Green Saviour - Chitin and Chitosan
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Transcript of Green Saviour - Chitin and Chitosan
St. Pauls Convent SchoolGreen Saviour Chitin and Chitosan
Solutions to water pollution Chitin ChitosanMetal ions
grease
dyes
Chitin-second most abundant natural polysaccharide
crustaceans
insects
molluscs
fungi
Chitin-second most abundant natural polysaccharide
Structure of Chitin
Cleaving off acetyl group
Part IALobster
Extractionshrimp Three-spotted Crab
Chinese Mitten Crab
Big Head Prawn
Red Crab
Mantis Shrimp
7 crustacean shells
Abalone
Clam
Oyster
Needle Inkfish
Snail
Noble Scallop
Fan Shell
Japanese Scallop
Razor Clam
Green Mussel
11 mollucs
Mushroom stalks
Extract chitin from shell wastes Shells crushed into fine pieces Demineralization by dilute HCl Deproteinization by dilute NaOH
Extract chitin from mushroom stalks NaOH was added followed by ethanoic acid
Results-
Percentage Yield of Chitin from 7 Crustaceans50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%Cr ab Cr ab Sh rim p Sh rim p Pr aw n Cr ab T hr ee -s po tte d M itt en Lo bs te r
Re d
He ad
Ch ine se
Bi g
M an tis
Results-
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Ne ed Ch le Ink ine fis se h My ste ry Sn ail
Pa cif Co ic mm Oy ste on r Or ien tal Cl am Fa nS he ll Gr ee nM us se l Ra zo rC Ja lam pa ne se Ab alo ne No ble Sc all Ja op pa ne se Sc all op
Percentage Yield of Chitin from 11 Molluscs
Th re Ch in e-s
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
es eM it t e nC rab dC
Overall results-
po
0%
tte
Percentage yield of chitin from different resources
r Re ab dC rab Sh Bi gH rim ea p dP Ma raw nt i n sS hri mp Lo bs Ne Ch t er ed i ne le se Ink My fis s te h ry Sn ai l Pa Co c if mm ic on Oy Or s te i en r t al Cl F a am nS Gr he ee ll nM us Ra se l Ja zo pa rC ne l am se Ab a No bl e l one Ja Sc pa al l ne op Sh se iit a sc ke a M u l l op sh roo m
Part IB Alkaline Deacetylation
Lobster
Red Crab
Shrimp
Lobster
Red Crab
Shrimp
Chitin
Chitosan
Mantis shrimp
Needle inkfish
Mushroom
Mantis shrimp
Needle inkfish
Mushroom
Chitin was heated in concentrated NaOH under reflux
Percentage Yield of Chitosan from Original Source40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%M us hr oo m Lo bs te r S hr im p S hr im p In kf is h N ee dl e C ra b R ed
M an tis
Part IIA Adsorption of Dyes5 Chitin Red Crab Chinese Mitten Crab Shrimp Lobster Mushroom
Congo Red
Safranine O
Gentian Violet Methyl Orange
Fast Green
Eosin Y
Malachite Green
Methylene blue
Control
Control
After 60 hours
After 180 hours
Gentian Violet with chitin and its control
Colorimeter to measure colour intensitiesGentian Violet Control Mushroom Lobster Red Crab Chinese Mitten Crab Shrimp After 60 hrs 42% 45% 44% 64% 76% 74% 3% 2% 22% 34% 32% Compare to Control After 180 hrs 42% 32% 66% 73% 84% 65% 10% 24% 31% 42% 23% Compare to Control
Mushroom
Lobster
Red Crab
Chinese Mitten Crab
Shrimp
Congo Red
Malachite Green
Eosin Y
Methylene Blue
Gentian Violet
Fast Green
Methyl Orange
Safranine O
Congo Red Control Mushroom Lobster Red Crab Chinese Mitten Crab Shrimp
After 60 hrs 2% 4% 10% 8% 21% 53%
Compare to Control
After 180 hrs 2%
Compare to Control
2% 8% 6% 19% 51%
7% 81% 64% 75% 82%
5% 79% 62% 73% 80%
The longer the chitin was allowed to stand, the more dye will be absorbed.
Application to daily life5 Chitin Shrimp Red Crab Chinese Mitten Crab Lobster Mushroom
Ink for bubble jet printers
Ink for Fountain pens
Transmission Percentage of Parker Ink in Colorimeter after treating with Chitin from different sources100% 90% 80% Transmission Percentage (%) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%l tro on C om hro s Mu ter bs Lo ab ab Cr Cr n d it t e Re eM es in Ch mp hri S
Percentage transmission increased
Types of dyes adsorbed by chitindyes found in laboratory
ink used in daily life
Shrimp Chinese mitten Crab chitin chitin
Shrimp chitin
Chinese mitten Crab chitin
Shrimp Chinese mitten chitin Crab chitin
Results further proved that Shrimp chitin and Chinese mitten crab Chitin were most effective in removing dyes.
