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Green supply chain managementImplementation and performance – a literature

review and some issuesSunil Luthra and Dixit Garg

Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India, and

Abid Haleem Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,

Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce and provide an overview of the various issues

related to Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and suggest further scope and direction of research in this emerging field.Design/methodology/approach – The work relies on experiences, case studies and other literaturerelated to GSCM. Literature has been segregated to understand various GSCM issues. A detailedreview is used to sort out the literature and develop the research direction of the study. The review isfocussed on development of GSCM including all those researchers which is relevant to environmentaland social sustainability toward operation management and the supply chain. A literature reviewseems to be a valid approach, as a necessary step in structuring a research field.Findings – The objectives of this paper are to identify major research work conducted on GSCMand to classify them to identify gaps in literature and opportunities for future research. The paperhas provided an integrative framework for study, design, implementation and GSCM performance.The findings also identify a number of issues that need to be addressed.Research limitations/implications – Implication of the work is that the knowledge of the researchgap can be used to focus efforts on key areas so as to ensure speedy and comprehensive implementationof GSCM practices.Practical implications – The paper may prove to be a very useful source of information topractitioners and regulators in their green practices implementation programs.Originality/value – This paper provides some of the very first insights into development of GSCMtheories. The methodological review will provide better understanding of the current state of researchin the discipline.

Keywords Performance measurement, Supply chain management (SCM),Green supply chain management (GSCM), Green supply chain management implementation

Paper type Literature review

IntroductionIn recent years the topic of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has received

growing attention and has become an increasingly popular research area. More andmore people are becoming aware of the world’s environmental problems includingglobal warming; toxic substance usage and decreasing non-replenishable resources.Several organizations have responded to environmental issues by implementing green

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at

www.emeraldinsight.com/0972-7981.htm

Journal of Advances in Management

Research

Vol. 11 No. 1, 2014

pp. 20-46

r Emerald Group Publishing Limited

0972-7981

DOI 10.1108/JAMR-07-2012-0027

The authors would like to thank Dr Sanjay Kumar, Professor, Department of MechanicalEngineering, IITM, Murthal-131039, Haryana (India) and Professor Sanjay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Indiafor the support and technical advice.

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principles within their organization, such as using environmentally friendly rawmaterials, reducing reliance on petroleum and using recycled papers for packaging.These green principles have been expanded to many departments within anorganization and its supply chain.

Objectives and methodology of the paper The objectives of this paper are to identify and report the major research workconducted on GSCM. The review of the extant literature helps to identify gaps inliterature and provides opportunities for future research. A literature review seemsto be a valid approach, as a necessary step in structuring a research field andforms an integral part of any research (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002). This helps toidentify the conceptual content of the field and guides toward theory development(Meredith, 1993).

GSCM is an emerging field and only few reviews have been made over the years toexamine various aspects of GSCM-related research. A number of existing reviewsexplore the GSCM literature for implications of environmental concerns on firm’s

individual functions involving activities such as product design, green manufacturingor green transportation. In this work, we have examined the existing studies fromseveral perspectives, i.e. key themes of GSCM, methodology/techniques used inresearch, type of models developed, research methods used, type of industryconsidered in research, GSCM implementation enablers/barriers and performancemeasurement in GSCM. Moreover, most of the existing reviews cover literature that is,in some cases, over a decade old. Our review focusses on more recent research in thisfast changing and growing field.

The distribution of the publication from 1995 to 2012 is shown in Figure 1.The results show that approximately 70 percent of the work involving the main

Number of Reseach Papers Published/

Considered in the Review Process

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concepts in that define the theme of GSCM appeared in the last five years (2007-2011),which indicates the need for maturation, suggesting a field with great scope forfuture study.

Organization of the paper Different definitions of GSCM suggested by various researchers discussed in nextsection. Afterwards, key themes of GSCM have been identified and described.Thereafter, techniques/methodologies applied, models developed, research methodsand industry considered in the research related to GSCM reported in the literaturehave been discussed. Thereafter, literature on enablers and barriers to implementGSCM has been discussed. GSCM performance measurement review has been exploredin the next section. In the last sections, discussions of research presented followed byconclusions and future research directions.

GSCM definedGSCM is an emerging field that strands out of the traditional supply chain perspective.

Various definitions have been suggested by different researchers. Some of them aregiven as (Table I).

Key themes of GSCMWe have identified six key themes of GSCM from the literature synthesis. Thisclassification helps in broadly identifying areas for the research and problemformulation. The six key themes of GSCM include: – Green Product Development,Green Design, Green Purchasing and Green Raw Materials Procurement, GreenProcess Planning, Green Manufacturing and Green Transportation.

Frequency of GSCM key themes reported in the literature considered is representedin Table II and Figure 2.

It has been observed that Green Purchasing and Green Raw Material Procurement,

Green Design, Green Transportation, and Green Manufacturing have gained moreattention of researchers than Green Process Planning, and Green Product Developmentas they need more research.

Techniques/methodologies applied and models developed toward GSCMdevelopment reported in the literatureDifferent concepts, techniques/methodologies applied and models developed towardGSCM development have been suggested by different researchers. The brief summaryof various tool/techniques used in the area GSCM reported in the literature has beenshown in Table III.

It is evident that the two techniques, factor analysis and regression analysis havebeen used more as compared to other statistical tools and techniques. It is important

to mention here that other tools and techniques needs to be explored and utilized inthe field.

