Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota...
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Transcript of Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota...
![Page 1: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Grid Systems
![Page 2: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Transverse Mercator Projection
![Page 3: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3
South Dakota
Zone 16
Universal Transverse Mercator
• Based on Transverse Mercator (cylindrical) projection• World divided into 60 zones 6 degrees wide• Distortion is minimal within each zone• Maps of different areas use best zone• Best for maps covering small area in one zone
![Page 4: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
UTM Zones
![Page 5: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
UTM Pole to Pole
![Page 6: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Halfway to the Pole
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Using UTM
![Page 8: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Using UTM
![Page 9: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Using UTM
![Page 10: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Three Kinds of North
• True North – Along Meridians• Magnetic North – What a compass detects– Important in field– Not important in most GIS
• Grid North – Along N-S grid lines– Minor importance for compass work– Be aware there’s a difference!– Military uses exclusively
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Cautions About UTM• Military maps use two letter codes for each
100-km square, but maps will have information to enable conventional UTM
• With military grid references, number of digits indicates level of precision
• Older maps will sometimes have obsolete grids
• Datum, datum, datum!
![Page 12: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Military Grid System
• 45N 89 W = E 342,369, N 4,984,896 Zone 16T• Digraph = CQ• 1 km accuracy = 16T CQ 42 84• 100 m accuracy = 16T CQ 423 848• 10 m accuracy = 16T CQ 4236 8489• 1 m accuracy = 16T CQ 42369 84896
• Ticks on USGS topo map = 342,000, 4,984,000
![Page 13: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Where Zones Meet
![Page 14: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why a Grid?Latitude /Longitude Grid System
North varies from place to place on the map
Grid north is always the same direction
Angular units differ in scale between N-S and E-W
Grid scale the same in all directions
E-W angular units vary in scale with latitude
Grid squares are always the same size and shape
Hexadecimal Scale Decimal Scale
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Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-15
State Plane System• States divided into
one or more zones identified by a unique FIPS number
• Uses several types of projections
• E-W zones generally Conic, N-S zones generally UTM
![Page 16: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-16
Projections for large scale maps
• Local, city, county maps, smaller states– Projection systems virtually eliminate distortion– Choose appropriate UTM or State Plane zone
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Wisconsin State Plane Zones
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Wisconsin Grid
Systems
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Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-19
Projections for smaller scales• Distortion is inevitable, so
purpose drives the choice– Equidistant maps when
distances are important– Equal area maps when areas
are important– Conformal or compromise
projections for general purpose maps
Coordinate system names generally indicate the locale and purpose it is optimized for. Use for clues to choice.
![Page 20: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Metes and Bounds System
![Page 21: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Public Land Survey System• AKA Congressional System• Established 1785• Does not apply to:– 13 Original Colonies– Derivative States (VT, KY, TN, ME, WV)– Texas (Former independent country)– Hawaii (Uses Kingdom of Hawaii system)
• Land Division– 6 x 6 mile townships, 36 sections, quarter sections
![Page 22: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
USA Public Land Surveys
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Non-Congressional
Grids
![Page 24: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Before Greenwich
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Arbitrary Geography
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More Arbitrary Geography
![Page 27: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Grid vs. No Grid
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Gridded Landscape
![Page 29: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Where Wisconsin’s Grid Starts
![Page 30: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Where California’s Grid Starts
![Page 31: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Section Numbering
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Wisconsin Townships
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Township Labels
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Section Descriptions
![Page 35: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Limitations of the
Congressional Land Survey
System
![Page 36: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Congressional Land Survey System• Not an accurate grid!• Locations within subdivisions may be
imprecise• Data points used in GIS may be tied to system• Authoritative surveys are forever– French strips in LA, MO, WI– Spanish and Mexican land grants
![Page 37: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
French Long Lot System
![Page 38: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
French Long Lot System
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California: PLSS and Land Grants
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California: PLSS and Land Grants
![Page 41: Grid Systems. Transverse Mercator Projection Copyright © 2009 by Maribeth H. Price 3-3 South Dakota Zone 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Based on Transverse.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/551a964c550346b52d8b6094/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Oh, Canada• Eastern Canada: Metes and Bounds, Long Lot• Northern Ontario: 6 and 10-mile townships• Western Canada: Dominion Land Survey– Modeled on PLSS– 6-mile townships– Townships numbered N-S with Arabic numerals– Ranges numbered E-W with Arabic or Roman numerals– Road allowances between sections– Sections zigzag from 1 in SE to 36 in NE (Opposite US)– ¼-1/4 sections numbered from 1 in SE to 16 in NE
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Dangers of Cheap Work
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Missed It By That Much