Part IIB
Removal of Metal ions
Lobster Chitin
Red Crab ChitinRemove
Shrimp Chitin
Mushroom Chitin
Ni2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
Cr3+
Co2+
Colorimetric MeasurementCu2+ with chitin
Control
Mushroom Chitin
Red Crab Chitin
Lobster Chitin
Shrimp Chitin
Transmission % of Metal Ions in Colorimeter after treating with Chitin from Different Sources110% 100% Transmission Percentage (%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%ControlMushroomLobsterRed CrabShrimp
Ni2+
Ni2+
Cu2+
Cu2+
Cr3+
Cr3+
Co2+
Co2+
Fe3+
Fe3+
There was NO significant fade in colour
Transmission Percentage of Metal Ions in Colorimeter after treating with Chitosan from Different Sources40% Transmission Percentage (%)
30%
20%Control
10%
LobsterRed CrabShrimpMushroom
0%
Ni2+
Cu2+
Cr3+
Co2+
Fe3+
Gravimetric Method60 hours Chitosan
Pb2+
Ni2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
Cr3+
Co2+
Zn2+
NaOH or Na2CO3 solution was added
Filter by suction
Result of Part IIBColorimetric Measurement
Consistent Result!Gravimetric Measurement More effective!
Adsorption and Chelation of metal ions by various chitosanLobster Red Crab Red crab Shrimp Shrimp Mushroom Mushroom
Ni2+ Ni2+Cu Cu2+ 2+
Cr3+Cr3+ Co2+ 2+ Co Fe3+Fe3+ Pb2+ 2+ Pb Zn2+ 2+ Zn
Part IIC
Adsorption of Grease
Lobster Chitin
Red Crab Chitin
Shrimp Chitin
Adsorb Grease!
Lobster Chitosan Red Crab Chitosan Shrimp Chitosan
Part IIC
Adsorption of Grease
Chitin and Chitosan were added
Test tubes were shaken
Part IIC
Adsorption of GreaseAfter shaking with 80 drops of oil
Lobster Chitin
Red Crab Chitin
Shrimp Chitin
Control
Lobster Chitosan
Red Crab Chitosan
Shrimp Chitosan
Chitosan - better adsorption power than chitin!
Adsorption of grease by chitin and chitosanLobster Chitin chitin Red Red Crab Chitin chitin Shrimp Shrimp Chitin chitin Lobster Chitosan chitosan Red Crab Red crab Chitosan chitosan
Shrimp Chitosan chitosan
Shrimp chitosan was the most effective!
Part III Filtration DeviceUpper compartmentSeparating disc with holes Hole for releasing treated water Hole for releasing pressure
Lower compartment
Part III Filtration DeviceRed crab chitosan Metal + ions Lobster chitosan + Shrimp chitosan oil + Chinese mitten crab chitin + dyes Shrimp chitin
Demonstration of the filtration device
Part III
Filtration Device
Chitin and Chitosan are reusable!After washing with dilute HCl
Chitin after adsorbing dyes
Recycled chitin
Part III
Filtration Device
You can simply discard chitin since it is biodegradable!
Our project is practicalReduce the volume of solid wastes
Our project is practicalChitin and chitosan produced can be used to treat water pollution
Our project is practical
In real situations, a more complex machine will be used Its basic mechanism will be similar to our design.
Our filtration device
ConclusionChitin and Chitosan are suitable for removing Dyes Metal ions Grease in waste water Advantages: Bio-degradable Non-toxic
ConclusionFurther Research
Recycling of wastes into Chitin and Chitosan become more economical and feasible
Green Savior Chitin and Chitosan
The EndBy St. Pauls Convent School
Principles of Green ChemistryLess Hazardous Chemical Synthesis excess acid and alkali can be neutralized to form harmless salt and water only.
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
Designing Safer Chemicals Chitin and Chitosan are useful and non-toxic
Principles of Green ChemistryDesign for Energy Efficiency extraction of Chitin and Chitosan can be done in room temperature and pressure Reduce Derivatives extraction of Chitin is a two-step process only Design for degradation Chitin and Chitosan are biodegradable
Factors affecting the adsorption ability Chitin of different forms (, , ) Chitin/chitosan from different sources may have different degree of deacetylation and different degree of polymerization Impurities present in the crude product (e.g. pigments like carotenoids)
Structural work on squid pen chitin has shown that these chitins are beta-chitins which have a much more open structure (parallel chain alignment) than the alphachitin (anti-parallel chain alignment) found in crustacean exoskeletons. Films made with squid chitosan were more elastic than crustacean chitosan with improved functional properties.
