Greenhouse gas emissions from drained and degraded peatlands · 2019-02-20 · degraded peatlands A...
Transcript of Greenhouse gas emissions from drained and degraded peatlands · 2019-02-20 · degraded peatlands A...
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Greenhouse gas emissions from drained and degraded peatlands
A brief introduction to the problem and
possible perspectives to address it
Annett Thiele
Landscape Ecologist
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Content
• Introduction
• Scientific background
• Accounting method (GESTs)
• Funding mechanisms for now and for the future (VCS, Moorfutures)
• Conclusion
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Living peatlands
• long term carbon storage entities
• store two times more than all forests of the world
• 75% of all carbon in the atmosphere
• on the long term – climate neutral
CO2
CH4
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Drained peatlands
• Emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
• account for up to 6% of the human induced GHG emissions to the atmosphere
• make up to 10 % of the AFOLU emissions (1 Gt of CO2 eq.)
CO2 N2O
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Why should we account for carbon emissions from
peatlands?
There are fires from peatlands!
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On only 0.3% of the land surface are responsible for 6% of total
anthropogenic emissions!
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Present area of natural peatlands: 27,6% of the total peatland area (~178,000 ha), Povilaitis et al. 2011; Taminskas et al. 2012
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Peat extraction
Drained peatlands are used for agriculture (60.5%), forestry (34.6%) and peat extraction (4.7%), Povilaitis et al. 2011; Taminskas et al. 2012
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We love wet peatlands!
But how to assess the emissions?
Aim: develop a suitable method to assess emissions
to generate tradable carbon credits
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Direct measurements
• chamber method measures on a small scale (1*1 m)
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Thank you for your attention measurements should take place all around the year
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Direct measurements
• Eddy-covariance can measure on a bigger scale (up to hectares)
• hardly transferable to other sites
• costs are approximately 10,000€/ha/yr
• too expensive to do it on every rewetting site
• search for proxies to assess the emissions
eomf.ou.edu
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The search for a proxy for emissions
• three parameters might fit as indicator for emissions
– subsidence
– water level
– vegetation
sub
sid
ence
(cm
a-1)
Drainage depth (cm)
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The search for a proxy for emissions
• three parameters might fit as indicator for emissions
– subsidence
– water level
– vegetation
sub
sid
ence
(cm
a-1)
Drainage depth (cm)
CONTRA:
1. only for the drained sitution
2. hardly convertable to CO2
numbers, as compaction and
shrinkange add to peat loss
3. for methane and nitrous oxide
not applicable
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Proxy für THG aus Mooren
• three parameters might fit as indicator for emissions
– subsidence
– water level
– vegetation
Jurasinski et al. in Wichtmann, W., Schröder, C & H. Joosten (eds.) in Vorbereitung: Paludikultur – Bewirtschaftung nasser Moore - Klimaschutz, Biodiversität, regionale Wertschöpfung – Kap. 6 Ökosystemleistungen von Paludikultur. Paludiculture – cultivation of wet peatlands. Climate protection, biodiversity, regional economic benefits – Chapt. 6 Ecosystem services of Paludiculture, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, ~330 S.
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Proxy für THG aus Mooren
• three parameters might fit as indicator for emissions
– subsidence
– water level
– vegetation
Jurasinski et al. in Wichtmann, W., Schröder, C & H. Joosten (eds.) in Vorbereitung: Paludikultur – Bewirtschaftung nasser Moore - Klimaschutz, Biodiversität, regionale Wertschöpfung – Kap. 6 Ökosystemleistungen von Paludikultur. Paludiculture – cultivation of wet peatlands. Climate protection, biodiversity, regional economic benefits – Chapt. 6 Ecosystem services of Paludiculture, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, ~330 S.
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Proxy für THG aus Mooren
• three parameters might fit as indicator for emissions
– subsidence
– water level
– vegetation
Jurasinski et al. in Wichtmann, W., Schröder, C & H. Joosten (eds.) in Vorbereitung: Paludikultur – Bewirtschaftung nasser Moore - Klimaschutz, Biodiversität, regionale Wertschöpfung – Kap. 6 Ökosystemleistungen von Paludikultur. Paludiculture – cultivation of wet peatlands. Climate protection, biodiversity, regional economic benefits – Chapt. 6 Ecosystem services of Paludiculture, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, ~330 S.
