Green Revelution 22222222222

7/30/2019 Green Revelution 22222222222

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The ambition of the Greatest man of our generation Mahatma Gandhi has been to wipeevery tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering,

so long our work will not be over.

Jawaharlal Nehru in his famous speech on

Indias Tryst with Destiny.


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GREEN REVOLUTION- Green revolution refers to the Transformation

of Agriculture through application of dwarf hybrid varieties of seeds, modern technologyand improved agricultural practices along withbetter management of available resources.

- This term is given by William S. Gaud


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GREEN REVOLUTION


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Historical Aspects - Global:

Agriculture Movement in Mexico 1944

Plant breeding station in Mexico - Rockefeller foundation

and Mexican government

Self sufficiency in food-grains within 12 years (1944-1956)

Exporter of food-grains within 8 years (1956-1964)


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Indian Historical Aspects:Pre-Independence ERA:

The Britishers only had commercial interest in India. As cash cropswould generate more of revenue taxes for them they encouragedthe farmers to cultivate cash crops like Cotton, Jute etc. The poorfarmers could not rationalize the after effects of such changes incrop cultivation pattern and converted their lands to cash crops.

This led to poor production, supply and higher prices of foodgrains.

The world's worst recorded food disaster in 1943 in British-ruledIndia.


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Indian Historical Aspects: (Contd)

The Bengal Famine - About four million people died of hunger that

year alone in eastern India (included Bangladesh).

Paddy crop Blast of Rice

While food shortage was a contributor to the problem, a more

potent factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II

which made food supply a low priority for the British rulers.

Hoarding by Indian Traders.


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AASHAYEIN..


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Post - Independence ERA:

Food security was a paramount item on free India's agenda. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were

not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. In the year 1965-66 and 1966-67, drought over a vast area had

accentuated the food insufficiency situation. Population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This

called for drastic action to increase yield. This awareness of food security led, on one hand, to the Green

Revolution in India and, on the other, legislative measures to ensure thatbusinessmen would never again be able to hoard food for reasons of profit.

The action came in the form of the Green Revolution


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SITUATION AROUND 1965Food grain production was insufficient to meet the demands of exponentially growing population.Efforts were restricted to expanding the farm area.

1951-1955 1956-1960 1961-1965

FOOD GRAIN 5.3 3.9 -2

NON FOODGRAIN

2.1 5.1 0.9

ALL CROPS 4.3 4.3 -1


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FACTORS WHICH LED TO GREENREVOLUTION

BITTER EXPEREINCES UNDER THE PL 480 SCHEMEThe PL 480 scheme allowed India to import wheat from the U.S. Due to someinternal reasons the states decided not to export wheat. This restriction at acritical time opened the eyes of Indian govt. They realized that it can no

longer depend on foreign supplies for its domestic food consumption .

NEGATIVE GROWTH RATE IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The first five year plan emphasized the importance of agriculture leading toincreased productivity but by third five year plan the crop production droppeddrastically .

SPIRALLING POPULATION GROWTH RATE There were huge disparities between the rate at which food production andpopulation were increasing. In order to feed the people the food productionhad to be increased substantially.


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BASIC METHODS IN GREEN REVOLUTION

CONTINUED EXPANSION OF FARMING AREA Agricultural practices were extended to new areas . This added tothe total productivity of food grain .

DOUBLE CROPING EXISTING FARM LANDThis was primary feature of the green revolution. It ensured at leasttwo crops per year from a farm land. This became possible becauseof better irrigation facilities.

USING SEEDS WITH IMPROVED GENETICSIt dealt with the scientific aspects of the Green Revolution. ICARcame up with a high yielding variety of wheat-K68. This led to anincreased productivity. The technique was also followed in the caseof rice, corn and millet.


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SOCIAL IMPACTS1.INCREASED EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

It led to increase in employment opportunity not only in agriculture sector but also inindustrial sector. The growth of factories like tractor, pesticides, fertilizers etc has lead toincrease in employment and their income level.

2.IMPROVED INCOME LEVEL OF PEOPLEThe green revolution has led to increase in agriculture production with higher productivity.This has lead to increase in level of income, vertical movement of people in society . Manymiddle level farmer were able to change their class hierarchy and reached the upper strata inthe society

3.IMPROVED STANDARDS OF LIVINGIndia became self reliant in food production. Food was available to common masses

4 .BENEFIT TO CONSUMER

With increase in food productivity food grains were available to common mass at reasonableprice.


