Asthma, pollution, and anti-idling!

Mitchell Grayson, MD

Director

Fight Asthma Milwaukee (FAM) Allies

Asthma is a problem

Every day in America: 40,000 people miss school or work due

to asthma

30,000 people have an asthma attack

5,000 people visit the emergency room due to asthma

1,000 people are admitted to the hospital due to asthma

11 people die from asthma

• An immune response in the small airways of the lungs, characterized by

– Inflammation and edema (swelling)

– Mucus production (snot)

– Bronchospasm (muscle tightness)

What is Asthma?

Drawings from M. Tsutsumi

Asthma triggers

• Asthma can be triggered by many airborne factors:

– Pollen (trees, grasses, ragweed)

– Mold spores

– Air pollution

• Exhaust from vehicles – School buses, trucks

– Small engines (eg, lawn mowers)

– Boats and cars

• Factory smoke / exhaust

Air Pollution

• Ozone (O3)

– An invisible gas formed through chemical reactions of nitrous oxides and volatile organic compounds

– Able to chemically react with lung tissue leading to tissue damage

M-1c

Ozone Reduces Lung Function

0 2 4

FE

V1,

% c

ha

ng

e

-40

-20

0

M-10

Time of O3 exposure (h)

sensitive

insensitive

Air Pollution

• Particle Pollution

– A mix of airborne solids and liquids

– Comes from burning fossil fuels in factories, power plants, steel mills, smelters, diesel/gasoline, wood (even from residential fireplaces).

– May trigger asthma possibly leading to hospitalization and death

Particle pollution is

a complex mixture

derived from

many sources

Particle Size

• Size matters

– > 10 µm impact in the nose and mouth

– < 5 µm can impact in the lungs

bronchioles and alveoli

bronchioles (small airways)

trachea (large airways)

nose and mouth

3

From: Heyder J. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1:315.

Particle Deposition

• Larger particles (> PM10)

deposit in the upper

respiratory tract

• Inhalable particles (< PM10)

penetrate into lungs

• Some particles (e.g.,

less than 0.1 um) may

enter bloodstream

• Particles may react,

accumulate, be cleared

or absorbed

Why worry about emissions?

Traffic exposure reduces

lung function

Brunekreef et al., 1997

Individuals living within 300 m of a roadway.

Health Impact of Diesel Emissions

Data from 2010 Clean Air Task Force

Does exhaust really matter to people with asthma?

To reduce traffic for the games: • Around-the-clock public transportation was provided • 1,000 buses added to the existing fleet • Downtown city streets were closed to private cars • Downtown delivery schedules altered to ease morning rush hour • Allowed flexible work schedules and telecommuting

These changes resulted in marked declines in ozone and other air pollutants known to trigger asthma exacerbations.

A study examined the 1996 summer Olympic games in Atlanta

Friedman MS, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:897-905

Results for people with asthma

• When compared to pre-Olympics data, the frequency of asthma events (emergency room and/or hospitalizations) decreased by

– 42% (Georgia Medicaid claims)

– 44% (Health Maintenance Organization data)

– 11% (data from two Pediatric Emergency Depts)

– 19% (data from the Georgia Hospital Discharge Database)

• So, reducing pollutants and ozone reduced the burden of asthma!

Friedman MS, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:897-905

Health Recommendations

• Check Air Quality Daily:

– 1-866-DAILY AIR

– (1-866-324-5924)

– www.epa.gov/airnow

– Orange level means air quality is bad for sensitive groups including older adults, all children, and people with respiratory illness.

• On bad air quality days:

– Stay indoors

– Do not exercise outside

So what has been done in Milwaukee?

Asthma Grant

Anti Idling Initiative

Permanent Signage up at all 35 asthma

grant schools and Central Office

Portable Signage

Education is the key!

• Drivers given DNR and EPA literature

showing effects of idling.

• Drivers given window clings to remind them

to shut off vehicles.

• Bus drivers given magnets to remind them

to shut off vehicles.

• Drivers complying receive a magic school

bus key ring as a thank you.