Various models like Conceptual Model, Closed Loop Supply Chain Model, MultiObjective Optimization Models and Green Logistic Model of GSCM for optimization of efficiency have reported in the literature. Summary for various models of GSCMreported in the literature has been shown in Table IV.

Conceptual models have been most reported and supply chain operation referencemodels have been least reported in the literature. It shows most of models areconceptual in nature. Yet more studies are required to complete this emerging field.

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The literature has also been categorized based on research methods like casestudies/surveys/empirical studies, mathematical and OR-based models, interviewsand other methods. A summary of research methods is given in Table V.

Various research methods like “case studies/surveys/empirical Studies,”“mathematical and OR based models,” “interviews” and some other methods havebeen used by various researchers in the area of GSCM. The frequency of case studies/

Sl. no. GSCM definition as reported in the literature Researcher(s)

1 Green supply referred to the way in which innovations in SCMand industrial purchasing may be considered in the context of

the environment

Green et al. (1996)

2 GSCM is as the practice of monitoring and improvingenvironmental performance in the supply chain

Godfrey (1998,p. 244)

3 Environmental/GSCM consists of the purchasing function’sinvolvement in activities that include reduction, recycling, reuseand the substitution of materials

Narasimhan andCarter (1998)

4 GSCM is integrating environmental thinking into SCM Gilbert (2000)5 GSCM is the set of SCM policies held, actions taken and

relationships formed in response to concerns related to thenatural environment with regard to the design, acquisition,production, distribution, use, re-use and disposal of the firm’sgoods and services

Zsidisin andSiferd (2001)

6 GSCM is the summation of Green Purchasing, GreenManufacturing/Materials Management, Green Distribution/Marketing and Reverse Logistics

Hervani et al. (2005)

7 GSCM covers all phases of the product’s life cycle from design,production and distribution phases to the use of products bythe end users and its disposal at the end of the product’slife cycle

Zhu and Sarkis(2006)

8 GSCM are the concerted efforts throughout the company and ismore than simply putting some green practices in place, but aconsistent, holistic improvement of the environmentalperformance on all levels of management and shop-floor

Davies andHochman (2007)

9 GSCM is adding “green” component to SCM, including greenoperations, Green Design, Green Manufacturing, ReverseLogistics and Waste Management

Srivastva (2007)

10 GSCM is as an approach for improving performance of the

processes and products according to the requirements of theenvironmental regulations

Hsu and Hu (2008)

11 GSCM is as a managerial approach that seeks to minimize aproduct or service’s environmental and social impacts orfootprint

Rettab andBen Brik (2008)

12 GSCM ranges from Green Purchasing (GP) to integrated lifecycle management supply chains flowing from supplier,through to manufacturer, customer and closing the loop withreverse logistics

Zhu et al. (2008b)

13 GSCM (the integration of both environmental and SCM) is aproven way to reduce a company’s impact on the environmentwhile improving business performance

Torielli et al. (2011)

Note: From above definitions, it may be concluded that GSCM is a multidisciplinary issue that

emerges mainly from performing environmental management practices in the context of supply chainskeeping economic criteria in to the mind

TablVarious definition

GSCM as reporin the literat

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surveys/empirical studies research methods has been reported highest. Variousindustries have been considered in the research in the area of GSCM likemanufacturing industry, automobile industry, electrical/electronic industry, etc.Summary of industry considered in the research in the area of GSCM reported inthe literature has been shown in Table VI.

The frequency of manufacturing industry considered in the research has beenreported as the highest.

Components of GSCM Researcher’s Frequency

Green ProductDevelopment

Hendrickson and Tuttle (1997), Gungor and Gupta (1999),Pujari et al. (2003), Srivastva (2007), Chen et al. (2008),

Mudgal et al. (2009), Tan and Zailani (2009), Lettice et al.(2010), Luh et al. (2010)

09

Green Design Gungor and Gupta (1999), NRCC (2003), Seuring (2004),Kainuma and Tawara (2006), Srivastva (2007), Alhola(2008), Chung and Wee (2008), Tseng et al. (2008), Bojarskiet al. (2009), Chen and sheu (2009), Chu et al. (2009), Eltayeband Zailani (2009), Forte (2009), Ortiz et al. (2009), Seuring(2009), Dutta et al. (2010), Gosalbez and Grossmann (2010),Ilgin and Gupta (2010), Gonzales et al. (2010), Lettice et al.(2010), Chung and Wee (2011), Chaabane et al. (2012)

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Green Purchasingand Green RawMaterialProcurement

Mandal and Deshmukh (1994), Lamming and Hampson(1996), Min and Galle (1997), Motwani et al. (1998),Walton et al. (1998), Gungor and Gupta (1999), Nagel (2000),Krause et al. (2001), Narasimhan and Das (2001), Handfieldet al. (2002), Humphreys et al. (2003), Sarkis (2003),Roche and Toyne (2004), Sarkar and Mohapatra (2006),Vachon and Klassen (2006), Wu and Shen (2006), Srivastva(2007), Alhola (2008), Kannan et al. (2008), Salam (2008),Eltayeb and Zailani (2009), Eltayeb et al. (2009), Hsu and Hu(2009), Kumar et al. (2009), Meyer (2009), Qingkui and Junhu(2009), Shen and Saijo (2009), Auger et al. (2010), Hwanget al. (2010), Ninlawan et al. (2010), Bai and Sarkis (2010a, b),Sheu (2011), Yeh and Chang (2011)

