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With With ‘‘EMULSIFIED FUEL OILEMULSIFIED FUEL OIL’’

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GREEN FUEL TECHGREEN FUEL TECH

WATERWATER--ININ--OIL FUEL EMULSIONSOIL FUEL EMULSIONS

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Emulsion fuelsEmulsion fuels –––––––– an economical andan economical and

environmentally responsible optionenvironmentally responsible option

EMULSIFIED FUEL

Most common Emulsified Fuels are water-in-oil emulsions where micron sized water

droplets are suspended in a Hydrocarbon medium like Heavy Oil ( Furnace Oil) ,

Diesel or even Bitumen.

Emulsified fuels have excellent combustion characteristics, with complete Carbon

burn-outs, controlled peak-flame-temperatures, which results in Higher Economy,

Less Smoke and lower NOx formation.

Emulsified Oils can be manufactured by various means processes depending on

factors like the type of Hydrocarbon used and the quantity of water added.

Emulsions consist of at least two distinct materials that do not physically mix but

are blended to stay suspended one in the other.

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Benefits of using Emulsified fuelBenefits of using Emulsified fuelBenefits of using Emulsified fuel

Emulsified Fuel results in lower fuel costs by 10 to 15% depending on fuel quality and

operational parameters. Emulsified Fuel burns cleanly with considerable decrease in

emissions (dust, ash, SOx, NOx,CO,CO2 and CO).

Applications of Emulsified fuelApplications of Emulsified fuelApplications of Emulsified fuel

Boilers, Furnaces and diesel engines.

Fuels that can be EmulsifiedFuels that can be EmulsifiedFuels that can be Emulsified

Residual Fuel oils (furnace oil included), waste oils, diesel, gasoline, vegetable

oils, etc.

EMULSIFIED FUEL – Benefits and uses

Direct additional benefit for environmentDirect additional benefit for environmentDirect additional benefit for environment

Near complete combustion results in lower emissions and green house gas emissions.

Emulsions are the only fuel technology that simultaneously reduces both NOx and particulate

matter (PM) emissions.

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Introducing water to petroleum products for combustion is a concept that

has been around for centuries. In fact, reference to water as an ancillary

combustion control technique can be found as early as 1791 in a gas turbine

patent.

Emulsified Fuel is embedded with water droplets of 5-10 micron size.

When it is atomized by the burner, the flame temperature causes the

embedded water droplets in the emulsified Fuel to burst into steam

increasing in volume by many times.

This rapid expansion shatters the fuel oil droplet into a 1-5 micron sized Oil

drops, thus having 1000 times greater surface area.

This unique combustion characteristic of Emulsified Fuels is known

as “Secondary Atomization.”

PRINCIPLE OF EMULSIFIED FUEL COMBUSTION

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COMPARISON OF FLAME GEOMETRY

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NORMAL & EMULSIFIED FUEL DROPLET –

AN ILLUSTRATION

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FUEL OIL ENCASED WATER DROPLET

Each H2O molecule is surrounded by petroleum, creating emulsified droplets

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Emulsified Fuel Oil

Hydrocarbon Oil Water Additive Mixer

PROCESS OF MAKING EMULSIFIED FUEL

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WATER PARTICLE SIZE –POST ATOMIZATION

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NORMAL FUEL AND EMULSION FUEL –PHYSICAL APPREARANCE

Water-in-fuel emulsion

Black oil after proper dispersion - atomized drops of waters - it is not visible.

Normal fuel oil

Water in black oil, distanceBetween lines of 100 micron)

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NORMAL COMBUSTION PROCESS

When a regular fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber

(whether it is a steam boiler, diesel engine or a furnace), it is

atomized into droplets varying in size from 50 to 200 microns.

Because only the surface of each fuel droplet exposed to air can burn,

larger liquid fuel droplets do not burn completely, leaving unburned

carbon to collect on the surfaces of a combustion chamber or escape

as particulate matter in exhaust gases. This reduces overall thermal

efficiency and increases harmful emissions.

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COMBUSTION OF NORMAL FUEL DROPLET

- SCHEMATIC

Example: Bunker C OilExample: Bunker C Oil

Bunker C OilBunker C Oil

Evaporation point 300 DEG cEvaporation point 300 DEG c

Ignition combustion point 530 Ignition combustion point 530

DEG cDEG c

Ash 0.01~0.04%Ash 0.01~0.04%

Reserved carbon 7~10 wt%Reserved carbon 7~10 wt%

Combustion rate is insufficient Combustion rate is insufficient

compared to light oilcompared to light oil

Pyrolysis*The different evaporation point

300 Deg C and ignition

[combustion] point 530 Deg C

generates carbon elements that

are difficult to be burned.

