Green and Sustainable Advanced

Materials

Composite Nanostructure

• Structure

• Prosthetic implants

Polymeric nanostructure • Filter membranes, separating membranes,

• Water treatment • Drug delivery, Affinity membrane

• Protective cloth for warfare agents

• Wound dressing

Ceramic nanostructure

• Biosensor • Battery/Fuel cells

• Catalysts • Tissue engineering

Composite Nanostructure

• Structure

• Prosthetic implants

Polymeric nanostructure • Filter membranes, separating membranes,

• Water treatment • Drug delivery, Affinity membrane

• Protective cloth for warfare agents

• Wound dressing

Ceramic nanostructure

• Biosensor • Battery/Fuel cells

• Catalysts • Tissue engineering

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Green and Sustainable

Advanced Materials

Edited by

Shakeel Ahmed and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Volume 2: Applications

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v

Contents

Preface xvii

1 Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials – A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future 1

Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study 2 1.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study 3 1.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability 3 1.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green

Engineering 4 1.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology 5 1.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials? 5 1.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today 6 1.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of

Green Sustainability 61.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in

Nanotechnology Today 101.11 Technological Vision and the Scientific Endeavour in

Advanced Materials 111.12 The Vision of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 121.13 Global Water Shortage and the Challenges of

Research and Development Initiatives 131.14 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 141.15 Water Purification Technologies and the World of

Environmental Sustainability 151.16 Future Frontiers and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 161.17 Future Research Trends in Sustainability and

Nanotechnology Applications 161.18 Summary, Conclusion and Scientific Perspectives 17References 17

vi Contents

2 Valorization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials from a Biomed Perspective – Potential Applications 19

Muhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Abaid Ullah and

Hafiz M. N. Iqbal 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Multi-Functional Characteristics of Green and Sustainable

Materials – Smart Polymers 20 2.3 Biomedical Potentialities of Biopolymers and/or

Biopolymers-Based Constructs 24 2.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles – Biomedical Applications 25 2.5 BioMOFs: Metal–Organic Frameworks 28 2.6 Bioinspired MOFs – Biomedical Application and Prospects 29 2.7 Drug Delivery Perspectives of MOFs 31 2.8 MOF in Enantioseparation of Drug Racemates 31 2.9 Porous Covalent Organic Cages as Bio-Inspired Materials 332.10 pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 342.11 Concluding Remarks 35Conflict of Interest 38Acknowledgements 38References 38

3 Applications of Textile Materials Using Emerging Sources and Technology: A New Perspective 49

Pintu Pandit, Saptarshi Maiti, Gayatri T.N. and

Aranya Mallick3.1 Introduction 503.2 Synthesis, Forms, Properties and Applications of Graphene 52

3.2.1 Structure and Forms of Graphene 523.2.2 Synthesis and Production Methods of Graphene 533.2.3 Properties of Graphene 543.2.4 Applications of Graphene 55

3.2.4.1 Application of Graphene in Energy Storage, Optoelectronics, and Photovoltaic Cell 55

3.2.4.2 Application of Graphene in Ultrafiltration and Bioengineering 57

3.2.4.3 Application of Graphene in Textile Materials and Composites 57

3.3 Essential Role for Nanomaterials in Textiles 593.3.1 Developing and Processing Nanoengineered Textiles 603.3.2 Nanofiber Application Driven by Function-of-Form

Paradigm 63

Contents vii

3.4 Types, Synthesis and Application of Dendrimers 653.4.1 Types of Dendrimers 663.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers (Divergent and

Convergent Method) 673.4.3 Application of Dendrimers in Chemical Processing

of Textile Materials 683.4.4 Application of Dendrimers in Medical Textiles 693.4.5 Application of Dendrimers in Effluent Treatment 70

3.5 Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Materials 713.6 Synthesis and Applications of Biopolymer-Based Absorbents 743.7 Conclusion 77References 78

4 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Applications and Environmental Issues 85

Pooja Thakur, Kamal Kumar Bhardwaj and Reena Gupta4.1 Introduction 864.2 NPs and Nanodevices 874.3 Types of NPs 88

4.3.1 Carbon Based NPs 894.3.1.1 Fullerenes 894.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 904.3.1.3 Graphene Nanofoils 904.3.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres 914.3.1.5 Carbon Black 914.3.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams 92