34

Green ProcessPlanning

Gungor and Gupta (1999), Guide et al. (2003a, b), Wu andShen (2006), Srivastva (2007), Tan and Zailani (2009)

05

GreenManufacturing

Gungor and Gupta (1999), Gilbert (2000), Umeda et al.(2003), Kocabasoglu et al. (2007), Linton et al. (2007),

Srivastva (2007), Fuse and Kashima (2008), Forte (2009),PaneHaden et al. (2009), Cheng and Wei (2010), Ilgin andGupta (2010), Gonzales et al. (2010), Ninlawan et al. (2010),Nunes and Bennett (2010), Olugu et al. (2010), Chung andWee (2011)

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GreenTransportationand Distribution

Cooper (1994), Penman (1994), Kroon and Virjens (1995),Rogers and Ronald (1998), Chopra and Meindl (2001),Dowlatshahi (2000), Dullaet et al. (2005), Sheu et al. (2005),Anciaux and Yuan (2007), Janic (2007), Kocabasoglu et al.(2007), Srivastva (2007), Gandolfo and Sbrana (2008),Quan et al. (2008), Sheu (2008), Yu and Hui (2008), Zhao et al.(2008), Eltayeb and Zailani (2009), Geng et al. (2009), Paksoyet al. (2009), Sasikumar and Kannan (2009), Fuente et al.(2010), Ninlawan et al. (2010), Wang and Hsu (2010),

Wang et al. (2011)

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Table II.Various key themesof GSCM reported

in the literature

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Implementation of GSCM review: enablers and barriersCompanies striving to “green” their supply chains are mostly constrained by the

inability to justify the cost of its implementation. Widening and intensifyinggreen supplier-producer relationships would be beneficial for the environmentalsustainability. The literature on implementation of GSCM has been divided into twocategories: enablers and barriers as discussed in following sub-sections.

Enablers to implement GSCM reviewThe work on enablers of GSCM implementation is provided in Table VII.

In Table VII, enablers to implement GSCM practices have been identified byresearchers in various industrial applications and countries. Regulations, environmentmanagement systems adoption, top management commitment, supplier management,organization involvement and encouragement, customers involvement, socialperspective, IT enablement; technology advancement have been identified some

important enablers to implement GSCM practices. Environment management systemsand top management commitment have been reported as the most repetitivelyconsidered enablers to GSCM practices implementation.

Barriers to implement GSCM reviewBarriers to implement GSCM practices identified from the literature by researchers forvarious industry applications and countries have been tabulated in Table VIII. Lack of commitment by top management has been found most repetitive barrier to implementGSCM practices.

Frequency of Green Supply Chain ManagementComponents Reported in the Literature Considered

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G r e e n P r o

d u c t

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s i g n

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a n d

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n i n g

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FigureFrequency of GSkey themes repo

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Tool/techniques used (frequency) Researcher’s

Statistical tools andtechniques (61)

Factoranalysis (21)

Zhu and Sarkis (2004, Zhu et al. (2007a, b), Hsu and Hu(2008), Vachon and Klassen (2008), Zhu et al. (2007a, b),

Chong et al. (2009), Eltayeb and Zailani (2009),Eltayeb et al. (2009), Cai et al. (2010), Hu and Hsu (2010),Lam et al. (2010), Shang et al. (2010), Wu et al. (2010),Yang et al. (2010), Zhu et al. (2010a, b), Eltayeb et al.(2011), Mohammad et al. (2011)

Regressionanalysis (11)

Pujari et al. (2003), Zhu and Sarkis (2004), Zhu and Sarkis(2006), Yu (2007), Salam (2008), Yu and Hui (2008), Wuet al. (2010), Yang et al. (2010)

Otherstatisticaltechniques(29)

Narasimhan and Das (2001), Wu and Shen (2006), Chienand Shih (2007a,b), Zhu and Sarkis (2007), Hsu and Hu(2008), Salam (2008), Vachon and Klassen (2008),Zhu et al. (2008a, b), Chong et al. (2009), Eltayeb andZailani (2009), Eltayeb et al. (2009), Holt and Ghobadian(2009), Shen and Saijo (2009), Shukla et al. (2009), Hu andHsu (2010), Lam et al. (2010), Mohammad et al. (2010),Ninlawan et al. (2010), Shang et al. (2010), Woofi andZailani (2010), Zhu et al. (2010a, b), Eltayeb et al. (2011),Olugu et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Zhu et al. (2011)

Analytic hierarchyprocess;Fuzzy-AHP (12)

Saaty and Vargas (2000), Handfield et al. (2002), Sarkis(2003), Chen et al. (2008), Hsu and Hu (2008), Kannanet al. (2008), Saaty (2008), Xiangru and Zhang (2008),Kumar et al. (2009), Qingkui and Junhu (2009), Wang andHsu (2010), Zheng (2010)

Interpretivestructuralmodeling (12)

Mandal and Deshmukh (1994), Jharkharia and Shankar(2005), Ravi and Shankar (2005), Sarkis et al. (2007),Kannan et al. (2008), Singh and Kant (2008), Mudgal et al.(2009), Faisal (2010), Mudgal et al. (2010), Diabat and

Govidan (2011), Luthra et al. (2011), Haleem et al. (2012)Fuzzy/neuro –fuzzy (7) Sarkar and Mohapatra (2006), Nukala and Gupta (2007),Yu et al. (2008), Olugu and Wong (2009), Tuzkaya et al.(2009), Chen et al. (2010), Wang and Hsu (2010)

