Gregory R. Carmichael
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Transcript of Gregory R. Carmichael
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Gregory R. Carmichael
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USAClimatic Effects & Air Quality: Aerosol/Chemistry Interactions and the Role of Megacities
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Mineral DustBC from Pollution & FiresAerosols are Pervasive Throughout Asian Environments
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A Key Science Issue: Chemistry/Aerosol/Regional Climate CouplingRadiative ForcingRadiative ForcingGas-phase TroposphericChemistryTroposphericAerosolsTroposphericCloudsAnthropogenicBiogenicStratospheric inputGeneration ofinorganic andorganicaerosols bygas-to-particleconversion andnucleationDirecteffectSea saltMineral dustBiomass burning particlesSulfates (via gas-phase chemistry)Carbonaceous particlesNH3Flux of gaseousspecies to cloudsCloudprocessingTropospheric O3HeterogeneousNOx/NOychemistryFree radicalScavenging ?Alteration ofActinic fluxCCNAlteration ofcloud albedo(indirect effect)modified after J.H.Seinfeld 1999
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(Vicki Grassian leader)
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THE APPROACH
MODELING
LABORATORY
FIELDSTUDY
3D STEM-III transport/chemistry/deposition modelDynamics of Aerosol ProcessesCombined Kinetic/ThermodynamicApproachNew Approach for Secondary Organic Aerosol PartitioningSensitivity Analysis and ImprovedNumerical Methods
Spectroscopic Measurements
Detailed Reaction Mechanisms
Kinetic Measurements
Surface Coverages
Adsorption Isotherms
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Chemical Role of Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere
Can change the chemical balance of the atmosphere in two ways
NO2 +
NO2
NO2 +
O
+ NO
H(a) + NO2 HONO
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INTERACTIONS OF SO2 WITH MINERAL AEROSOL CHANGE SULFATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AS WELL AS THE CHEMICAL LIFETIMES OF SULFUR. THESE INTERACTIONS HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR RADIATIVE FORCINGSong et al., JGR in press
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Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions in the Boundary Layer; PEM-WEST B
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Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions in the Boundary Layer; PEM-WEST B
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Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions at 5 km; PEM-WEST B
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Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions at 5 km; PEM-WEST B
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% Decrease in HO2 levels due to RXNs on Mineral Aerosol(May 1987)
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% Change in O3 in May 1987 due to: NOx + HxOy Rxns; Direct O3 Rxn; and Combination
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Nitric Acid Reactions with Calcium Carbonate are not Limited to the Surface, and Change the Water Uptake Properties and Particle MorphologyGoodman et al., JGR, 105:29053, 2000
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CaCO3
HNO3 Reacted CaCO3
TEM Images of CaCO3 Particles
0.5 m
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Surface reflectionIce cloud Water cloud EP/TOMS Total Ozone (Dobson)DustBlack CarbonOrganic CarbonSulfateOther PM2.5 and Other PM10Sea Saltabsorption by gas-phase species O3, SO2 and NO2Inputted from STEM 3-D fieldSTEM TOP15kmO3 (Dobson) below STEM top heightTUV TOP80kmOvertop O3 =STEM on-line TUV overviewOutput:30 kinds of J-valuesfor SAPRC99mechanism
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Ozone variations (%) due to dustDust Impact on O333%Change NO2 PhotolysisMineral Optical DepthImpact of Aerosols on the Photochemical Oxidant Cycle Through Photolysis RatesNOxNMHCO3HOxUVB% Change
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What is the Importance of Heterogeneous Chemistry on Mineral Aerosol Surfaces in the Troposphere?Answer Requires:
Knowing what chemistry occurs on/in the aerosol.
Quantifying mineral surfaces in space and time.
Assessing how mineral aerosols age; and how surfaces activate/deactivate, take on water, etc.
Quantifying aerosol /radiation interactions.
Resolving chemical composition as a function of size.