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ECONOMIC IMPACT1.INCREASE IN PRODUCTION

It was during the period of the green revolution that India achieved food security onthe national level at least in terms of total quantity of food grains production.

2. INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTGreen revolution has led to the symbiotic relationship between a number of industries and farming sector as they provide input and output to each other. This ledto a spurt in industrial growth in India.

3.IMPROVED CREDIT WORTHINESS

Due to higher production and increase in the national income of the country, India wasable to pay back loans it had taken from world bank and its affiliates for the greenrevolution. This improved India's credit worthiness in the eyes of lending agencies.


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NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS

1. SKEWED CROPPING PATTERN AND PRODUCTION (FROM1967-68 TO 1992-1993)

CROPSGROWTH RATE

OF AREA

(%)

GROWTH RATE OFPRODUCTION (%)

GROWTH RATESYEILD (%)

GRAM -0.82 -0.48 0.33

RICE 0.57 2.83 2.88

WHEAT 1.66 4.88 3.16

SMALL MILLETS -3.23 -2.63 -0.62


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INTER STATE REGIONAL DISPARITY

STATE WISE PER YEILD OF FOOD GRAIN (kg/ha)

REGIONAL / STATE 1970-1973 1980-1983 1992-1995

TAMILNADU 1352 1391 2100

HARYANA 1137 1553 2647PUNJAB 1936 2651 3627

U.P 950 1248 1843

ASSAM 987 1010 1287

BIHAR 882 901 1347

ORISSA 813 798 1193

ALL INDIA 848 1030 1503


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POLITICAL IMPACTIN THE INTERNATIONAL FORA

Green revolution revolutionalized food crop production and helpedIndia attain food security for its entire population. This elevatedIndias position in the international community as a developingcountry from that of an under developed country.

ON NATIONAL LEVEL:The govt, which was in power at the time of the green revolution,Took the right initiative to attain food security and ensuring food fordeprived population of the country. These initiatives enjoyed widesupport from the masses and thereby gave the ruling partyconsiderable political mileage.

AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

The political equation at the local level changed after the emergence of the middle class facilitated by the achievements of food security andself sufficiency. The ruling party enjoyed the vote bank over a longperiod of time.


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Why was it possible? 1. Dwarf gene: It helped the plant to divert most of its photosynthatic

to reproductive part as compared to vegetative part. Old variety grainwould have received 20% with these hybrids, now reproductive partreceived about 45-50%

2. Green revolution varieties were insensitive to day length so couldbe grown in varied agro climatic condition

3. Responsiveness to fertilizer application & water: New varietydiscovered had nearly exponential relationship with dose of fertilizer

& water applied . 4. Lots of irrigation project started around that time in part of Punjab

& western UP. 5. Lots of land was still to be brought under cultivation.


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Why its not possible now ?

1. Photosynthetic constrain - plant like engines also have thresholdpoint called as biological limit beyond which they can not beincreased.

2. Blackman law of limiting factor providing all input the thingwhich is limited become limiting factor .

3.Land which is one of the most important factor in agriculture is alimiting resource i.e. you can not extend it infinitely.

4.We have almost exhausted all genetic diversity we had in past onlyfew things are left as far as conventional breeding methods areconcerned.


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LIMITATIONS OF GREENREVOLUTION

- India has failed to extend the concept of highyielding variety seeds to all crops

- It was confined to rice and wheat only.- In regional terms it had shown best results

in Punjab & Haryana and some parts of West

Bengal, only.


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PUNJAB AGRARIAN CRISIS

Rampant & widespread debt among farmersdue to shrinking markets, stagnating state set

support prices and increasing production cost Social inequalities exacerbated by the

exclusion policies of Green revolution

Ecological break down in both soil and watersystem


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Even today there are places like Kalahandi

(Orissa) where famine like conditions havebeen existing for many years & wherestarvation deaths have been reported.

In 1978 & 1987 India faced severe droughtdue to poor monsoon. Even today Indias agricultural production

falls short of its demand. We have imported sugar and onion in the

past.


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DIMINISHED CROP DIVERSITY

. Indian farmers have planted 30,000 differentvarieties of rice over past 50 years ; with thevarieties closely matched to soil and climate.

. Plant responses to many stresses both biotic &abiotic are partly under genetic control .Theflexibility in response to these stresses isincreased when there is relatively more geneticdiversity.


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-Green revolution resulted in planting fewer

varieties of crops only high yielding varieties.

HYVs have high degree of genetic uniformity.