Analytic networkprocess (5)

Sarkis (2003), Chen et al. (2008), Yu (2008), Hsu andHu (2009), Hung (2010)

Computer programsand software (5)

Tseng et al. (2008), Bojarski et al. (2009), Chu et al. (2009),Dutta et al. (2010), Luh et al. (2010)

Linear/integerprogramming (5)

Sheu et al. (2005), Sheu (2008), Geng et al. (2009),Gosalbez and Grossmann (2010), Paksoy et al. (2011)

Game theory (4) Zhu and Dou (2007), Chen and sheu (2009), Jalali Nainiet al. (2011), Sheu (2011)

Genetic algorithm (3) Tseng et al. (2008), Chu et al. (2009), Yeh andChang (2011)

Rough set theory (3) Qingkui and Junhu (2009), Bai and Sarkis (2010a,b)Structural equationmodeling (3)

Chien and Shih (2007a, b), Cai et al. (2010)

Balance score card (2) Chen et al. (2008), Jalali Naini et al. (2011)Other methods (13) Sarkar and Mohapatra (2006), Alhola (2008), Yu (2008),

Geng et al. (2009), Shen and Saijo (2009), Bai and Sarkis(2010a, b), Fuente et al. (2010), Sundarakani et al. (2010),Wang and Hsu (2010), Wu and Pagell (2011),Haleem et al. (2012), Siddiqui et al. (2012)

Table III.Summary of tool/techniques usedin the area GSCMreported inthe literature

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Implementation of GSCM research papers reported in the literature year wise isshown in the Figure 3. An increasing trend of research papers has been reported in therecent years.

Performance measurement reviewPerformance measurement is how organizations, public and private, measure thequality of their activities and services. Environmental performance is a concern of managers due to reasons ranging from regulatory and contractual compliance, topublic perception and competitive advantage (Theyel, 2001).

The performance-research papers reported in the literature year wise is shown inthe Figure 4.

DiscussionsThis paper is an attempt to provide an overview of literature on GSCM issues.An exhaustive literature survey has been carried out and also presented to highlightpresent state of the art. We have focussed more on the recent papers to reviewnumber of issues related to green supply chains and expert’s opinions also taken.This has helped us identifying the research gaps in this area. Future areas of research have been identified on the basis of literature gaps and perceptions of thepractitioners. GSCM activities have been classified to identify research fields.Six key themes (Green Product Development, Green Design, Green Purchasingand Green Raw Materials Procurement, Green Process Planning, GreenManufacturing and Green Transportation) of GSCM have been identified from theliterature synthesis from this area. Different techniques/methodologies such asstatistical tools and techniques, analytic hierarchy process, analytic network

Model (frequency) Researcher’s

Conceptual model (30) Beamon (1999), Narasimhan and Das (2001), Mclaren et al. (2004),Roche and Toyne (2004), Torres et al. (2004), Udomleartprasert (2004),

Beamon (2005), Hervani et al. (2005), Wu and Shen (2006), Hosseini(2007), Kocabasoglu et al. (2007), Solvang et al. (2007), Zhu and Dou(2007), Fuse and Kashima (2008), Gandolfo and Sbrana (2008), Jason

Jolley (2008), Molla (2008), Yu et al. (2008), Yu (2008), Meyer (2009),Olugu and Wong (2009), Sarkis (2009), Tan and Zailani (2009), Yu andHu (2009), Gonzales et al. (2010), Olugu et al. (2010), Woofi and Zailani(2010), Zhu et al. (2010a), Parmigiani et al. (2011)

Closed loop supply chainmodel (14)

Guide et al. (2003a, b), Solvang et al. (2007), Zhao et al. (2008), Zhu et al.(2008a, b), Guide and Wassenhove (2009), Olugu and Wong (2009),Ferguson and Souza (2010), Wang and Hsu (2010), Paksoy et al. (2011),Olugu et al. (2011), Ozceylan and Paksoy (2013), Siddiqui et al. (2012)

Multi objectiveoptimization model (13)

Sheu et al. (2005), Sheu (2008), Bojarski et al. (2009), Cruz (2009),Geng et al. (2009), Paksoy et al. (2011), Cho and Soh (2010), Gosalbezand Grossmann (2010), Wang and Hsu (2010), Wang et al. (2011), Yehand Chang (2011), Chaabane et al. (2012), Ozceylan and Paksoy (2013)

Green logistics model (10) Dullaet et al. (2005), Sheu et al. (2005), Anciaux and Yuan (2007), Janic (2007), Quan et al. (2008), Sheu (2008), Zhao et al. (2008), Genget al. (2009), Sundarakani et al. (2010), Wang and Hsu (2010)

Supply chain operationreference model (2)

Irfain et al. (2008), Hwang et al. (2010)

TableSummary for vari

models of GSas reporte

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process, fuzzy, fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process and interpretive structuralmodeling, etc. have been identified to be used to model, analyze and supportdecision making. The literatures have been classified on the basis of models(conceptual model, closed loop supply chain model, multi objective optimizationmodel and green logistic model) of GSCM for optimization of efficiency and researchmethods like (case studies/surveys/empirical studies, mathematical and OR-basedmodels and interviews and other methods). Extensive literature review has beencarried out to identify enablers and barriers in implementation of GSCM in anorganization. Environmental management system and top managementcommitment have been found as repetitive enablers and lack of top managementcommitment as barrier. Performance measurement in GSCM reported in theliterature has been complied in tabular form.

