Green Technology Journal - 2010

February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

1 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM

Introduction

A green job, also called a green-collar

job is, according to the United Nations

Environment Program, “work in agricultural,

manufacturing, research and development

(R&D), administrative, and service activities

that contribute substantially to preserving or

restoring environmental quality.”

The green job profiles for specialized

occupations need to be analyzed before been

implemented to the workers. However the

problem is, mostly Engineering Management

still not clear what method can be used to

analyze green responsibilities.

In this study, the Green Job Profiles

were analyzed by using Developing A

Curriculum (DACUM) technique.

DACUM was a workshop held to

examine the occupational field entered by

graduates of the Industrial Technology Electrical

Systems (IT-ES) degree program at Central

Connecticut State University. The DACUM

process was used to conduct a locally relevant

job analysis as the basis for establishing an up-

to-date curriculum for IT-ES program[1].

DACUM has multiple uses. The process

can be used for job analysis, occupational

analysis, process analysis, functional analysis

and conceptual analysis. It is a storyboarding

process that provides a picture of what the

worker does in terms of duties, tasks,

knowledge, skills, traits and in some cases the

tools the worker uses. This tools to aid in hiring,

updating workers responsibilities, developing

training and views the workers job descriptions.

DACUM Revolution

DACUM grew out of a curriculum

development effort directed at technical training

for the Women‟s Job Corp program in Clinton,

Iowa in the 1960‟s. This curriculum project was

conducted by Experimental Projects Branch,

Canada Department of Manpower and

Immigration and the General Learning Corp of

New York (Norton,1985)[2].

Analysis of Green Job

Profiles in Manufacturing

Engineering Using DACUM

Rodzidah Mohd Rodzi Master of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Degree of Electrical-Electronics Engineering (Hons), Universiti Tekonologi Malaysia

Keywords: Developing a Curriculum (DACUM), Green Occupational Analysis, Green Job Profiles, Duties, Task,

Green Jobs Survey, Manufacturing Engineering, Survey Questionnaire, Job Analysis, Duty Analysis Worksheet,

Skill-Gap Analysis Worksheet, Occupational Analysis, Management Level, Engineering Level, Job Sampling,

Center for Instructor and Advanced Training (CIAST), National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS), Department

of Skills Development (DSD), Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR), Mapping.



The DACUM movement continued to

grow in Canada, but it was not until 1975 that

Robert Norton, the person most associated with

DACUM in the United States learned about it.

Late in 1976, Robert Norton conducted his first

DACUM workshop at Colorado State University

in Fort Collins. During the late 1970‟s, many

technical and community colleges implemented

DACUM analyses for curriculum development

[2].

Eventually, Norton was recruited to

train DACUM facilitators. A DACUM on

DACUM was conducted in October 1982, which

provided the basis for the development of the

DACUM Handbook with guidelines for

implementing formalized training of DACUM

facilitators. (Norton ,1985)[1].

In 1983, Norton took DACUM

international, and since then DACUM has been

widely used nationally and internationally for

training and educational curriculum

development. The DACUM process continues to

be very successful in identify critical curricula,

especially for vocational and technical

programs.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze

the green job profiles in manufacturing

engineering by using DACUM technique. The

study started with surveying the knowledge of

Green Jobs from various sectors and various job

positions.

Once the survey statistics have been

analyzed, the Green Jobs responsibilities within

the Manufacturing Engineering sector were

carried out. All the responsibilities will be

analyzed in order to identify Green Job tasks and

duties in Manufacturing Engineering.

The scope of this research is to carry out

the Green Job tasks in Manufacturing

Engineering sector. The research has been done

by using simple occupational analysis technique.

The simple technique mentioned,

Developing a Curriculum (DACUM) is a useful

tool in occupational analysis. It is a very low

cost but an efficient solution. The sector scope is

focus on the Manufacturing Engineering Job.

The present technique been implemented by

most company is hiring a contractor to develop

their workers green skills but still can‟t achieve

optimum requirements.

The Green Jobs in Manufacturing

Engineering Analysis process begins with

develop and distribute Survey Questionnaire.

