Green Oil as the High-energy Multipurpose Biofuel of...

Green Oil as the High-energy Multipurpose Biofuel of Choice

Katayoon DeheshUC Davis

STARCH VS OIL BIOSYNTHESIS

2Source: IEA WEO 2004

Global Energy Demand Growth by Sector (1971-2030)

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

(bnb

oe)

Rapid Demand Growth Across All Sectors

Rapid Demand Growth Across All Sectors

Key: - industry- transport - power - buildings

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

1971 2002 2030

Courtesy of Chris Somerville

3

* - excludes traditional biomassSource: IEA 2004

2002 2030

Fuels Mix Projected to Remain Similar

Fuels Mix Projected to Remain Similar

Key:

- oil - coal - gas - nuclear - hydro - modern renewables

Global Primary Energy Supply by Fuel*:

37%

23%

27%

5%

2% 6%

39%

25%

23%

7%

2% 4%


4Source: UN and DOE EIA

Energy use grows with economic developmentEnergy use grows with economic development

US

Australia

Russia

BrazilChinaIndia

S. Korea

Mexico

Ireland

Greece

FranceUK Japan

Malaysia

energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002)


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

GDP per capita

Prim

ary

Ener

gy p

er c

apita

(GJ)

?


6

Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral

energy

Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral

energy

CO2

Polysaccharides

Photosynthesis “Combustion”

Work

Sunlight

(Storage)


7

Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral energyCombustion of biomass can

provide carbon neutral energy


Yeast fermentation of simple sugars such as glucose to ethanol is cheap and easy

Feedstock such as sugar cane used in Brazil are ideal

whereas, feedstock rich in:

1- starch (corn kernel)

2- cellulosic, that is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (Switchgrass, corn stalks, Wood chips)

ARE a PROBLEM

Ethanol as biofuel

Only 40% of the energy content of cellulosic feedstock can be converted to ethanol!!!

Service R, Science 2010, 329: 784-85

9

US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons

US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons

Forest12.8%

Urban waste2.9%

Manure4.1%

Grains5.2%

Crop residues7.6%

Soy6.2%

Wheat straw6.1%Corn stover

19.9%

Perennial crops35.2%

From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005

26 B gals ~


10

Routes to fermentation of all sugars are knownRoutes to fermentation of all sugars are known

Jeffries & Shi Adv Bioch Eng 65,118

Lignin

Typical grasscomposition

cellulose

Hemicellulose

From: Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol

Steps in cellulosic ethanol production

Steps in cellulosic ethanol production


12

Breeding has done much for food crops

Breeding has done much for food crops

13

Crop yields have been strongly increased but biomass yields have not!

Crop yields have been strongly increased but biomass yields have not!

Source: European Forest Institute (www.efi.fi)Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service

Average European forest yield Average Indiana corn yield


14

Key Challengesin conversion technology

Key Challengesin conversion technology

• Overcoming the recalcitrans of LC biomass

• Efficiently utilizing all sugars• Producing better fuel molecules beyond ethanol

• Creating a highly productive, stable host organism

In US ethanol constitutes 10% of blended gasoline.

Other limitations

US uses 140 BG Gasoline/year, thus demandfor ethanol is capped at 14 BG!

Biorefineries make 12.1 BG of corn ethanol/year,

THUS

Industry has reached a blend wall!

NO MORE cellulosic ethanol

This will change ONLY if cars run on E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% petroleum)

Service R, Science 2010, 329: 784-85

Largest Source of Biofuel is Brazilian sugarcane

2009 in Brazil usage of 4.6 Mha land resulted to:

27 giga-liters of ethanol (GLE)

&2GW of net electricity from combustion of bagasse

Brazilian government announced restriction of land usage for fuel to 60 Mha.

Somerville R, et.al., Science 2010, 329: 790

17

Primary Energy Conversion Technology Products

Reforming

Coal

Natural Gas

Biomass

Extra Heavy

Oil

SyngasConversion

- FT- Oxygenates- Chemicals

Gasification

Enzymatic/Biological Conversion

PowerGeneration

Electricity

Fuels

Chemicals

Refining Processes- coking

- hydro-treating- novel thermal processes

CO2 CaptureCO2 for

EOR/Storage

The fungibility of carbonThe fungibility of carbon

18

Routes to potential fuelsRoutes to potential fuels

Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375

Fossil fuel is believed to be derived from ancient lipid rich organic material such as spores and planktonic algae!