Research methods Researcher’s

Case studies/surveys/empirical

studies (68)

Min and Galle (1997), Motwani et al. (1998), Narasimhan and Das (2001),Guide et al. (2003a, b), Pujari et al. (2003), Mclaren et al. (2004), Zhu and Sarkis

(2004), Kainuma and Tawara (2006), Vachon and Klassen (2006), Zhu andSarkis (2006), Chien and Shih (2007a, b), Yu (2007), Kocabasoglu et al. (2007),Yu (2007), Zhu and Sarkis (2007), Alhola (2008), Darnall et al. (2008), Hsu andHu (2008), Irfain et al. (2008), Salam (2008), Vachon and Klassen (2008), Yu andHui (2008), Zhu et al. (2008a, b), Chong et al. (2009), Eltayeb and Zailani (2009),Eltayeb et al. (2009), Holt and Ghobadian (2009), Hsu and Hu (2009),Mohammed et al. (2009a), Mudgal et al. (2009), Seuring (2009), Shen and Saijo(2009), Shukla et al. (2009), Wu et al. (2010), Auger et al. (2010), Bai and Sarkis(2010a, b), Cai et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2010), Faisal (2010), Hu and Hsu (2010),Lam et al. (2010), Mohammad et al. (2010), Mudgal et al. (2010), Ninlawan et al.(2010), Nunes and Bennett (2010), Olugu et al. (2010), Shang et al. (2010), Woofiand Zailani (2010), Yang et al. (2010), Zhu et al. (2010a, b), Diabat and Govidan(2011), Eltayeb et al. (2011), Jalali Naini et al. (2011), Lun (2011), Mohammadet al. (2011), Olugu et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Zhu et al. (2011), Chaabaneet al. (2012), Siddiqui et al. (2012)

Mathematicaland OR-basedmodels (30)

Hendrickson and Tuttle (1997), Handfield et al. (2002), Sarkis (2003), Dullaetet al. (2005), Ravi and Shankar (2005), Sheu et al. (2005), Hu (2006), Anciauxand Yuan (2007), Bojarski et al. (2009), Janic (2007), Sheu (2008), Tseng et al.(2008), Chen and sheu (2009), Cruz (2009), Geng et al. (2009), Guide andWassenhove (2009), Qingkui and Junhu (2009), Tuzkaya et al. (2009), Yu andHu (2009), Cheng and Wei (2010), Cho and Soh (2010), Sundarakani et al.(2010), Wang and Hsu (2010), Paksoy et al. (2011), Sheu (2011), Sundarakaniet al. (2010), Wang et al. (2011), Yeh and Chang (2011), Ozceylan andPaksoy (2013)

Interviews (10) Digalwar and Metri (2004), Xiangru and Zhang (2008), Mohammed et al.(2009a), Shukla et al. (2009), Luthra et al. (2010), Zhu et al. (2010a, b),Luthra et al. (2011), Wu and Pagell (2011)

Others (28) Gungor and Gupta (1999), Handfield and Nichols (1999), Dowlatshahi (2000),Chopra and Meindl (2001), Krause et al. (2001), Zsidisin and Siferd (2001),Stevels (2002), Guide and Wassenhove (2009), Roche and Toyne (2004), Torreset al. (2004), Duber-Smith (2005), Davies and Hochman (2007), Linton et al.(2007), Srivastva (2007), Gandolfo and Sbrana (2008), Rettab and Ben Brik(2008), Seuring and Muller (2008), Simpson and Samson (2008), Forte (2009),Ho et al. (2009), Ortiz et al. (2009), PaneHaden et al. (2009), Sarkis (2009),Sasikumar and Kannan (2009), Seuring (2009), Siddiqui et al. (2009),Fuente et al. (2010), Ilgin and Gupta (2010)

Table V.Summary of researchmethods in the area of GSCM reported inthe literature

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ConclusionsOrganizations have multiple objectives like enhanced brand image, competitiveness,better resources utilization, better customer service and increased profitability, etc. Toachieve these objectives organizations employ various defensive as well as offensivebusiness strategies. GSCM may be a good way to balance the environmental, economicand social benefits (Diabat and Govidan, 2011). GSCM practices are already mature insome developed countries but GSCM is still a relatively new issue for most of thedeveloping countries. In recent years, there is a significant increase in the number of

studies on environment issues in national and international journals. The relevantliterature on GSCM has been reviewed and reported in this paper. The literatures of allfunctional areas of GSCM have been discussed. The frequency of key themes of GSCMreported in the literature has been plotted. Two key themes named green productdevelopment and green process planning reported low frequency while comparing toother key themes of GSCM. Very less work has reported on use of techniques likegenetic algorithm, rough set theory, structural equation modeling, balance score cardand interpretive ranking process (IRP) as compared to other techniques in GSCMmodeling and optimization. The works reported in the literature on closed loop supply

Industry consideredin the research Researcher’s

Manufacturing

industry (26)