50~200

microns

Heat in

combustor

Evaporating

combustion

Decomposing

combustion

Pyrolyzing temperature

Above 300 Deg C

A carbon dust which includes

concentrated ash that (20~50

microns)

is a result of the lack of

evaporation.

*The transformation of a substance into one or more other substances by heat alone without oxidation G F TG F T

COMBUSTION OF NORMAL FUEL IN

THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSIFIED FUEL OIL

� When emulsified fuel droplets are sprayed into the combustion chamber, they are atomized a second time as a result of the violent transformation of theirwater content into steam. This transformation of water into steam shatters the petroleum surrounding that water into much smaller droplets.

� Smaller droplets have a much greater surface area, significantly improving the efficiency of combustion. This unique combustion characteristic of emulsified fuels is commonly referred to as “secondary atomization”. A secondary effect of water transforming into steam is that peak combustion temperatures are reduced, resulting in the formation of significantly fewer smog-forming NOxemissions. The changes in combustion kinetics also significantly reduce PM emissions that result from incomplete combustion.

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PRINCIPLE OF EMULSIFIED FUEL COMBUSTION

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSIFIED FUEL

- SCHEMATIC

Principle-Combustion of Emulsified Fuel PrinciplePrinciple--Combustion of Emulsified Fuel Combustion of Emulsified Fuel

When vaporized,

Water expands

more than

1700 times

Explosive evaporation of the micron sized water molecules in

high temperature free the oil molecules.

The micron size oil molecules have a greater surface

area supporting cleaner combustion.

At a nano level the free H+ radicals

combine with the O3

This micro burns restors

the calorie loss due to

heat of vaporization.

Emulsion fuel particle, O3,Oil and water mix

Combustion chamber of boiler Micro Explosion

Heavy Oil

evaporation point

above 300 Deg C

Water

evaporation point

above 100 Deg C

When the diameter of the emulsion particle is below

100 micron, the oxygen contactable surface area becomes

100 times greater. When the diameter is below 5 micron, it

becomes 5,000 times greater.

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSION FUEL IN

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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WATER – A PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION

Combustion of any hydrocarbon will produce a significant amount of

water, in the form of steam, from the reaction of the hydrogen in the fuel

and oxygen in the air.

In fact, depending on the type of fuel, the water mass produced during

combustion can be greater than the mass of the fuel source. In other

words, emulsified fuel technology is only altering the sequence in which

the water is introduced into combustion - not introducing water as a new compound.

The following combustion reaction for methane illustrates this:

CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + 2H2O

One mole of methane with an atomic weight of 16 producing two moles

of water with an atomic weight of 36.

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WATER BALANCE(During combustion of normal fuel and emulsified fuel)

1 kg fuel needs ~14.5 kg of air to burn:

� The combustion develops:N2 : ~11.0 kgCO2 / SO2 / NOx : ~3.2 kgH2O produced during combustion : ~1.3 kg

1 kg emulsion with 90% oil & 10% H2O needs ~13.0 kg of air to burn:

� The combustion develops:N2 : ~9.9 kgCO2 / SO2 / NOx : ~2.9 kgH2O produced during combustion : ~1.2 kgAdded H2O : ~0.1 kgTotal H2O : ~1.3 kg

� Therefore there is no change in the moisture content in flue gases (steam) in spite of adding water for preparing the fuel emulsion.

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Economical issue

Attributes

MeritsEmulsion

? Small sized particles

? Surfactant holds the H20 and Oil molecule together

? Near Complete combustion

? Works without any modification on burner system

? Economy in price - 10 to 15% less fuel consumption

? Uses any fresh water supply

? Considerable reduction in CO2, SO2, etc

? Dust reduction rate

BENEIFITS OF EMULSION FUELS

Emulsion fuel

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WIN–WIN OPPORTUNITY

Salient features of our contract:

� No investment in emulsifying equipment, additive or manpower by the customer.

� The equipment is owned, operated & maintained by us.

� On site Real-time demo for 15 to 30 days (free of cost) to evaluate the

saving potential of emulsified fuel oil.

� After a successful demo, a service fee will be charged for every Kl of emulsified oil produced (this payment will come from fuel savings).

� No savings - No pay.

� Therefore, it is a No Risk–All Gain opportunity for the customer.

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TYPICAL ASSEMBLED EMULSION SYSTEM

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EMULSION FUEL SERVICES

� THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

� PLEASE SWITCH TO EMULSIFIED FURNACE OIL TO

SAVE ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

For emulsion services and management, please contact:

Mr S Suriyanarayanan

Green Fuel Tech

Cell : +91 90527 88398

E-mail: gft@gmail.com

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