Peer Educators Spread The Word ….. Message: Save Money

Message: Save Our

Lungs

Message: Save the

Environment

Congress Extended Year Round

School Anti Idling Event

View press conference at: www.wellnessandpreventionoffice.org

Educational materials provided by

the WDNR

All Asthma Grant schools received copies of

the “Magic School Bus Gets Cleaned Up”

EPA Anti-Idling Poster

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Required

On 2011 And Newer Buses *

1. Beginning with the 2011-12 school year, all 2011 model school buses shall have

EPA verified crankcase filter systems and diesel oxidation catalyst systems.

2. Beginning with the 2010-2011 school year contractors will be required to install the

MPS Automatic Vehicle Locator (“AVL”) system on buses designated by MPS.

MPS Bus Contract Anti-Idling

Language The purpose of this policy is to implement current US EPA standards by eliminating all

unnecessary idling of contracted school buses. This policy applies to the operation of all contracted school buses.

1. When school bus drivers arrive at loading or unloading areas to drop off or pick up passengers, they should turn off their buses as soon as possible to eliminate idling time and reduce harmful emissions. The school bus should not be restarted until it is ready to depart and there is a clear path to exit the pick-up area. Exceptions include conditions that would compromise passenger safety, such as:

a. Extreme weather conditions

b. Idling in traffic

2. Limit the idling time during early morning warm-up to what is recommended by the manufacturer (generally 3-5 minutes) in all but the coldest weather.

3. In colder weather, schools will be directed to provide a space inside the school where bus drivers who arrive early can wait.

4. In colder weather, if the warmth of the bus is an issue, idling is to be at a very minimum and occur outside the school zone. The “Warmed” school bus is to enter the school zone as close to pick-up time as possible to maintain warmth and then shut down.

5. Bidders must have a detailed strategy to train drivers on this policy, including anti-idling procedures in driver training materials. Anti-idling signage will be posted at all bus company locations.

6. Bidders shall conduct regular on-site inspections of school sites to ensure procedures are followed. Bidders shall take immediate action to rectify the occurrence.

Distributing anti-idling posters to all

schools this fall

Medical Residents Talk to

Legislators

Thank You!

Robert C. Little

Central Region Manager

734.679.7526

Robert.Little@roush.com

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PROPANE AUTOGAS: A CLEAR CHOICE

Choosing the Right Partner

Technology /

Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure

Propane Molecule

(C3H8)

ROUSH Enterprises Brand Portfolio

Roush Fenway Racing

• Dominant NASCAR Sprint Cup racing team.

ROUSH Performance

• Industry leading high performance vehicles.

ROUSH Life Sciences

• Setting a new standard in medical equipment

design, manufacturing, and engineering.

ROUSH Industries

• OEM quality manufacturing, engineering,

prototyping, and design capabilities.

Corporate Overview

Corporate Wheel of Capability

Single Source Engineering and Support

Building 2 – Emissions Testing

Building 3 – NVH

Building 6 – Machining/Engine Build

Building 15 – Engine Development

Building 79 – Vehicle Assembly

Building 87 - RCT Headquarters

•Manufacturing

•Complex Assembly

•Sales & Marketing

•Engineering

•Warranty & Field Service

Ford 6.8L-3V engine.

Produced in Windsor Ontario: – 2.1 million square feet

– 1850 employees

Introduced in 1997. – Upgraded in 2005 with 3 valves per cylinder.

Currently used in Ford Super Duty trucks (F-450 / F-550 / F-650), strip chassis, motor homes and commercial step vans.

Over 1 million 6.8L engines have been produced.

The engine was upgraded with premium valves, valve seats and a larger oil pump to meet Blue Bird’s needs.

Engine Background

67.5 gallon capacity.

Carbon steel.

Twice the required thickness for

ASME Certification

312 PSI working pressure.

Fuel System

Fuel System

16 Mounting Points

Located Inside Frame Rails

4,000 lbs @ 40 MPH.

Angled side and rear impact.

220 PSI tank pressure.

CMVSS 301.1 protocol.

No leakage or pressure drop in 30 minute test.

Safety Testing

Blue Bird Vision

Fuel Rail ROUSH CleanTech’s signature

blue anodized aluminum fuel

rail is designed to operate

under varying temperatures

of liquid propane

Fuel Fill Industry-standard valve designed to

allow for safe passage of liquid pro-

pane into the vehicle. Includes a

check valve to prevent fuel leaks.