Glycoconjugate Journal (1997), 14, 535542
Production cost of chitosanCost of 2.5 dm3 of 12M HCl = HK$ 235 Cost of 1 kg of NaOH(s) = HK$ 55 Our production cost of 1 g of chitin < HK$ 1.5 1 g of chitosan < HK$ 2.5
Price value of 1 g commercially available chitosan: about $12 USD
Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition (2003), 43, 145-171
Chinese Mitten Crab
Noble Scallop
Abalone
Fan Shell
Needle Inkfish
Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition (2003), 43, 145-171
Factors affecting the chitin content the species peeling conditions during processing part of the organism state of their nutrition stage of reproductive cycle
Common Name Three-spotted Crab Chinese Mitten Crab A Chinese Mitten Crab B Red Crab Shrimp A Shrimp B Shrimp C Shrimp D Shrimp E Shrimp F Shrimp G Big Head Prawn Lobster A Lobster B Lobster C Lobster D Needle Inkfish A Needle Inkfish B
Chinese Name A B A B C D E F G A B C D A B
Mass of Shell Used (g) 18.61 40.81 37.92 112.89 9.18 7.59 5.68 4.57 8.18 6.70 18.46 27.95 48.73 89.96 51.97 30.32 84.08 69.48
Mass of Chitin Yielded (g) 2.65 8.42 8.46 41.80 3.20 2.08 1.99 1.54 2.20 1.60 4.42 8.44 14.82 52.69 30.47 12.87 1.65 1.65
% Yield 14.2% 20.6% 22.3% 37.0% 34.9% 27.4% 35.0% 33.7% 26.9% 23.9% 23.9% 30.2% 30.4% 58.6% 58.6% 42.4% 1.96% 2.37%
Ave % Yield
23.5%
29.5%
47.5%
2.17%
Innovative part of our project locally consumed seafood different sources have different chitin content different chitins/chitosans have different adsorption ability find the best combination of chitins & chitosans for filtration device remove dyes, metal ions and grease most effectively
Th re Ch in e-s
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
es eM it t e nC rab dC
Overall results-
po
0%
tte
Percentage yield of chitin from different resources
r Re ab dC rab Sh Bi gH rim ea p dP Ma raw nt i n sS hri mp Lo bs Ne Ch t er ed i ne le se Ink My fis s te h ry Sn ai l Pa Co c if mm ic on Oy Or s te i en r t al Cl F a am nS Gr he ee ll nM us Ra se l Ja zo pa rC ne l am se Ab a No bl e l one Ja Sc pa al l ne op Sh se iit a sc ke a M u l l op sh roo m
Control
Suspended Particles
Gentian violet is used in microscopy as a biological stain and in medicine as a bactericide, fungicide, and anthelmintic. Fast Green is a food dye used for tinned green peas and other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes Safranine O is an orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificially by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool
Malachite green is used to dye materials like silk, leather, and paper. Congo red is used as a dye, indicator, and biological stain. It has a strong, though apparently non-covalent affinity to cellulose fibres. Methylene blue is used as a dye for Gram's stain, Wright's stain, and Jenner's stain. Eosin Y is an acidic dye and shows up in the basic parts of the cell, ie the cytoplasm. Methyl Orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations. It is also toxic.
Water Treatment: Water Purification As a polymer, chitosan's natural tendency is to form long chains of molecules with positive charges, which act like hooks. These natural hooks catch organic materials, such as oils, detergents, and other contaminants suspended in water. The material then coagulates to form flakes that are easily filtered out. Filtration companies are using chitin in clarifiers to help filter particulates and chemicals from water. Wastewater Treatment In Japan, chitosan was first used for wastewater treatment because of its metal-binding properties. It is also good for cleaning up toxic organic compounds, such as PCBs.
Uses of ChitinMedical Application anti-bacterial sponges, artificial blood vessels, contact lenses, blood cholesterol control and diapers Water Treatment metal-binding properties, catch organic materials, such as oils, detergents, and other contaminants suspended Dietary Supplements significantly bind fat, acting like a sponge in the digestive tract. Cosmetics Make-up powder; nail polish; moisturizers; face, hand, and body creams; and toothpaste Agriculture Seeds treated with chitosan are larger and stronger and more resistant to fungal diseases.
Interaction between different functional groupsDyesAmino group (NH2/NR2) Sulphonate group (SO3)
ChitinHydroxyl group (OH) Amide group (NHCO)
Cationic dye
Anionic dye
They form strong ion-dipole interactions with the polar groups of chitin
Part IIBChitin
Removal of Metal ions
VS
Structure of Chitin
ChitosanMushroom Structure of Chitosan
Chemical PrincipleInteractions of metal ions with chitosan: Adsorption Chelation
Dative covalent bonds
Vacant dorbitals of central metal ions
Lone pair of electrons
Chemical PrincipleAdsorption and Chelation
Complex ion
Chemical Principle
Structure of Chitin
H-bond or dipole-dipole interactionStructure of a fat molecule
Structure of Chitosan
VALUE PRICE US$15.59 (120 capsules)
Preparation of chitin and chitosan
Weifang Kehai Chitosan Co. Ltd.
Main ReferenceCHITIN CHEMISTRY by George A.F. Roberts Publisher: MACMLLAN (1992)
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2005), 53, 3888-3894