brain stempathways
Reticular andvestibularnuclei
B Lateral corticospinal tract A Ventral corticospinal tract
Rubrospinaltract
Pyramidaldecussation
Lateral corticospinaltract
4
6
Ventralcorticospinaltract
Red nucleus(magnocellular part)
Internal capsuleInternal capsule
3,1,2
4
6
MOVEMENT CONTROL
Cerebral cortex
Ascending dorsal column – medial lemniscal pathway to primary sensory cortexSomatic sensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)Toe
Lateralsulcus
Internalcapsule
Thalamus Ventral posteriorlateral nucleus
Medial lemniscus
Medial lemniscus
Gracile nucleus
Gracile fascicleCuneate fascicleDorsal root
ganglion
Medulla
Spinal cord
Cuneate nucleusSpinal trigeminalnucleus
Sensory decussation
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Third ventricle
LegTrunk
Forearm andhand area
Face
SENSORYCONTROL
Midbrain
Sympatheticdivision
Projections ofsympatheticdivision
Projections ofparasympatheticdivision
Parasympatheticdivision
Superior cervicalganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Otic ganglion
Esophagusand lungs
Stomach
Pancreas
Smallintestine
Large intestine,rectum
BladderPelvic nerveleading topelvic ganglia
Reproductiveorgans
Adrenal medulla
Bronchi
Heart
Eye
Lacrimal andsalivary glands
Pterygopalatine and submaxillary ganglion
III
VII
IX
X
Superiormesentericganglion
Sypatheticchain
Inferiormesentericganglion
Middle cervicalganglion
Inferior cervicalganglion
Celiac ganglion
PonsMedulla
Piloerectormuscle
Artery
Sweatglands
CervicalCranialnerves
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Liver
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
6
Cerebellum
Spinalcord
HA BSLC
T
PTTh
RF
B
A
DT
CT
ECF
S
HFCTX
A7
CC
CTX
AO
OB
C
A5
A6 / locus ceruleus
NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM
Prefrontalcortex
CerebellumAnteriorcingulatecortex
Lateralseptum
Hippocampus
Caudateand putamen
Pyriformcortex
RetinaA17
B
A
A16
Thalamus
A15
A13A11
A14 A12Medianeminence
Centralnucleus(amygdala)
Entorhinalcortex
Corpuscallosum
Habenula
A10
A8
A9
StriatumLocus ceruleusLateral parabrachialnucleus
Nucleusaccumbens
Pituitary
Olfactorybulb
Spinalcord
DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM
Externalcapsule
Cingulatebundle
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
B9H
Th
HF
CD
B8
B7
B6 B4 B2
B1B3
B5
Medial forebrainbundle
Serotonergic innervation
SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM
7
Cholinergic system
OBDBv
MaPo ALH
Th
VTA IPN PPT
LDT
RF
HaHi
Caudateand putamen
BM
Fornix
CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM
B
Histaminergic innervation
Cingulatecortex
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Septum
Thalamus
Tuberomammillarynucleus
Tuberomammillarynucleus
A
HISTAMINERGIC SYSTEM
Ca2+
PIP2
D3
(D2, D 3, D 4) (D1, D 5)
D3DAG PKC
Presynapticdopaminergicneuron
Cortical ormesolimbictargetneuron
IP3
Gi Gs
AC
+–
cAMPATP
DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE
8
Tyrosine
Antipsychotic
Can producepsychotic symptoms
TyrosineIncrease of synthesis(L-DOPA)
1a
2
5
Interference with vesicularstorage (reserpine,tetrabenazine)
Inhibition of reuptake(cocaine, amphetamine,benztropine)
DOPA
Dopamine
D3
D2 D2
COMT
MAO
Inhibition of synthesis(α-methyltyrosine)
1b
6Inhibition of breakdown(pargyline)
Vesicular monoaminetransporter
DopaminetransporterBlocking of DA receptors