Fuel Tank The liquid propane autogas fuel tank

meets all ASME certification standards,

is made of steel, and is built and assembled

in the USA.

Fuel Lines Made of high-durability stainless

steel to handle varying temperatures

and pressures. They are designed to

route through the factory line locations.

Fuel Injectors Special fuel injectors are used

to inject liquid propane into the

cylinders for ignition.

FRPCM The Fuel Rail Pressure Control

Module ensures consistent vehicle

performance and power on-demand.

Model Years

2012- 2013

Engine Size

6.8L V10 (3V)

Applications

All cab configurations.

All wheelbase configurations.

6-speed automatic transmission.

Fuel Tank Capacity

Mid-Ship: 67 gallons (usable)

Extended Range: 93 gallons (usable)

Technical Specifications

EPA and CARB approved.

GVWR: 33,000 lbs.

Up to 77 passengers

Order Availability

Blue Bird dealers

Product Overview

Blue Bird Vision (Type C)

Model Years

2012- 2013

Engine Size

6.8L V10 (2V)

Applications

All cab configurations.

158” / 176” wheelbase configurations.

5-speed automatic transmission.

Fuel Tank Capacity

Mid-Ship: 41 gallons (usable)

Technical Specifications

EPA and CARB approved.

GVWR: 14,500 lbs.

Up to 30 passengers

Order Availability

Blue Bird dealers

Product Overview

Micro Bird G5 (Type A)

ROUSH Passenger and Cargo Vehicles

Full Line of E-Series:

– 2009+ Ford E-150 / 250 / 350 - 5.4L V8

– 2007+ Ford E-350 Cutaway - 5.4L V8

– 2009+ Ford E-450 Cutaway - 6.8L V10

ROUSH Trucks

Full Line of F-Series:

– 2007.5-2008 Ford F-150 - 5.4L V8

– 2009-2010 Ford F-250 / 350 - 5.4L V8

– 2012+ Ford F-250/350 – 6.2L V8

– 2011+ Ford F-450 / 550 - 6.8L V10

– 2012+ Ford F-650 - 6.8L V10

Propane Autogas

– Over 4,000 vehicles sold.

– Service, warranty, sales infrastructure in place.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

• Design of fuel system.

• Calibration.

Electric

– Over 16,000 recharging stations built.

– Blink ECOtality contract with U.S. DOE.

Hydrogen

• 207.297 MPH (world land-speed record.)

Alt. Fuel Experience

Factors for Alt Fuel Analysis

Economics

Energy Independence

Environmental Responsibility

Choosing the Right Partner

Technology /

Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure

Propane Molecule

(C3H8)

What Is Propane Autogas?

Economical – 40% - 50% less expensive than gasoline.

Clean – 24% reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.

– 20% reduction in Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions.

– 60% reduction in Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions.

Domestic – Export Billions of Gallons per Year

Abundant – Most refueling infrastructure of any alternative fuel.

– Powers over 21 million vehicles worldwide.

Safe – Low pressure (~ 200 psig).

– Fuel tanks are 20 times more puncture resistant than gasoline.

Propane Molecule

(C3H8)

US Propane Supply Growing Increase in Natural Gas Liquids Production From U.S. and Canada Shale Gas (Million Gallons per year)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Propane

Ethane

Butane

Pentanes

• Natural gas liquids production from shale gas is expected to increase by more than 6.9 Billion Gallons per

year between 2010 and 2015.

• 1.8 billion gallons of new propane supply by 2015

• 3.6 billion gallons of new propane supply by 2020

1/ Haynesville production includes production from other shales in the vicinity, e.g., the Bossier Shale

U.S. and Canada Shale Gas Production (Bcfd)

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

Western Canada

All Other US

Eagle Ford

Bakken

Utica

Marcellus

Haynesville /1

Fayetteville

Barnett

Woodford

Source: ICF Consulting

Wholesale Price Comparison

June, 2008:

~$2.00 / gal.

difference

(propane & diesel)

January, 2009:

$1.50 / gal.

difference

(propane & diesel)

February, 2013:

~$2.50 / gal.

difference

(propane & diesel)

The price gap between propane and diesel continues to widen over time.