Min and Galle (1997), Motwani et al. (1998), Narasimhan and Das (2001),

Sarkis et al. (2007), Zhu and Sarkis (2007), Zhu and Sarkis (2007), Holt andGhobadian (2009), Rettab and Ben Brik (2008), Zhu et al. (2008a, b), Eltayeband Zailani (2009), Eltayeb et al. (2009), Ho et al. (2009), Mudgal et al. (2009),Tan and Zailani (2009), Cai et al. (2010), Faisal (2010), Mohammad et al. (2010),Mudgal et al. (2010), Zheng (2010), Zhu et al. (2010a, b), Diabat and Govidan(2011), Eltayeb et al. (2011), Jalali Naini et al. (2011), Zhu et al. (2011)

Electronic/electricalindustry (15)

Mclaren et al. (2004), Udomleartprasert (2004), Zhu and Sarkis (2004), Zhu andSarkis (2006), Chien and Shih (2007a, b), Hsu and Hu (2008, 2009), Cai et al.(2010), Chong et al. (2009), Dutta et al. (2010), Hu and Hsu (2010), Ninlawanet al. (2010), Yang et al. (2010), Mohammad et al. (2011)

Automobileindustry (14)

Zhu and Sarkis (2004), Ravi and Shankar (2005), Zhu and Sarkis (2006, 2007),Fuse and Kashima (2008), Xiangru and Zhang (2008), Shukla et al. (2009),Cai et al. (2010), Gonzales et al. (2010), Nunes and Bennett (2010), Olugu et al.(2010), Luthra et al. (2011), Mohammad et al. (2011), Olugu et al. (2011)

Constructionindustry (8)

Rettab and Ben Brik (2008), Ho et al. (2009), Meyer (2009), Mohammed et al.(2009a, b), Ortiz et al. (2009), Lam et al. (2010), Mohammad et al. (2011)

IT industry (4) Jharkharia and Shankar (2005), Molla (2008), Wu et al. (2010), Wu andPagell (2011)

Power generatingindustry (3)

Zhu and Sarkis (2004, 2006), Mohammad et al. (2011)

Chemicalindustry (2)

Zhu and Sarkis (2004), Gosalbez and Grossmann (2010)

Logistic industry (2) Yu (2007), Yu and Hui (2008)Package printingindustry(2)

Vachon and Klassen (2006, 2008),

Others (13) Zhu and Sarkis (2004), Hosseini (2007), Alhola (2008), Rettab and Ben Brik(2008), Ho et al. (2009), Tan and Zailani (2009), Cai et al. (2010), Woofi and

Zailani (2010), Diabat and Govidan (2011), Lun (2011), Mohammad et al.(2011), Wu and Pagell (2011), Siddiqui et al. (2012)

TableSummary of indu

considered inresearch in the a

of GSCM reporin the literat

2

GSCimplementati

and performan


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S l . n o .

E n a b l e r s t o i m p l e m e n t G S C M i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

A p p l i c a t i o n ; i n d u s t r y i n w h i c h

i m p l e m

e n t e d ; c o u n t r y

R e s e a r

c h e r ’ s

1

M a t e r i a l , p r o c e s s , p a c k a g i n g , w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a n d w a s t e s y s t e m

G S C M

; e l e c t r o n i c i n d u s t r y

U d o m l e a r t p r a s e r t

( 2 0 0 4 )

2

E n v i r o n m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n s , g o v e r n m e n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c y , i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l

a g r e e m e n t s , s u p p l i e r s , c u s t o m e r s a n d c o m m u n i t y s t a k e h o l d

e r s

G S C M

; e l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c s

i n d u s t

r y , T a i w a n

C h i e n a n d S h i h

( 2 0 0 7 a

, b )

3

P o l l u t i o n p r e v e n t i o n , c l e a n e r o r e n v i r o n m e n t f r i e n d l y t e c h n o l o g y , c l o s e d l o o p

m a n u f a c t u r i n g , r e u s e a n d r e c y c l i n g o f t h e p r o d u c t a n d E M S

a d o p t i o n

G r e e n

m a n a g e m e n t ; t r a n s p o r t

m i n i s t

r y ; I r a n

H o s s e i n i ( 2 0 0 7 )

4

T e c h n o l o g y , o r g a n i z a t

i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t

G S C M

; l o g i s t i c s i n d u s t r y ; T a i w a n

Y u ( 2 0

0 7 )

5

E n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g

e m e n t s y s t e m

G S C M

D a r n a l l e t a l . ( 2 0 0 8 )

6

S u p p l i e r m a n a g e m e n t , p r o d u c t r e c y c l i n g , o r g a n i z a t i o n i n v o l v e m e n t a n d l i f e c y c l e

m a n a g e m e n t

G S C M

; e l e c t r o n i c i n d u s t r y ; T a i w a n

H s u a n d H u ( 2 0 0 8 )

7

E n v i r o n m e n t m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m s

-

J a s o n J o l l e y ( 2 0 0 8 )

8

E x p l i c i t n e s s o f t e c h n o

l o g y , a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t e c h n o l o g y , o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e n c o u r a g e m e n t ,

q u a l i t y o f h u m a n r e s o

u r c e s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l u n c e r t a i n t y a n d

g o v e r n m e n t s u p p o r t

G r e e n

i n n o v a t i o n s ; l o g i s t i c s

i n d u s t

r y ; T a i w a n

Y u a n d H u i ( 2 0 0 8 )

9

I n t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a

l m a n a g e m e n t , g r e e n p u r c h a s i n g , c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h c u s t o m e r s

i n c l u d i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , e c o d e s i g n a n d i n v e s t m e n t r e c o v e r y

G S C M

; p o w e r g e n e r a t i n g , c h e m i c a l /

p e t r o l e u m , e l e c t r i c a l / e l e c t r o n i c a n d

a u t o m

o b i l e i n d u s t r y ; c h i n a

Z h u e t a l . ( 2 0 0 8 a , b )

1 0

C o r p o r a t e s o c i a l r e s p o

n s i b i l i t y ( C S R )

S S C M

C r u z ( 2 0 0 9 )

1 1

E n v i r o n m e n t a l a t t i t u d

e ( E A )

G S C M

; M a n u f a c t u r i n g S e c t o r ; U . K .