-Over the long term, increasing reliance on a

relatively few varieties leads to loss of well

adapted genetically variable varieties through

lack of use.


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DRAWBACKS OF EXCESS USE OF

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERSLower water holding capacity of soil.Decrease aeration as the soil losses thestructure given by organic materialPoorly aerated soils are less suitable forbeneficial organisms & worsen the efficiency

of plant roots to take up nutrients. High inputsof nitrogen fertilizer result in soil acidification.


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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF USE OFPESTICIDES

HYVs are more susceptible to diseases To overcome diseases farmers used pesticides. Pesticides such as organ phosphorous compounds are

not break down in the environment.Through food chainthey enter into the body and deposited in the softtissues

Pesticides are present in the blood of people of Punjab Sunita Narain.

Pesticides were present in Coca-cola which causescancer.


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The Crisis NowWith the mid term appraisal of the plan, (2005) and theapproach paper (2006), it is now official. The FinanceMinister is reported to have made a wise statementsaying that the economy is doing famously, but we dontknow what to do to agriculture. Without a dynamicagriculture, inclusive growth becomes a mirage. Thingsbecome worse when it was suggested that:

1. Indias net sown area under crops has fallen drastically for the first time;

2. Area under canal irrigation has fallen again for the firsttime in history.


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Net Area Sown It was predicted at a constant of 141 million

hectares, but 2003 changed all that:S.no. Year NAS (mn. ha.) 1. 1987/88 134.09 2. 1991/92 141.63 3. 1999/00 141.10 4. 2001/02 141.40 5. 2002/03 132.86


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Short Run growth Sources

If the loss in area sown cannot be reserved soon And canal area is not going to rise, As also the plans for reversing the ground water crisis is

going to take time, Then growth has to emerge from Technology Non Land Inputs And Diversification And has to be operationalised at the level of Indias agro-

climatic resource regions.


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Policy

Possibilities for widespread Rural Growth from diversification aregreat

But policy is a constraint India has done it in the past and can do it again International Institutions can:

- strengthen policies for strengthening small producer institutions- local capabilities for infrastructure development, communication andskill development- CBOs and their role in local governance and economic structures- research on macro policies for widespread agricultural development;tariffs; financial instruments


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Second Green Revolution During the past decade, just as increasing affluence has led many

Indians to demand more and different varieties of food, the gains of theGreen Revolution have been slowing, so that today the Indianpopulation is growing faster than the country's ability to produce more

rice and wheat. The supply of arable land is second only to that of the United States,

but its agricultural output lags far behind its potential. As a result, thegovernment has had to turn to already stretched international markets,putting further pressure on high global food prices.

With the right technology and public policy, economists say, Indiacould help feed the world. Instead, it can barely feed itself.


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Second Green Revolution The country recently began what it calls a "food security

mission" designed to increase production of its staples -wheat, rice and pulses, which include lentils and peas. PrimeMinister Dr. Manmohan Singh has called for what he termeda Second Green Revolution "so that the specter of foodshortages is banished from the horizon once again.

"Experts blame the agriculture slowdown on a variety of factors. India has failed to expand irrigation or access toloans for farmers, or to advance agricultural research.Groundwater is being depleted at alarming rates, a problemthat climate change threatens to exacerbate.


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Birth of a Third Green Revolution Corporate entry into agriculture could find an answer that has

been plaguing the farm sector for long-proper and affordableprice to farmers.

Corporates know that the Indian agriculture sector is a potentialgoldmine that has not been tapped till now. Many of these corporates are making a beeline to the farmers

doorstep for buying their produce, something which farmershave never experienced so far.

Reliance Fresh Bhartis Field Fresh ITCs Choupal Fresh


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Birth of a Third Green Revolution

Cooperative movement- the governmental cooperative movement which was started witha similar idea of procuring, transporting and retailing the producehas been a major disaster with red tape and political interferencesclogging its functioning.

Supply Chain Management- all these big companies at the moment paying detailed attention

to several aspects of the retail chain right from seeddistribution, fertilizer application, improving irrigationtechnologies, facilitating credit, possessing and setting up coldstorage, transporting and finally selling the produce.


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The steps which need to be taken

Identify in every state, the areas with a high untappedagricultural potential both under irrigated and rainfedconditions and develop them into Special Agricultural

Zones.

Special Agricultural Zones should aim to bring aboutsmall farm management revolution which can help toimprove the productivity, profitability and sustainabilityof the major farming systems of the country.


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