4.3.2 Inorganic NPs 924.3.2.1 Metals 924.3.2.2 Metal Oxides 924.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 93

4.3.3 Organic NPs 944.3.3.1 Organic Polymers 944.3.3.2 Biologically Inspired NPs 94

4.4 Applications of NPs 944.4.1 Applications of Nanotechnology by

Sectors of Activity 944.4.2 Nanotechnology Applications by NP Type 95

4.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and its Products 954.5.1 Potential Environmental Effects 1004.5.2 Fate of NPs in the Environment 101

viii Contents

4.5.3 Positive Effects on Environment 1044.5.4 Negative Effects on Environment 105

4.6 Conclusion 106Acknowledgements 106Conflict of Interests 107References 107

5 Chitosan in Water Purification Technology 111

Ajith James Jose, Ann Mary Jacob, Manjusha K. C. and

Jincymol Kappen5.1 Introduction 1115.2 Chitosan 1125.3 Chitosan in Waste Water Treatment 115

5.3.1 Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water 1155.3.2 Treatment of Textile Effluents 1165.3.3 Household Drinking Water Treatment 117

5.4 Mechanism Behind the Waste Water Treatment by Chitosan 1185.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 1185.4.2 Removal of Bacteria 120

5.5 Conclusion 121References 121

6 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials – Environmental Applications 125

Swapnil Sharma, Vivek Dave, Kanika Verma

and Jaya Dwivedi6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Application of Advanced Green Sustainable Materials

in Sensing and Removal of Water Toxicants 1266.2.1 Materials Used for Sensing and Removal of

Dyes and Heavy Metals from Water 1266.2.1.1 Dyes 1266.2.1.2 Heavy Metal 1276.2.1.3 Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye from

Naturally Derived Bio-Sorbents 1346.2.2 Removal of Microbial Pathogen from Water 1376.2.3 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants from Water 146

6.3 Removal of Contaminants from Air 1476.4 Application of Sustainable Material in Soil Remediation 148Acknowledgement 149References 149

Contents ix

7 Green and Sustainable Copper-Based Nanomaterials – An Environmental Perspective 159

Santosh Bahadur Singh7.1 Introduction 1607.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials and its Sustainability 162

7.2.1 Metallic Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) 1627.2.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)-Based NPs 1637.2.3 Supported Copper Nanomaterials 1647.2.4 Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanomaterials 165

7.3 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis: As a Tool for Environmental Cleaning 165

7.4 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 166

7.5 Environmental Perspective of Copper Nanomaterials 1697.6 Concluding Remarks 170References 170

8 An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application 177

Tanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane 8.1 History 177 8.2 Sources 178

8.2.1 Tubers or Roots 1788.2.2 Corn 178

8.3 Physiochemical Properties 1788.3.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules 1788.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Birefringence 1808.3.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity 1818.3.4 Retrogradation and Gelatinization 1818.3.5 Thermal and Rheological Properties 181

8.4 Starch Gelatinization Measurement 182 8.5 Processing of Starch 182

8.5.1 Surface Hydrolysis 1828.5.2 Native Digestion 1838.5.3 Hydrothermal Modification 183

8.6 Thermoplastic Starch 184 8.7 Resistant Starch 184 8.8 Starch Nanocrystals 184 8.9 Ionic Liquid 1858.10 Enzyme Selection 1858.11 Packing Configuration 186

x Contents

8.12 Chemical Modification 186 8.12.1 Cross-Linking 188 8.12.2 Starch-Graft Copolymer 188

8.12.2.1 Graft with Vinyl Monomers 189 8.12.2.2 Graft with other Monomers 189

8.12.3 Esterification 190 8.12.3.1 Inorganic Starch Esters 190 8.12.3.2 Organic Starch Esters 190

8.12.4 Etherification 190 8.12.5 Dual Modification 191 8.12.6 Other Chemical Modification 191

8.12.6.1 Oxidation 192 8.12.6.2 Acid Modification 192

8.13 Starch-Based Materials 194 8.13.1 PLA Starch 194 8.13.2 Starch Alginate 194 8.13.3 PCL Starch 194 8.13.4 Chitosan Starch 195 8.13.5 Starch Clay 195 8.13.6 Starch and DMAEMA 196 8.13.7 Plasticized Starch(PLS)/Poly(Butylene Succinate

Co-Butylene Adipate (PBSA) 196 8.13.8 Gelatin–OSA Starch 197 8.13.9 Chitin and Starch 197 8.13.10 Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) and Chitosan 197