Source: Ferrellgas

Choosing the Right Partner

Technology /

Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure

Propane Molecule

(C3H8)

Fueling Stations

On-Site Refueling:

Ford Michigan Assembly Plant (MI) Alliance Autogas Propane Tank Shell (AZ)

La Pine School District (OR) ROUSH CleanTech (MI) Heritage Propane Tank

Taking our Partners to Victory Lane

Blue Bird Savings

2013 BB Vision

Save Up to $41,000 in Operating

Costs

Healthy Transportation

Studies show that more than 70% of ambient air pollution comes from diesel emissions alone. – Diesel particulates are dangerous because they are so tiny, and can

lodge into the deepest areas of human lungs.

– Children, in particular, are susceptible because they breathe 50 percent more air per pound of body weight than adults.

Propane powered buses emit virtually zero particulate

matter. – In essence, this is a 100% decrease in unhealthy particulate

emissions when compared to diesel school buses. Solomon, Gina M., et al. “No Breathing in the Aisles: Diesel Exhaust Inside School Buses.” National Resources Defense Council and the Coalition for Clean Air.

January 2001 27 April 2004 <http://www.nrdc.org/air/transportation/schoolbus/sbusinx.asp>.

Nazemi, Mike A. “Multiple Toxics Exposure Study (MATES-II) in the South Coast Air Basin.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Policy (OSP), South Coast Air Quality Management District. Sampling Period: April 1998 to March 1999. 29 April 2004 <http://www.epa.gov/osp/presentations/airtox/nazemi.pdf>.

“Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air & Radiation (OAR), Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. 17 July 1997. Last updated on Thursday, July 11th, 2002. 29 April 2004 <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/naaqsfin/pmhealth.html>.

“Clean Cities Propane Overview,” U.S. Department of Energe (DOE), 11 December 2012. www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/toolbox/.../propane_overview.ppt..

Ford F-250 in Alaska

– Operated in temperatures < 0 F.

– Drove > 1,000 miles / week.

– 9+ months in Alaska.

Demo Vehicle

– State of Alaska Fleet Services.

– CH2M Hill.

– CONAM Construction.

– Ted Stevens Anchorage Int’l

Airport.

– City of Anchorage.

Cold Weather Performance

February 1, 2013

-13 air temperature, -25 wind chill in Minneapolis

Chaska, MN: buses started at 5:00am to begin 6:00am driver check-in

Two diesels were no starts and were plugged in over night

All Propane Units started right up and did not need to be plugged in

Within ten minutes all propane units were starting to heat and take the extreme cold out of the air; nearly all of the diesel still were below zero due to the cold.

By 7:30am some diesels were warmed up; plenty other diesels you could still see the breath in the air.

“Propane unit drivers were so warm they were able to shed jackets and wear a sweater, or even a short sleeve shirt with “house temperatures”

“Many old school bus drivers that were around in the 60’s and 70’s that used propane units then experienced buses freezing up in the winter time or hard starts. With today’s propane converted equipment we have experienced none of that. Everything has been easy starting, fast heating, and few issues if any.”

2013 Arctic Front in Minnesota

ROUSH Technical Support

185 Service Centers and Expanding

Mario Genovese - School Bus Technical Expert

– Mario.Genovese@roush.com

– 734.466.6738 (Office)

– 734.679.9935 (Mobile)

Customer Adoption

“With today’s tight school budgets, using a transportation fuel that saves taxpayers money, keeps the environment clean, and keeps jobs within our national borders is a win-win for everyone. Plus, our drivers love how quiet the propane buses perform.”

– William Schofield (Superintendent, Hall County Schools GA)

“Before tax credits, we pay nearly half the price of diesel for propane, cutting our fuel expenditures by more than 50%. So far we’ve saved $10,000 on the five Blue Bird buses alone.”

– Kevin Neafie (Director of Transportation, Tippecanoe School Corp IN)

“In their first year of operation, these propane autogas school buses (81) are expected to save $500,000 to $700,000 in fuel and maintenance costs over their diesel counterparts.”

– Mark Elias (Area General Manager, First Student OR)

We are saving $0.37 per mile in operating costs; any-one who works with school fleets can appreciate that substantial number.”

