Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013;...

31
Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts Fiamma Straneo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Transcript of Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013;...

Page 1: Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013; Pritchard et al. 2009; Nick et al. 2009; Sole et al. 2008; Price et al. 2008, 2011;

Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts

Fiamma StraneoWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

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Outline

1. Submarine melting: a trigger of ice lossEvidence, quantification and controls

2. Greenland meltwater discharge into the oceanObservations and formulation of boundary conditions

Page 3: Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013; Pritchard et al. 2009; Nick et al. 2009; Sole et al. 2008; Price et al. 2008, 2011;

Helheim Glacier

2003

2006

2001

Helheim Glacier

Tasiilaq

Source: NASA

Helheim Glacier

Helheim Glacier

2.5 km

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Straneo et al. 2013; Pritchard et al. 2009; Nick et al. 2009; Sole et al. 2008; Price et al. 2008, 2011; Vieli and Nick 2011; Joughin et al. 2004; Thomas et al. 2004;

Data and models suggest that the retreat was triggered by changes at the ice/ocean boundary

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(Pritchard et al. 2009; Straneo & Heimbach 2013)

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Glacier speed up coincided with warming of the subpolar North Atlantic

Holland et al. 2008; Straneo et al. 2010; Vage et al. 2011; Straneo and Heimbach 2013

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1000x1000 km100 x 500 km

100 x 5 km

10-100m x 5 km

A hierarchy of scales and processes Linking the large-scale ocean and glacier/ocean exchanges

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HG

JI

KG

79NGPG

Straneo et al., 2012

HG

JIKG

79NG

PG

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Schjoth et al. 2012 ; Sutherland et al. 2013

Deep troughs allow the inflow of Atlantic waters into the fjords

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Propagation of large-scale ocean variability into the fjord

Fjord Shelf Large scale ocean

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What controls the inflow of warm waters?

Motyka et al. 2003; Rignot et al. 2010

Idealized glacier-driven circulation

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Oltmanns et al. 2014

Jackson et al. 2014

Harden et al. 2014

Velocity and temperature from Sermilik FjordBarrier Winds

Downslope winds

Shelf-Driven and Along-Fjord Wind Driven Exchanges

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Oceanic forcing of Greenland’s Glaciers: Large-scale to fjord

1. Warm Atlantic waters reach the glaciers’ margins through bathymetric troughs across the shelf

2. Atlantic waters are rapidly renewed through a combination of shelf-driven exchanges, along-fjord winds and buoyancy driven circulation.

3. Fjord conditions ‘track’ the large scale ocean on interannualtimescales but other factors (Arctic variability?) contribute to the interannual variability.

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Jackson and Straneo, JPO, 2016

Can we infer submarine melt rates from observations?Sep-Apr May-Aug

August Estimates

We cannot distinguish glacier or iceberg meltIn other words: even if we can get a meltwater flux it is hard to equate to a melt rate

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Heat and Freshwater Exchange at the Ice/Ocean Boundary

SMR (x,t) = f(U, θ,transfer coefficients)

Hellmer and Olbers, 1989; Holland and Jenkins 1999; Jenkins et al. 2010

Freezing Point Temperature

Heat Flux

Salt Flux

Turbulence dependence on U

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Glacier/ocean exchange of heat, freshwater modulated by plumes

Chu 2014; Jenkins 2010; Sciascia et al. 2013

winter

summer

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Mankoff et al., JGR, 2016

Plume Dynamics

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Slater et al. 2016; Kimura et al. 2015 Straneo and Cenedese, 2015

Details of subglacial discharge affect melt rates

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Fjord scale circulation associated with a subglacial discharge plume

Slater et al., in preparation

Along-glacier circulation induced by a single channel

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Oceanic forcing of Greenland’s Glaciers: Submarine Melting

1. Submarine melt rate estimates from oceanic data are highly uncertain

2. Melt rates are estimated from parameterizations that are largely untested.

3. Subglacial discharge is likely a major player.

Page 25: Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013; Pritchard et al. 2009; Nick et al. 2009; Sole et al. 2008; Price et al. 2008, 2011;

Outline

1. Submarine melting: a trigger of ice lossEvidence, quantification and controls

2. Greenland meltwater discharge into the oceanObservations and formulation of boundary conditions

Page 26: Greenland Ice Loss: Ocean drivers and oceanic impacts · 2017. 3. 14. · Straneo et al. 2013; Pritchard et al. 2009; Nick et al. 2009; Sole et al. 2008; Price et al. 2008, 2011;

1000x1000 km100 x 500 km

100 x 5 km

10-100m x 5 km

A hierarchy of scales and processes Formulating meltwater discharge into the ocean

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Freshwater fluxes from Greenland

FW Input = Ice discharge (D) + Runoff (R)

GRISO RCN, in preparation.

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Meltwater Sources and Pathwaysrunoff

meltglacier

melticebergs

Subglacialdischarge

Fluxes at the coastal margin

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Beaird, Straneo, W. Jenkins, in prep.; Beaird et al. 2015, GRL

Subglacial discharge Volume %

Submarine Melt Volume %

Meltwater distribution and origin from noble gases

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Meltwater export into the ocean

1. Injection of Greenland meltwater occurs via surface and subsurface processes which, in turn, affect the dynamics.

2. Meltwater is rapidly diluted as part of glacier/iceberg/ocean exchange processes

3. Its export is delayed due to storage/release processes within the fjord

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Straneo and Cenedese, 2015 – Ann Rev Mar Science.


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