H o l t a n d

G h o b a

d i a n ( 2 0 0 9 )

1 2

T o p m a n a g e m e n t c o m

m i t m e n t , s o c i e t a l c o n c e r n f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t ,

g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c i e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , e c o - l i t e r a c y a m o n g s t s u p p l y c h a i n p a r t n e r s , c u s t o m e r

s a t i s f a c t i o n t h r o u g h e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e , c e r t i f i c a t i o

n t o I S O : 1 4 0 0 1 E M S , p r o p e r

w o r k p l a c e m a n a g e m e n t : h o u s e k e e p i n g p r a c t i c e s , g r e e n p r o d

u c t d e v e l o p m e n t , g r e e n

p r o c u r e m e n t p r a c t i c e s

, a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c l e a n t e c h n o l o g y , l e a n

m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r a c t i c e ,

e c o n o m i c i n t e r e s t s , e c o - l a b e l i n g o f p r o d u c t s , r e v e r s e l o g i s t i c s a n d c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s

G S C M

; M a n u f a c t u r i n g S e c t o r ; I n d i a

M u d g a l e t a l . ( 2 0 0 9 )

1 3

I n f o r m a t i o n s h a r i n g a

n d i n f o r m a t i o n q u a l i t y

G S C M

; I T i n d u s t r y ; T a i w a n

W u e t

a l . ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 4

I n f o r m a t i o n s h a r i n g , s

t r a t e g i c p l a n n i n g , c o n s u m e r c o n c e r n t o w a r d s s u s t a i n a b l e p r a c t i c e s ,

c o l l a b o r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s

h i p s , m e t r i c s t o q u a n t i f y s u s t a i n a b i l i t y b e n e f i t s i n a S C , r e g u l a t o r y

f r a m e w o r k , s u p p o r t t o

p a r t n e r s i n t h e S C , t o p m a n a g e m e n t c

o m m i t m e n t , a w a r e n e s s a b o u t

s u s t a i n a b l e p r a c t i c e s i n S C a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f u n d s

S u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t i n s u p p l y

c h a i n ;

G u l f R e g i o n

F a i s a l

( 2 0 1 0 )

( c o n t i n u e d )

Table VII.Enablers to implementGSCM reported inthe literature (inchronological order)

30

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S l . n o .

E n a b l e r s t o i m p l e m e n t G S C M i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

A p p l i c a t i o n ; i n d u s t r y i n w h i c h

i m p l e m

e n t e d ; c o u n t r y

R e s e a r c h e r ’ s

1 5

L o g i c a l r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , a n e f f e c t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m a n d a d e v e l o p e d g e n e r a l

c o n s c i e n c e o f t h e p e o p

l e

G S C M

H o s s e i n h o j j a t i a n d

J a h a n g

i r i ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 6

S u p p l i e r m a n a g e m e n t , P r o d u c t r e c y c l i n g , O r g a n i z a t i o n i n v o

l v e m e n t a n d L i f e c y c l e

m a n a g e m e n t

G S C M

; e l e c t r o n i c s a n d e l e c t r i c a l

i n d u s t

r y ; T a i w a n

H u a n d H s u ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 7

C o r p o r a t e , g o v e r n m e n

t a n d p e o p l e s

G S C M

; I n d i a

L u t h r a

e t a l . ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 8

G r e e n t e c h n o l o g y a n d

t e c h n i q u e s , r e l i a b i l i t y a n d q u a l i t y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , l e a d e r s h i p a n d

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , i n v o l v

e m e n t b y t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s a n d g u i d e

a n d b e n c h m a r k i n g s y s t e m s

G r e e n

s p e c i f i c a t i o n ; c o n s t r u c t i o n

L a m e

t a l . ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 9

R e g u l a t i o n s , m a r k e t , e

x p o r t , c u s t o m e r a w a r e n e s s , s u p p l i e r r e l a t i o n , s k i l f u l p o l i c y

e n t r e p r e n e u r s , d e s i r e t

o r e d u c e c o s t , i n v e s t o r p r e s s u r e , q u a l i t y i m p r o v e m e n t a n d e m p l o y e e

i n v o l v e m e n t

G S C M

; S M E s ; I n d i a

M o h a m

m a d e t a l .