– Ron Latko (Director of Transportation, Mesa Unified School District AZ)

Testimonials

Robert C. Little

Central Region – Fleet Sales Manager

734.679.7526

Robert.Little@roush.com

Together We Practice Environmental Responsibility

Together We Are Innovative

Together We Succeed

70

Propane November 19, 2013

71

Propane Offers a Compelling Value Proposition Safe

Exceptionally strong fuel tanks

Built-in safeguards

Quieter ride

Cost Less expensive fuel

Lower maintenance costs

$.50 per gallon U.S. tax credit

Affordable infrastructure

Fuel Domestically produced

Abundant supply

Readily available

Green Reduces greenhouse gas emissions

Performance Exceptional power and cold-weather performance

Propane is a Safe, Cost Effective, Domestically-Sourced Fuel

that Reduces Emissions and Delivers Exceptional Performance

72

Propane is Safe

Fuel tank is 20 time more puncture resistant than the typical

gasoline or diesel fuel tank

Fuel tank is mounted between the chassis frame rails for

additional protection in the event of an accident

Multiple safeguards are installed in the ROUSH CleanTech

system to block the release of propane in the event of a leak

73

Propane Testing

4,000 lbs @ 40 MPH

Angled Side and

Rear Impact

220 PSI Tank

Pressure

CMVSS 301.1

Protocol

No Leakage or No

Pressure Drop in

30 Minute Test

74

Transportation Directors Like the Ease of On-Site Fueling

Propane Fueling Infrastructure is Inexpensive

The infrastructure costs for propane on-site fueling stations

start at approximately $45,000 compared to $400,000 for CNG

stations, and many propane suppliers will bake the cost of the

station into the fuel cost so no out-of-pocket expense is

required at time of installation

75

Buyers Love the Power & Cold Weather Performance

Propane Delivers Performance

With 362 hp, the Ford/ROUSH

CleanTech engine delivers

outstanding power

Cold weather performance is

exceptional and does not

require fuel additives or pre-

heating like diesel applications

Propane buses heat up quicker

than diesel-powered units

Started at -18 Degrees

Fahrenheit with No Problem

76

Propane Buses Reduce the Total Cost of Ownership

Propane Offers Significant Savings

Propane can save the typical

school district approximately

$50,000 in fuel cost over the

life of the bus

Additional savings can be

achieved through lower

maintenance costs

Only 7 quarts of oil

required for oil changes

vs. 21+ quarts for diesel

engines

No DEF fluid required for

emissions system

77

Propane is available in most popular configurations

Component Availability

Common Body Lengths, Passenger Capacities & Options

Available:

Micro Bird Propane – 158” Wheelbase, Up to 30 Passengers

Vision Propane

6 Wheelbases 189” – 280”

Up to 77 Passengers

Air Conditioning

Skirt Mounted Luggage Compartments

Spring or Air Ride Suspensions (Type C)

Wheelchair Lifts

Flat Floor (Type A & Type C)

68 and 93 gallon fuel containers available

78

Engine and Propane Fuel

System Coverage

5 year / 100,000 miles

Propane Engine & Fuel System Coverage

79

Alternative Fuel Markets

Alberta DC Maine Nevada Texas

Alaska Florida Michigan New York Utah

Alabama Georgia Minnesota Ohio Virginia

Arkansas Iowa Missouri Oklahoma Vermont

Arizona Idaho Montana Ontario Washington

British Columbia Illinois North Carolina Oregon Wisconsin

California Kansas New Hampshire Pennsylvania West Virginia

Colorado Mass. New Jersey S. Carolina Nebraska

Connecticut Maryland New Mexico Tennessee

3 Provinces, 40 States and D.C.

80

We Have Many Testimonials from Satisfied Customers

Fleets are Very Happy with Propane

Ron Latko

81

Propane is a Competitive Differentiator for Blue Bird

Summary

The value proposition associated with reducing the total cost of

ownership through a safe bus that reduces a district’s carbon

footprint while delivering exceptional performance is compelling

There are vast reserves of natural gas in the USA that ensure a

solid and predictable supply of propane into the future

Fully integrated, all conventional bus lengths, passenger

capacities and

Customers that buy propane re-buy propane, because it works

Thank you!

82