The Questionnaire was designed by using

Microsoft Office Word. Once the survey result

show positive responses, the Occupational

Analysis can be performed.

The Occupational Analysis objective is

essential in this study as the objective aimed is

to carry out the green jobs duties and tasks. The

Occupational Analysis been done by

implementing the DACUM method.

In implementing DACUM method

process, Manufacturing Engineering Job

Sampling been done in order to get the standard

existing responsibilities in production

management. The job scopes covered in this

project are Management Level and Engineering

Level. Both level are the person who will set up,

organize, coordinate and monitor the green

management strategy.

Duty Analysis Worksheet and Skill-gap

Analysis Worksheet are developed in terms to

get the opinion and responses from the

respondents. The respondents are from variety

career and level such as contractor, consultant,

industrial, services business, education and

government line.

The responses, feedbacks and evaluation

from the respondents will be processed and

documented in statistics graphic. Those results

are ready to be used by the Manufacturing

Engineering Management.



Methodology

This study methodology is based on 3

stages (a) initial phase: problem identification,

literature review and methodology design. (b)

core phase: surveying, developing, implement,

documenting responses and analyzing. (c) final

phase: report preparation.

Problem identification stage is important

to clarify that green skills are very important in

every career. So, a survey has been done in order

to develop the statistics of green jobs knowledge

among the Malaysia citizen. The other problem

is to declare the Manufacturing Engineering job

responsibilities. Every manufacturing production

involves different environment and different

green manufacturing requirements.

Before developing the analysis

worksheets, samples of Manufacturing

Engineering job responsibilities has been

compare and contrasts. This will optimized the

list of job responsibilities. Manufacturing

Engineering Duty analysis and skill gap analysis

had been distributed to be fulfilled by the

respondents. In the analysis worksheets also

include an evaluation as to get agreement from

the respondents in terms of declaration of the

tasks at the Manufacturing Engineering

production. The information gathered in this

project must be translated into duties and tasks

components.

Once the problem is identified, survey

questionnaire was created by using Microsoft

Office Word software. This questionnaire help

to assess the respondents interests of green

skills. It is based on the knowledge of the

respondents about the important of green skills

in order to build the green working environment.

The responses portray the knowledge and

interests of the respondents.

Green Jobs and Manufacturing

Engineering Jobs Sampling method then

been implemented. In this research, in order

to optimize the Manufacturing Engineering

Job responsibilities in the production, some

samples of job responsibilities and

description are selected. The samples then

been compared and contrast. Then the

standard and ordinary job responsibilities

will be short listed.

Responsibilities or duties in green

jobs also will be related to the selected job

responsibilities. In this step, the sources are

from the literature review, observation and

experience. Some discussion with the

trainers from Centre for Instructor and

Advanced Skills Training (CIAST) also

contribute in this selection and relation.

Finally, the DACUM approach was

applied for occupational analysis. It is a

storyboarding process that provides a picture

of what the worker does in terms of duties,

tasks, knowledge, skills, traits and in some

cases the tools the worker uses. The

information is presented in graphic chart

form and can include information on critical

and frequently performed tasks and the

training needs of workers.

This project involved 5 steps by using

DACUM method.

Step 1 : Develop Duty Analysis Worksheet

In the Duty Analysis Worksheet, contains the

list of Manufacturing Engineering tasks in the

production. Those tasks are related to the green

jobs responsibilities. The purpose of Duty

Analysis is to get the opinion or sharing idea

which tasks are certainly being implemented in

production.

Step 2 :Develop Skills Gap Analysis Worksheet

The purpose of Skills Gap Analysis is to

measure the level of workers skills in certain

jobs responsibilities. In this project the Skills

Gap Analysis Worksheet represents the skills

level of Manufacturing Engineering workers in

order to execute the Green Jobs Skills. Through

this Analysis Worksheet, the opinion by the

experience and vary level of posts will be

documented.

Step 3 : Distribute to the respondents to get the

responses and feedbacks. The Duty Analysis



Worksheet and Skills gap Analysis Worksheet

will be distribute to the respondents in order to

get responses and feedbacks. The respondent

needs to fill up a little bit personal background

form. This is as a record of the post, company,

age, and also races of the respondents. Those

particular information are important as an

observation sources. A variety career

background of respondents will be selected to

answer the analysis worksheets.