CONTRA:
1. mapping of water table via satellite
imagery so far impossible
2. direct large scale measurement is
cost and labour intensive
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emissions directly depend on the water table depth
vegetation also depends on the mean water table depth
so why not use vegetation as a proy for GHG emissions?!
Deutschland, Anklamer Stadtbruch
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vegetation as an indicator for emissions
• integrates other site factors (pH, trophy, shunt species CH4)
• quick
• easy
• cost effective
• reliable… ? method is improved constanly
Greenhouse Gas Emission Site Types (GESTs)
Belarus, Dakudauskaje peatland
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Exemplatory rewetting site and
emissions of GESTs
moderately moist cultivated peatland
31.5 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
moist reeds and sedge fens
3 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
very moist sedge reeds
12.5 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
–28.5 –5
Reduction of 19 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
moist bare peat
9 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
very moist Sphagnum-
Eriophorum-lawn
-3 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
–12 t
wet green Sphagnum carpet
2 t CO2 eq. ha-1a1
Reduction of 7 t CO2 eq. ha-1a-1
+5 t
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water table below surface [cm]
Co
uw
enb
erg
2012
GHG emissions against water table depth and
possible utilization options
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
t C
O2-Ä
qu
ha
-1 a
-1
grazing for habitat management
extensive grazing
Reed canary grass
Typha, Alder, segdes
common reed
Paludiculture
Dry agricultural use
peat moss
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Carbon credits for peatland rewetting/conservation
• VCS methods for peatlands:
1. deforestation and forest degradation on mineral and peatland
2. rewetting of tropical peatlands in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei and Papua New Guinea
3. rewetting of temperate peatlands in Europe – currently under second validation
www.database.v-c-s.org
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Moorfutures® in Germany
• method based on GESTs applied in three federal states (Mecklenburg-Pomerania, Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein)
• you can compensate emissions of events, private or company emissions
• http://www.moorfutures.de
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MoorFutures Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
2011: first voluntary carbon credits on the regional scale
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MoorFutures-Certificates - an example
55 ha moderately moist grassland
(2+/-) (24 t CO2-Äq./ha/a)
26 ha wet reeds (5+) (8.5 t CO2-Äq./ha/a)
12 ha very moist reeds (4+) (3.5 t CO2-
Äq./ha/a)
17 ha moist meadows (3+) (15 t CO2-
Äq./ha/a) Emission reductions for
50 years: 14.325 t CO2-Äq.
1.300 t CO2-Äq./a 530 t CO2-Äq./a
11.627 t CO2-Äq. are sold for 35€/t
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MoorFutures-Standard v. 2.0 Kriterien und Vorgaben
MoorFutures-Methodologie
GHG (GEST)
MoorFutures-certificates t CO2-Äq.
MoorFutures-Methodologie water quality
(NEST)
MoorFutures-Methodologie
biodiversity (BEST)
MoorFutures-Methodologie
cooling (EEST)
…
(…)
+
Einschätzung zusätzlicher Ökosystemdienstleistungen anhand von
Wasserstand und Vegetation
Joosten et al. (2013): Moorfutures. Integration of additional ecosystem services (including biodiversity) into carbon credits – standard, methodology and transferability to other regions. 119 pp.
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Conclusion
• peatland rewetting is good for the climate
• we are not the only ones who love wet peatlands!
• additional funding mechanisms will evolve soon for temperate peatlands (VCS) and could be developed for regional markets
• natural peatlands should be conserved and only used if habitat management is necessary!
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Paludiculture
• For more information read:
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Carbon credits
• Peatlands and greenhouse gases
• The global peatland CO2 picture
• The GEST approach
• Peatlands & biodiversity
• Land use options for rewetted peatlands
• Summary of the BMU-ICI project
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Bundling measurements
Reichelt, 2015