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Urban Environments in AsiaAsia presently has ~1 billion urban dwellers, projected to grow to ~3 billion in 202510 Asian Megacities will account for ~40% of GNP in 2025Each 1 million urban inhabitants emit average of 25,000 tons of CO2 every day (six times global per capita average)Indoor and Outdoor air pollution pose severe human health concerns 4%/yr urban growth rate in Asia-Pacific region 23 megacities in 1995 (17 in developing countries) to 36 in 2025 (23 in Asia)
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Percentage of Sulfur Emissions by Sector & Fuels for year 2000
Chart6
4.734.653.583.40.35
342.031.6232.950.618.58
226.022.0545.931.17.22
352.990.131.920.020.83
72.720105.552.152.41
0.792.4625.50.872.4
4.210.74340.562.2620.26
0.475.54282.60.587.75
Coal
Biofuel
Fuel Oil
Gas
Others
Area
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505
Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825
Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449
Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180
Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425
Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810
Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336
Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466
Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769
Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792
Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504
New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127
Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939
Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358
Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168
Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870
Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832
Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335
Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319
Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595
Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797
Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620
Lps
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610
Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340
Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660
Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460
Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140
Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860
Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220
Guiyang00003995039950328501230880
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490
New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650
Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590
Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760
Chennai00001371034100537106801070
Jakarta000000000
Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390
Kinki00002802750414011001660
Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930
Pusan00001150229045809201830
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190
Manila000000000
Singapore000000000
Bangkok000000000
Ships
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing000000000
Tianjin000000000
Taiyuan000000000
Wuhan000000000
Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140
Guangzhou000000000
Chongqing000000000
Guiyang000000000
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364
New Delhi000000000
Calcutta000000000
Bombay1782102512824489742118448448
Chennai000000000
Jakarta000000000
Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215
Kinki000000000
Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924
Pusan38645654580397213811963972972
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi000000000
Manila000000000
Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879
Bangkok000000000
Total
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128
Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087
Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959
Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238
Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839
New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164
Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31
Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10
Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105
Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432
Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738
Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228
0.8215824658
Comparison
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1115142022561062330
Beijing1291732703192624063857764
Shanghai196271403487429706759109113
Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115
Mumbai77901401742072865265395
Jakarta22407090931111562937
Seoul1702715954193011632186986
Bangkok72942483112443654915568
20102010maxf20202020maxf
Dhaka562310630
Beijing4067738564
Shanghai706109759113
Chongqing636120632115
Mumbai2865352695
Jakarta1112915637
Seoul1636921886
Bangkok3655549168
Comparison
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2010
2020
2010maxf
2020maxf
Percent-inc
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
by-fuel
2010
2010maxf
2020
2020maxf
by-sector
Year
CityCountry19751980199019952000
East Asia
BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184
Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697
Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133
Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422
Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855
Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897
Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117
Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538
KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811
Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014
Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197
Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304
Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103
Indian Subcontinent
DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894
New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875
Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115
Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336
Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281
LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925
Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087
Southeast Asia
JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243
Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154
ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564
SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739
BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok
Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47
Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54
Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6
Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58
Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75
Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94
Coal
Biofuel
Fuel Oil
Gas
Others
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok
CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86
IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3
DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39
TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43
PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21
OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75
Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
CON
IND
DOM
TRAN
PP
OTHER
Chart7
08.23.691.183.280.35
22.99127.42156.997.6162.28.58
28.15142.3632.3816.4955.77.22
17.94191.44124.36.8814.520.83
20.74120.030.822.5536.292.41
09.236.4312.461.262.64
0.04267.3538.7425.0516.620.26
3.86203.33.391.4377.217.75
CON
IND
DOM
TRAN
PP
OTHER
Area
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505
Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825
Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449
Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180
Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425
Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810
Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336
Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466
Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769
Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792
Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504
New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127
Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939
Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358
Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168
Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870
Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832
Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335
Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319
Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595
Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797
Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620
Lps
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610
Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340
Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660
Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460
Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140
Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860
Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220
Guiyang00003995039950328501230880
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490
New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650
Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590
Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760
Chennai00001371034100537106801070
Jakarta000000000
Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390
Kinki00002802750414011001660
Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930
Pusan00001150229045809201830
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190
Manila000000000
Singapore000000000
Bangkok000000000
Ships
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing000000000
Tianjin000000000
Taiyuan000000000
Wuhan000000000
Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140
Guangzhou000000000
Chongqing000000000
Guiyang000000000
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364