( 2 0 1 0 )

2 0

I n t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t m a n a g e m e n t , g r e e n p u r c h a s i n g , c u s t o

m e r c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h

e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , e c o - d e s i g n a n d i n v e s t m e n t r e c o v e r y

G S C p

r a c t i c e s ; n i n e l a r g e

m a n u f a c t u r e r s ; J a p a n

Z h u e t a l . ( 2 0 1 0 b )

2 1

C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f s u p p l i e r s e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m

, e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n

w i t h s u p p l i e r s , c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n p r o d u c t d e s i g n e r a n d

s u p p l i e r t o r e d u c e a n d

e l i m i n a t e p r o d u c t e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s , g o v e r n m e n t a l r e g

u l a t i o n s a n d l e g a l i z a t i o n ,

g r e e n d e s i g n , I S O 1 4 0 0 1 c e r t i f i c a t i o n , i n t e g r a t i n g q u a l i t y e n v

i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t i n t o

p l a n n i n g a n d o p e r a t i o

n p r o c e s s , r e d u c i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , r e u s i n g a n d r e c y c l i n g

m a t e r i a l s a n d p a c k a g i n g , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h c u s t o m e r s a n d r e v e r s e l o g i s t i c s

G S C M

; a l u m i n u m i n d u s t r y ; I n d i a

D i a b a t a n d

G o v i d a n ( 2 0 1 1 )

2 2

E c o d e s i g n , g r e e n p u r

c h a s i n g , r e v e r s e l o g i s t i c s

G S C i n i t i a t i v e s a n d o u t c o m e s ;

m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y ; M a l a y s i a

E l t a y e b e t a l . ( 2 0 1 1 )

2 3

I n t e r n a l d r i v e r s , m a r k

e t d r i v e r s , s o c i a l d r i v e r s , e c o n o m i c d r i v e r s a n d r e g u l a t o r y d r i v e r s

G S C M

; m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y ;

I n d i a

M o h a m

m a d e t a l .

( 2 0 1 1 )

2 4

S a t i s f a c t i o n o f i n t e r n a

l c u s t o m e r s , h e a l t h m a n a g e m e n t o f e m

p l o y e e s , u s e o f i n f o r m a t i o n

s y s t e m i n T Q M , e x c e l l e n t t o p m a n a g e m e n t , r e d u c t i o n s i n e n

e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d w a s t e

m i n i m i z a t i o n , f l e x i b l e

c o m p u t e r - i n t e g r a t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s

y s t e m s , a d e q u a t e a n d

p o k a - y o k e q u a l i t y , c o n

t i n u o u s i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e p r o c e s s , r e w a r d s a n d i n c e n t i v e s ,

r e s p o n s i v e n e s s o f s u p p l y c h a i n

W C M ; m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y ;

I n d i a

H a l e e m

e t a l . ( 2 0 1 2 )

Table V

3

GSCimplementati

and performan


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14/28

chain models are conceptual in the nature. Less work has been attempted on greenlogistic models and supply chain operation reference models.

E-waste in IT industry, disposal of hazardous waste in chemical industry,optimization of routes and alternative green fuels in logistic industry, disposal of ashand air pollution in thermal power generating industry, recyclability of tins and wastein food industry, cutting of trees for furniture industry and non-degradable dies intextile industry may be some areas to be explored. Though some work has beenreported in the literature, GSCM implementation and GSC performance evaluationneeds to be explored further. Most of performance models reported in the literature aretheoretical. An increasing trend of research literature has been observed on GSCMpractices implementation and performance measurement in recent years. It suggests

need for maturation of these topics and field with great scope for future study. Veryfew studies have been reported from customer perspective in literature. It has beenreported that organization-awareness level toward GSCM practices implementation isvery low. Literature has repeatedly indicated the importance of top managementcommitment in implementation of GSCM practices. This provides deeper insights forthose managers investigating the concept of GSCM and help managers/practitionersimprove their understanding of GSCM practices. It will enable decision makers toassess the perception of GSCM in their organization. It is hoped that this work may actas a catalyst in compressing the learning curve with respect to research methods

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management PapersReported in the Literature Year wise

FigureImplementation

GSCM papers repoin the literat

year w

3

2.5

1.5

2

1

0.5

0

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

Performance Papers Reported in the

Literature Year Wise

FigurePerformance rela

papers as reporin the literat

year w

3

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and performan


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practices in GSCM and this paper may well serve as a good foundation for broadeningresearch in area of GSCM.

Future research directions

The following directions for future research may be drawn from our literature review:. In the course of reviewing key themes reported in the literature, it has been

observed that there are lot of research opportunities for a researcher’s in GSCMkey themes toward implementation. Much research is needed to support towardgreening along the entire supply chain. Very less work has been reported in.There is a strong need to explore the two key themes namely green productdevelopment and green process planning.

. It has been also reported that the techniques like SEM and IRP have been usedvery rarely to validate the implementation models. So, research could beundertaken to develop newer means of validating GSCM implementation modelsalready developed.

.

Less work has been observed in the area of closed loop supply chains. Moreresearch is needed in understanding reverse logistics toward closing the loop.

. It has been also found from review of literature that some environmentconscious sectors like power sector, construction sector, automobile sectorsand some other sectors are lagging far behind manufacturing and electricaland electronic industry in GSCM practices implementation. Especially,automobile industry in India is one of the proposed key research areas forGSCM practices implementation GSCM practices implementation andperformance evaluation needs to be explored in Indian context. Some workhas been reported in the literature but most of the performance evaluationmodels are theoretical ones.

.

Very less work has been reported in the literature on the role of customers ingreening the supply chain. Thus, it needs to be explored further. Researchersmay focus on studies for increasing organization-awareness level onenvironmental problems that are caused by their business operations.Organization-awareness level will provide positive results with regard toenvironmental and social sustainability of organizations.

. Researchers need to focus on industry-specific evaluation models for measuringGSCM performance improvements.

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Humphreys, P.K., Wong, Y.K. and Cha

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