TAG

Hydrocarbon in conventional diesel

Plant TAGs is chemically most similar to fossil oil

TAGs esterification with methanol produces biodiesel

Heat of combustion values for biodiesel and conventional diesel

FAMEs in biodiesel have high energy density

Data are from the National Biodiesel Board (http://www.biodiesel.org) and the European Biodiesel Board (http://www.ebb-eu.org)

Biodiesel production

Price of Plant Oil

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Methyl oleate Ethanol

Hea

t of c

ombu

sion

(KJ/

g)

Oils have double the energy content/carbon atom than carbs.

Oil provides a larger sink for photosynthesis thus reducingthe potential feedback suppression of photosynthesis

Fermentation of carbohydrate to ethanol leads to loss of 1/3 of the carbon as CO2

Few of advantages of plant oils over carbohydrates

Doubling the energy value of perennial grasses through conversion of 20% of

dry matter from lignocellulose to OIL

TAG production in plants

Lersten et al., 2006, Am. J. Bot. 93, 1731–1739.

Peterson, Wood 1997 JCerealSci

Heneen et. al. 2008 Planta

Oat

A unique cereal that accumulates both triacylglycerols and starch in the endosperm

Endosperm is the major energy reserve in the grain

Medium-oil cv. Freja

9%

74%

4%

13%

2%1%1%

Endosperm

Lipids

Non-Lipids

Non-LipidsEmbryo &Scutellum

TAG

PL

Other

6%1%

LipidsTAGPL

Other

C-Sucrose14

High-oil cv. Matilda

21%

62%

6%11%

9%10%2% 4%

1%1%

EndospermLipids Lipids

Non-Lipids

Non-Lipids

TAGPL

Other TAG

PL

Other

Embryo &Scutellum

14C-Sucrose

Oat endosperm contains starch & oil

2%

Lipid synthesis in oat seedsLipid synthesis in oat seeds

Starch

&

Lipids

TLC-plate

TAGs

Rest

Polar Lipids

1. Cold sucrosefeeding till the desired developmental stage

2. Hot sucrosefeeding &seedharvest

in vitro C-Sucrose Feeding of Oat Paniclesin vitro C-Sucrose Feeding of Oat Panicles14

cv. Matildacv. Matildacv. Freja

cv. Freja

Flux analysis: carbon portioning between starch and oil

Carbon flux to lipids Carbon flux to non-lipids

Lipids Accumulate Early in Kernel FillingLipids Accumulate Early in Kernel Filling

Distinct profiles of carbon partitioning occur throughout development and between cultivars

Distinct profiles of carbon partitioning occur throughout development and between cultivars

Low-oil cv. Freja

seems to have a

delay in oil

biosynthesis

Early Endosperm

Late Endosperm

700,000 Reads218bp average

40,000 Contigs Early 19,000 Contigs Late

454 Pyrosequencing of Early and Late Endosperm Transcripitomes

454 Data454 Data

Two 454 runs (new GSFLX chemistry)

150,000,000bp

706,000 fragments

219bp ave read length

Two 454 runs (new GSFLX chemistry)

150,000,000bp

706,000 fragments

219bp ave read length

Early Endosperm 40,000 Contigs

Late Endosperm 19,000 Contigs

Early Endosperm 40,000 Contigs

Late Endosperm 19,000 Contigs

Networks of genes in the oat endosperm

Network of fatty acid biosynthetic genes in oat endosperm

454 pyrosequencing

454 pyrosequencing Contig

Assembly

ContigAssembly

Constructing the tools to analyze the oat transcriptome


454 pyrosequencing

454 pyrosequencing Contig

Assembly

ContigAssembly

Probe Creation

Verification

Probe Creation

Verification12 Plex 135k feature

Expression Array

12 Plex 135k featureExpression Array

Matilda RNA Early EndospermLate Endosperm

Matilda RNA Early EndospermLate Endosperm



384k FeatureMicroarray

384k FeatureMicroarray

Additional Arrays:RootLeaf

EmbryoWhole Stage A

Pericarp

56Custom Endosperm

Specific Expression Arrays

MatildaFreja

7 StagesAveraged

Biological Replicates

15 StagesSerial Analysis

15 StagesSerial Analysis

Transcript under precise regulation responding to cell metabolism

Transcript showing consistent regulation driving cell metabolism

7 StagesAveraged

Cofactors

de novo

Salvage

recharge

recycle

Amino Acids

de novo

Salvage

recharge

recycle

Energy Molecules

de novo

Salvage

recharge

recycle

Storage Molecules

recycle de novo

Sugars (CHO)

Carbon DioxideOxygen

LightTemperature

N P K SMg Ca

Green Oil as the High-energy Multipurpose Biofuel of...

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