Step 4 : Process and document respondents

evaluation

After all the information from the

analysis been gathered, the analysis worksheet

will be processed and will be documented. The

high selected tasks will be depicted as the

related task in executing green jobs. While the

high weight from the skill gap analysis will be

concern in engineering management in terms to

gain the workers skills development.

Step 5 : Analysis the jobs and do tasks

mapping

Duties and Tasks mapping will be done

in order to carry out the Green Jobs profile. The

mapping result will be shown in graphic.

The format was adapted from National

of Occupational Skill Standard (NOSS) which

is provided by Department of Skills

Development (DSD), Ministry of Human

Resources (MOHR), Malaysia. NOSS is a

document that stipulates the required

competency level expected of a skilled

employee who is employed in Malaysia in a

specific trade; it also defines the level of

employment and the path required to achieve

the stated competency level.

Findings of the Green Job Profiles

Analysis

Green Jobs Profile was chosen in this

study which is applied by company that become

more aware of the necessity for a clean

workplace. There are more types of green jobs

nowadays and everyone interested in having

such a job. The jobs are involving tasks related

to processes and actions.

This study has unites many engineering

management disciplines to produce a reliable

result. It was started with green skills demand

survey. Once the respondents respond positively,

job sampling had been done to determine the

current responsibility.

Duty Analysis Worksheet was

developed in order to get the opinion and

validation from the experience worker in various

sectors. Based on the respondent‟s feedback,

there are two duties to be reserved which are

Management Level and Engineering Level.

Next, Skill-gap Analysis Worksheet was

developed and distributed to analyze the skill

gap of the workers nowadays in terms to apply

the green jobs tasks. To develop the Green Jobs

Profile in Manufacturing Engineering, mapping

or DACUM technique has been used. It is a

simple, quick result and low cost method but

efficient.

Along the process of analyzing profile

was carried out, several conclusion can be

pointed down. The conclusions are;

i. In surveying the demand of the green

skills, the result of the 250 respondent‟s

feedbacks shows that 100% agree the green

skills are important to their workplace. Over

95% never attend the green development. One

hundred percent (100%) of the respondents

interested to participate in the green skills

development. One hundred percent (100%)

supported the government incentives in

developing green skills development. Only 54%

of respondents heard about Department of Skills

Development (DSD) which is responsible in

developing Malaysia citizen skills.

ii. While in Job Sampling stage, jobs

responsibilities in Manufacturing Engineering

were analyzed and two levels of jobs were

proposed. The Management level and

Engineering level current responsibilities were

determined. Those responsibilities were named

as duties. Under Management level, there are 5



duties. While under Engineering level, there are

6 duties. There were 33 green jobs tasks listed.

iii. In Duty Analysis stage, Duty Analysis

Worksheet was developed and distributed to 250

respondents. The purpose is to determine the

exact standard job responsibilities implemented

in actual manufacturing management. In order to

view the capabilities of the present workers,

Skill-gap Analysis was developed and

distributed to the respondents. The result can be

used in measuring the capabilities of the workers

to execute the green jobs tasks. From the

calculations, the average of skills gap in

Management Level are 25.3% while in

Engineering Level are 31.1%. The results of the

Skill-gap Analysis are as below

The total score full level of proficiencies are

1250.

Management level:

a. Administer organizational policies and

procedures – 96% (1200)

b. Evaluate staff performance – 88%

(1100)

c. Plan departmental budget – 49.6%

(620)

d. Execute business strategy / planning –

60% (750)

e. Develop marketing plan – 80% (995)

Engineering level:

a. Implement environmental regulations –

78.4% (980)

b. Setup green workplace standards – 83%

(1037)

c. Perform green production process –

59% (734)

d. Develop team work – 92% (1153)

e. Resolve technical and non technical

problems – 58% (729)

f. Manage facilities and equipment – 43%

(541)

iv. Finally, constructing the Green Jobs

profile in Manufacturing Engineering stage,

mapping or DACUM method was implemented.

