Greenhouse gases and their effect
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Transcript of Greenhouse gases and their effect
Species Mixing ratio Source Water Vapour 10,000 to 2 ppmv Natural Methane 1.7 ppmv Biogenic Nitrous oxide 310 ppbv Biogenic Carbon monoxide 50-500 ppbv Anthropogenic Ozone 10 ppbv to 10 ppmv Photochemical Halocarbons Few hundred pptv Anthropogenic
COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE Major Gases
Trace Gases
Nitrogen 78.08%
Oxygen 20.03%
Others
Argon 0.93%
Gases which make up far less than 1 percent of the atmosphere have a much greater influence on both short-term weather and long-term climate.
The less abundant gases (H2O,
CO2, CH4, SO2, andN2O) all have an important property.
These gases have the ability to
absorb thermal energy (heat) emitted by the earth and thus are able to warm the atmosphere. This warming is what is popularly called the "greenhouse effect.“
These gases are called greenhouse gases as without them the surface of the earth would be about 30 degrees Celsius cooler, and far too cold for life, as we know it, to exist. On the other hand, these greenhouse gases are so thermally potent that even proportionately small amounts can cause Earth’s lower atmospheric temperature to rise.
Absorption of energy by greenhouse gases
Energy balance of the earth.
Radiation Balance
Primary Greenhouse Gases:
Gas
Water vapor (H2O) ~60
Carbon dioxide (CO2) ~26
Ozone (O3) ~8
Methane (CH 4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O ) ~6
Other
Greenhouse effect contribution (%)
What causes it? Human Impacts- Natural Impacts-
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 1990–2005
In 2005, estimated worldwide emissions totaled nearly 39 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents. This represents a 26 percent increase from 1990. . Emissions of carbon dioxide increased by 31 percent, which is particularly important because carbon dioxide accounts for nearly three-fourths of total global emissions. Methane emissions increased the least—10 percent—while emissions of nitrous oxide increased by 14 percent. Emissions of fluorinated gases more than doubled.
Greenhouse Gas SOURCES SINK Importance for climate
Carbon Dioxide • Burning of fossil fuel • Landuse change (deforestation)
•Ocean Uptake •photosynthesis
Absorbs infrared
radiation; affects stratospheric O3
Methane •Biomass burning •Enteric fermentation •Rice paddies
• Reactions with OH • Microorganisms uptake by soils
Absorbs IR; affects tropospheric &
stratospheric O3; produces CO2
Nitrous Oxide • Biomass burning • Fossilfuel combustion • Fertilizers
• Removal by soils • Stratospheric photolysis and rxn with O xygen
Absorbs IR; affects stratospheric O3
Ozone •Photochemical reactions involving O2
Catalytic chemical reactions involving NOx species.
Absorbs UV & IR radiation
CFC Industrial production dissociated in stratosphere
Absorbs IR; affects stratospheric O3
Sulphur dioxide Volcanoes, Coal and
Biomass burning
•Dry & wet deposition •Reactions with OH
Forms aerosols, which scatter solar radiation
Carbon is extensively recycled through the earth system, including both the terrestrial, biosphere and the oceans.
CO2
CARBON CYCLE
Increased volcanism input huge quantities of CO2 into the
atmosphere resulting in the increase in temperature (T°)
The CO2 Cycle as Earth’s Thermostat
T° increase causes increased chemical weathering and marine carbonate deposition which lowers atmospheric CO2
Future Carbon Dioxide Levels Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in China and developing
countries
Likely to double within 150 years:
I. Increased coal usage
II. Increased natural gas usage
III. Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply)
Country Emission Per Capita (Million Metric Tons/yr) (Metric Tons) USA 1577 5.3 China 15100 1.16 Russia 410 2.87 India 383 (coal 70%, oil 21%) 0.35 Japan 336 2.63 Global Average 1.23
CH4
Generally present in low concentration than CO2
Atmospheric lifetime is important , of the long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs), methane has the shortest lifetime
(7 to 10 years) , being susceptible
to reaction with OH.
This figure shows concentrations of methane in the atmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years ago through 2011. The data come from a variety of historical ice core studies and recent air monitoring sites around the world. Each line represents a different data source
N2O As a major source of NOx
in the stratosphere, where
it is transported due to long
tropospheric lifetime
(140 to 190 years)
Sources: nitrification and
denirification in soils and
aquatic system, fertilizers etc
This figure shows concentrations of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere from 100,000 years ago through 2011. The data come from a variety of historical ice core studies and recent air monitoring sites around the world. Each line represents a different data source
O3 Ozone is a triatomic form of oxygen (O2) found in Earth’s upper and
lower atmosphere.
The ozone layer, situated in the stratosphere about 15 to 30 km above the earth's surface.
Ozone protects living organisms by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVB) from the sun.
03 near the ground is at temperatures close to those of the earth's surface. As a result, emission and absorption are occurring at essentially the same temperature, resulting in no contribution to the greenhouse effect. However, because the temperature falls with altitude up to the tropopause, the Boltzmann distribution shifts to smaller relative populations in the excited states. As a result, the net emission from 03 becomes smaller relative to absorption.
03 absorbs strongly in the UV as well, which leads to heating in the stratosphere, in contrast to CO2, which cools it. Thus, changes in the concentrations of ozone and its vertical distribution affect not only infrared but also solar UV radiation, with associated effects on climate.
Estimated Global Warming Potential Lifetime
20 years 100 years 500 years years
GREENHOUSE GAS
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Variable 1 1 1
Methane (CH4) 12 62 23 7
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 275 296 156
CFCl3 (CFC11) variable 6300 4600 1600
CF2Cl2 (CFC12) variable 10200 10600 5200
Based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report, 2001
GWP reflects the relative strength of individual greenhouse gas with respect to its impact on global warming. It was defined as the cumulative radiative forcing between the present and some future time caused by a unit mass of greenhouse gas emitted now, expressed relative to CO2.
Expected Consequences of increased GHG Concentration is:
Climate Change GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and
precipitation.
• The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased
• Sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century
• Global surface temp. could rise 1-4.5°F (0.6-2.5°C) in the next fifty years, and 2.2-10°F (1.4-5.8°C) in the next century
Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century
Kyoto Protocol • Framework
– stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to prevent anthropogenic interference with the climate system
– emission targets for industrialized countries between 2008-2012 are collectively about 5% lower than 1990 emissions
• US target is 7% reduction
• developing countries do not have quantified targets
– six gases
• CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6
"We must limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees. We are far from there,
and even that is enough to cause dire consequences. If we continue along the
current path, we are close to a 6 degree increase". - UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Remarks at the Council on Foreign Relations (February 2013)
REFERENCES http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/pdfs/CI-greenhouse-gases-
2012.pdf
Chemistry of upper and lower atmosphere-Barbara Pitts Class lecture slides http://www.rsc.org/images/CA1_tcm18-137981.pdf
http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf http://www.weather.gov.hk/prtver/pdf/docs/cis/climchange/grnh
se_e.pdf