and autoreceptors(antipsychotics:perphenazine, haloperidol)
3
4
Stimulation of release ofDA at nerve terminal(amphetamine, tyramide)
Autoreceptor
DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE
A Midsagittal section B Coronal section
Frontalcortex
Nucleusaccumbens(ventral striatum)
Mesolimbic andmesocorticalsystem Mesolimbic
system:? involved in thepositive symptomsof schizophrenia
Mesocortical system:? involved in thenegative symptomsof schizophrenia
Midbrain
Neocortex
Ventraltegmentalarea
Hippocampalformation
Hippocampalformation
Ventraltegmentalarea
Limbicforebrain
MESOCORTICOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM
A Pathways B Targets
Neocortex
Nucleusaccumbens(ventralstriatum)
Midbrain
Neocortex Caudate nucleusand putamen
Globuspallidus
Pons
Thalamus
Limbicforebrain
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Striatum
Hippocampus
Tohippocampus
To spinalcord
Deepcerebellarnuclei
Rostralraphenuclei Caudal
raphenuclei
Cerebellarcortex
Olfactory and entorhinalcortices
Hypothalamus
Raphe nuclei
Medialforebrainbundle
Thalamus Cingulum
Cingulategyrus
SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM
9
A Serotonergic neurons
TryptophanInhibition of synthesis(p -chlorophenylalanine,p -propyldopacetamide)
1
2
3b
4
5
Interference withvesicular storage(reserpine,tetrabenazine) Inhibition of enzyme
that oxidizes 5-HT(iproniazid, clorgyline)
MAO inhibitors
MAO inhibitors
Tricyclics andselective serotoninreuptake inhibitors
DepressantAntidepressant
5-OH-Tryptophan
5-HT
5-HT
5-HIAA
MAO
5-HT
5-HT
5-HT receptor
Inhibition of reuptake(imipramine,amitryptyline, fluoxetine,sertraline)
Stimulation of 5-HTreceptors aspartial agonist(lysergic aciddiethylamide)
3a Stimulation ofautoreceptor agonist8-Hydroxy-diproplamino-tetraline (8-OH-DPAT)
B Noradrenergic neuronsTyrosinehydroxylase
Inhibition of synthesis(α-methyltyrosine)
1a
2
4a 5
6
Interference withvesicular storage(reserpine,tetrabenazine)
Inhibition of reuptake(desipramine)
DOPA
Dopamine
NE
COMT
NM
Deaminatedproducts
Receptor
Inhibition of synthesis(FLA 63)
1b
Inactivation inhibitor
Tricyclics
7Inhibition of enzymethat oxidizes NE(pargyline)
Inhibition of enzymethat inactivates NE(tropolone)
Stimulation of receptors(clonidine)
4b Blocking of receptors(phenoxybenzamineand phentolamine)
3 Stimulation of release ofNE at nerve terminals(amphetamine)
NE
MAO
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
10
Appleton & Lange
Hippocampus Parabrachialnucleus
Cerebralcortex
Dorsal andmedian raphenuclei
Thalamus
Basal forebrain(cholinergic system)
Tuberomammillarynucleus
ILT
RT
Pedunculopontinenucleus
Locus ceruleus
Melanin concentratinghormone and orexinsystem
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
A
0.2 mV
1 s
B
DESYNCHRONISED AND SYNCHRONISED EEG
EEG
Slow-wave sleep
Na+
Ca2+
Waking
Bursts Single spikes
BurstsSingle spikes
Thalamicfiringextracellular
Thalamicfiringintracellular
100 ms
0.5 s
THALAMIC NEURON ACTIVITY
11
A
BCDE
A
B
C
1 min
D
E
RESPIRATORY PATTERN IN COMATOSE PATIENT
Periaqueductalgray matter
Parabrachialnucleus
Dorsal motorvagal nucleus
Nucleus of thesolitary tract
Cortex
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Nucleus ambiguus
Ventrolateralmedulla
Heart
NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT COORDINATES AUTONOMIC FUNCTION
AMYGDALA AND BRAIN STEM NUCLEI COORDINATE FEAR RESPONSE