The tasks and duties were mapped in sequence

according to the tasks step to execute the duties.

i. Green Job Profile for Management Level (4

duties)

Duty 01 – Administer organizational policies

and procedures : 3 tasks

Duty 02 – Plan departmental budget : 2 tasks

Duty 03 – Execute business strategy /

planning : 3 tasks

Duty 04 – Develop marketing plan : 4 tasks

ii. Green Job Profile for Engineering Level (5

duties)

Duty 01 – Implement environmental

regulations: 2 tasks

Duty 02 – Set up Green Workplace

standards: 4 tasks

Duty 03 – Perform green production process:

4 tasks

Duty 04 – Develop team work: 2 tasks

Duty 05 – Manage facilities and equipment :

2 tasks

Future Study

There are some recommendations that

can be considered in future study of

occupational analysis in Manufacturing

Engineering sector.

The recommendations are as below :

Repeat the Green Jobs Survey

biannually in order to assess job growth

in industries and occupations, and as a

basis for measuring progress against

current and future state economic goals.

Conduct detailed analyses of targeted

green industry areas and occupations to

determine key growth factors,

employment projections, and to define

the education and skill standards



required of current and emerging green

occupations.

Expand analyzing Green Jobs Profile for

variety positions by study a company

manufacturing management and their

current activities.

Implications

This study anticipates contributing to

manufacturing engineering management by

developing Green Occupational Analysis, using

simple and low cost method. The final result can

readily used by the Manufacturing Engineering

Management.

The format can be used to analyze other

job description by adjusting the duties and

information suit to the expected responsibilities.

The formats are „one size fits all‟ which means it

can be implemented to the others job scope.

A successful strategy to green the

economy involves environmental and social full

cost pricing of energy and materials inputs, in

order to discourage unsustainable patterns of

production and consumption. The most critical

strategy, is to shift the whole job responsibilities

including upgrading the workers skills and

knowledge.

Most company claim to set up green

workplace need to convert everything to a new

approach. The most complicated issue is about

the manpower workforce. The whole job

responsibilities need adjustment by adding up

green job tasks. The workers also need to

provide training adequately in order to increase

their capability to execute green job tasks.

For that reason, the DACUM

application in analyzing green job profiles is a

clear example of a simple method.

With today's industrial optimization

programmes, companies are struggling to

develop accurate and concise job descriptions.

Quite often, after spending hours developing a

job description, followed by training, companies

discover that the tasks trained for was not

critical or worse, not required [3].

By using the Develop A Curriculum (DACUM)

approach to job analysis, a complete job profile

including prioritized tasks can be developed in

only 2 days. Validation can be completed in four

to six hours over a two-week period.

Thus, the outcome of this study is not

solely to carry out the green jobs profile for

Management and Engineering Levels, but also

can be used for others manufacturing

management purpose such as for instructional

program planning, curriculum development,

training materials development, organizational

restructuring, employee recruitment, training

needs assessment, meeting ISO 9000 standards,

career counseling, job descriptions, competency

test development, and other purposes.

References

[1]Norton, R.E. (1992). DACUM: A proven and

powerful approach to occupational analysis.

(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.

ED 346 248)

[2]Dr. Deborah J. Zanella, Journal of Industrial

Technology, Volume 15, Number 4 – August

1999 to October 1999.

[3]http://www.dacum.net/index.php?option=co

m_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=43;

April 13th, 2007.

http://www.dacum.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=43

http://www.dacum.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=43



APPENDIX A – SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE



APPENDIX B – DUTY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET



APPENDIX C – SKILL-GAP ANALYSIS WORKSHEET



APPENDIX D – NOSS VERB (STEP VERB & ABILITY VERB)



APPENDIX E – NOSS VERB (TASK VERB & STEP VERB)



APPENDIX F – NOSS VERB (DUTY VERB & TASK VERB)



APPENDIX G – DUTY VERB, TASK VERB AND STEP VERB (TABLE)



APPENDIX H – ATTITUDE / SAFETY (TABLE)

Green Technology Journal - 2010

Engineering

Transcript of Green Technology Journal - 2010