New Delhi000000000
Calcutta000000000
Bombay1782102512824489742118448448
Chennai000000000
Jakarta000000000
Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215
Kinki000000000
Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924
Pusan38645654580397213811963972972
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi000000000
Manila000000000
Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879
Bangkok000000000
Total
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128
Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087
Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959
Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238
Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839
New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164
Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31
Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10
Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105
Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432
Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738
Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228
0.8215824658
Comparison
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1115142022561062330
Beijing1291732703192624063857764
Shanghai196271403487429706759109113
Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115
Mumbai77901401742072865265395
Jakarta22407090931111562937
Seoul1702715954193011632186986
Bangkok72942483112443654915568
20102010maxf20202020maxf
Dhaka562310630
Beijing4067738564
Shanghai706109759113
Chongqing636120632115
Mumbai2865352695
Jakarta1112915637
Seoul1636921886
Bangkok3655549168
Comparison
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2010
2020
2010maxf
2020maxf
Percent-inc
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
by-fuel
2010
2010maxf
2020
2020maxf
by-sector
Year
CityCountry19751980199019952000
East Asia
BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184
Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697
Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133
Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422
Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855
Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897
Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117
Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538
KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811
Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014
Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197
Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304
Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103
Indian Subcontinent
DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894
New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875
Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115
Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336
Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281
LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925
Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087
Southeast Asia
JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243
Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154
ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564
SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739
BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok
Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47
Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54
Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6
Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58
Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75
Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94
Coal
Biofuel
Fuel Oil
Gas
Others
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok
CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86
IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3
DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39
TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43
PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21
OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75
Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94
CON
IND
DOM
TRAN
PP
OTHER
-
% Contribution of Megacities to Total Sulfur Deposition
-
(b)
Figure 2. Comparison of SO2 Emissions from the Megacities of Asia, ktons/year (a) For year 1975, 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2000 (b) For year 2010 and 2020 from RAINS-Asia 7.52
Chart5
11.4901814.9818114.3420.0722.37924
128.66691172.98886270.316318.929261.5789
196.22302271.20657403.31487.184428.99905
451.75354589.8719968.51116.33704.4808
76.959290.32793139.84174.342206.74617
21.7612840.0471170.31689.99793.358
169.87978270.8308594.808418.534301.45407
71.9438494.23184248.22311.26243.575
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
Area
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505
Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825
Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449
Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180
Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425
Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810
Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336
Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466
Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769
Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792
Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504
New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127
Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939
Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358
Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168
Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870
Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832
Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335
Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319
Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595
Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797
Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620
Lps
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610
Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340
Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660
Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460
Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140
Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860
Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220
Guiyang00003995039950328501230880
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490
New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650
Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590
Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760
Chennai00001371034100537106801070
Jakarta000000000
Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390
Kinki00002802750414011001660
Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930
Pusan00001150229045809201830
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190
Manila000000000
Singapore000000000
Bangkok000000000
Ships
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing000000000
Tianjin000000000
Taiyuan000000000
Wuhan000000000
Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140
Guangzhou000000000
Chongqing000000000
Guiyang000000000
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364
New Delhi000000000
Calcutta000000000
Bombay1782102512824489742118448448
Chennai000000000
Jakarta000000000
Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215
Kinki000000000
Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924
Pusan38645654580397213811963972972
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi000000000
Manila000000000
Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879
Bangkok000000000
Total
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128
Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087
Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959
Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238
Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839
New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164
Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31
Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10
Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105
Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432
Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738
Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228
0.8215824658
Comparison
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1115142022561062330
Beijing1291732703192624063857764
Shanghai196271403487429706759109113
Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115
Mumbai77901401742072865265395
Jakarta22407090931111562937
Seoul1702715954193011632186986
Bangkok72942483112443654915568
20102010maxf20202020maxf
Dhaka562310630
Beijing4067738564
Shanghai706109759113
Chongqing636120632115
Mumbai2865352695
Jakarta1112915637
Seoul1636921886
Bangkok3655549168
Comparison
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2010
2020
2010maxf
2020maxf
Percent-inc
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
by-fuel
2010
2010maxf
2020
2020maxf
by-sector
Year
CityCountry19751980199019952000
East Asia
BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184
Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697
Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133
Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422
Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855
Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897
Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117
Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538
KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811
Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014
Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197
Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304
Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103
Indian Subcontinent
DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894
New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875
Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115
Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336
Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281
LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925
Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087
Southeast Asia
JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243
Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154
ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564
SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739
BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok
Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47
Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54
Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6
Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58
Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75
Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
Coal
Biofuel
Fuel Oil
Gas
Others
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok
CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86
IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3
DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39
TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43
PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21
OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75
Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
CON
IND
DOM
TRAN
PP
OTHER
Chart2
56.06423.2321106.191529.505
406.47176.7381385.145164.4346
705.93025108.57355759.49962113.09035
635.842119.6816632.2384114.6861
286.4116753.30347526.3573994.56597
110.66629.0227156.273137.168
163.4524869.08277217.8328886.18847
364.54354.9213491.384467.62
2010
2010maxf
2020
2020maxf
Area
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505
Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825
Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449
Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180
Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425
Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810
Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336
Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466
Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769
Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792
Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504
New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127
Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939
Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358
Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168
Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870
Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832
Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335
Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319
Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595
Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797
Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620
Lps
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610
Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340
Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660
Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460
Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140
Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860
Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220
Guiyang00003995039950328501230880
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490
New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650
Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590
Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760
Chennai00001371034100537106801070
Jakarta000000000
Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390
Kinki00002802750414011001660
Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930
Pusan00001150229045809201830
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190
Manila000000000
Singapore000000000
Bangkok000000000
Ships
Year
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka000000000
Beijing000000000
Tianjin000000000
Taiyuan000000000
Wuhan000000000
Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140
Guangzhou000000000
Chongqing000000000
Guiyang000000000
Qingdao000000000
Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364
New Delhi000000000
Calcutta000000000
Bombay1782102512824489742118448448
Chennai000000000
Jakarta000000000
Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215
Kinki000000000
Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924
Pusan38645654580397213811963972972
Kuala Lumpar000000000
Lahore000000000
Karachi000000000
Manila000000000
Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879
Bangkok000000000
Total
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128
Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087
Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959
Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238
Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839
New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164
Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31
Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10
Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715
Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213
Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105
Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432
Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738
Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228
0.8215824658
Comparison
Year% change
City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000
Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549
Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551
Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058
Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619
Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129
Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133
Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811
Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158
19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf
Dhaka1115142022561062330
Beijing1291732703192624063857764
Shanghai196271403487429706759109113
Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115
Mumbai77901401742072865265395
Jakarta22407090931111562937
Seoul1702715954193011632186986
Bangkok72942483112443654915568
20102010maxf20202020maxf
Dhaka562310630
Beijing4067738564
Shanghai706109759113
Chongqing636120632115
Mumbai2865352695
Jakarta1112915637
Seoul1636921886
Bangkok3655549168
Comparison
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2010
2020
2010maxf
2020maxf
Percent-inc
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
by-fuel
2010
2010maxf
2020
2020maxf
by-sector
Year
CityCountry19751980199019952000
East Asia
BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494
Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184
Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697
Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133
Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422
Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855
Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897
Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117
Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538
KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811
Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014
Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197
Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304
Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103
Indian Subcontinent
DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894
New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875
Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115
Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336
Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281
LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925
Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087
Southeast Asia
JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243
Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154
ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564
SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739
BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok
Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47
Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54
Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6
Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58
Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75
Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
Coal
Biofuel
Fuel Oil
Gas
Others
2000
DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok
CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86
IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3
DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39
TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43
PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21
OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75
Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
CON
IND
DOM
TRAN
PP
OTHER
-
Integrated Urban AQMForward looking policies which anticipate growth in environmental growth and/or retrofitting are most cost-effective.Policy trajectories include (example): 1995 - distant siting (50 km to 75km); 2000 - ESP, coal washing; 2010 - 2050 - fabric filters and low-NOx burners.IGCC technology for new power plants and relocation of major industrial estates and power plants to outside the city limits.
-
Health Benefits due to Sulfur and PM Control in Shanghai
-
Ambient Air Quality Curve in Shanghai
2
0.1060.3010.067
0.0930.3330.084
0.090.2820.076
0.0740.2810.06
0.0530.2460.073
0.0590.2410.089
0.0680.2330.105
0.0530.2150.1
0.0440.1680.099
SO2
NOx
TSP
mg/m3
SO2
TSP
NOx
Sheet1
1991199219931994199519961997199819992000
SO20.1060.0930.090.0740.0530.0590.0680.0530.0440.04
TSP0.3010.3330.2820.2810.2460.2410.2330.2150.1680.152
NOx0.0670.0840.0760.060.0730.0890.1050.10.0990.09
Sheet1
SO2
TSP
NOx
Concentration Change of Major Air Pollutants in Urban Area of Shanghai from 1991 to 1999
-
Air Pollution and Climate Issues are Intimately Linked
-
Urban Air Pollution Control Policies and Technical OptionsUrban Air Quality Manage-ment Megacities feel the change first. Health impacts as a primary measure, urban centers will react to policy measures faster than a province or a region. Important challenge is how to integrate climate and urban air quality in a manner that enables the evaluation of complex policies.