8.14 Applications 198 8.14.1 Wound Dressing 198 8.14.2 Biomedical 198 8.14.3 Nanomaterial 199 8.14.4 Cancer 199 8.14.5 Starch Film 200 8.14.6 Gene Delivery 200 8.14.7 Transdermal Delivery 200 8.14.8 Resistive Switch Memory 201 8.14.9 Oral Drug Delivery 201 8.14.10 Waste Water Treatment 202 8.14.11 Heavy Metal Removal 202 8.14.12 Dry Removal 204

Acknowledgement 205References 205

Contents xi

9 Synthesized Cu2Zn

1-xCd

xSnS

4 Quinternary

Alloys Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 209

Y. Al-Douri and A. S. Ibraheam9.1 Introduction 2109.2 Experimental Process 2119.3 Results and Discussion 2139.4 Conclusions 219References 221

10 Biochar Supercapacitors: Recent Developments in the Materials and Methods 223

S. Vivekanandhan10.1 Introduction 224

10.1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar 22410.1.2 Traditional Uses of Biochar 225

10.1.2.1 Combustible Fuel 22510.1.2.2 Soil Amendment 22610.1.2.3 Carbon Sequestration 226

10.1.3 Biochar in Sustainable Bioeconomy 22710.1.4 Value Added Utilization of Biochar 228

10.1.4.1 Catalysis 22810.1.4.2 Polymer Composites 22910.1.4.3 Environmental Remediation 22910.1.4.4 Energy Storage and Conversion 230

10.2 Biochar Supercapacitors 23010.2.1 Biochar Based Supercapacitor 231

10.2.1.1 Agricultural Residues 23110.2.1.2 Industrial Crops 23110.2.1.3 Industrial Co- Products

and By-Products 23210.2.1.4 Wood Biomasses 233

10.2.2 Capacitive Mechanism for Biochar 23510.3 Biochar Modification Techniques for

Capacitive Applications 23710.3.1 Activation 237

10.3.1.1 Physical Techniques 23710.3.1.2 Chemical Techniques 238

10.3.2 Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Loading 239

10.3.3 Nitrogen and Sulphur Doping 240

xii Contents

10.4 Biochar Based Composite Materials for Supercapacitors Application 242

10.5 Conclusions 243Acknowledgements 244References 244

11 Nature and Technoenergy 251

Smita Kapoor, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta11.1 Introduction 25111.2 Concept of Sustainability 25311.3 Materials Science and Energy 25411.4 Green and Advanced Materials 25611.5 Emerging Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 26111.6 Substrates and Encapsulates for Biodegradable and

Biocompatible Electronics 26211.7 Semi-Natural/Semi-Synthetic Substrates: Paper 26211.8 Applications of Advanced Materials for

Energy Applications 26711.8.1 Optical Materials for Energy Applications 26711.8.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 26911.8.3 Polymer Solar Cells 27011.8.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Application 27211.8.5 Electrochemical Capacitor 27311.8.6 Polymer Sulfur Composite Cathode Material 273

11.9 Conclusion 274References 274

12 Biomedical Applications of Synthetic and Natural Biodegradable Polymers 281

Manpreet Kaur, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Desired Properties of Polymers for

Biomedical Applications 28512.2.1 Super Hydrophobicity 28512.2.2 Adhesion 28612.2.3 Self-Healing 286

12.3 Natural Polymers 28612.3.1 Collagen as a Biopolymer 28712.3.2 Applications of Collagen 289

12.3.2.1 Collagen in Ophthalmology 28912.3.2.2 Collagen in Wound and Burn Dressing 294

Contents xiii

12.3.2.3 Collagen in Tissue Engineering 29512.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymers 29712.3.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 298

12.3.4.1 Chitosan in Ophthalmology 29812.3.4.2 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Dressings 29812.3.4.3 Chitosan in Drug-Delivery Systems 299

12.4 Synthetic Polymers 30112.4.1 Polyolefins 30112.4.2 Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 30112.4.3 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 30112.4.4 Silicone 30212.4.5 Methacrylates 30212.4.6 Polyesters 30312.4.7 Polyethers 30312.4.8 Polyamides 30312.4.9 Polyurethanes 304

12.5 Conclusion 305Acknowledgements 305Conflicts of Interests 305References 305

13 Efficiency of Transition Metals at Nanoscale - as Heterogeneous Catalysts 311

Heeralaxmi Jadon, Sushma Neeraj and Mohammad Kuddus13.1 Introduction 31213.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalyst 31313.3 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyst 31513.4 Transition Metals 316

13.4.1 Common Properties of Transition Metals 31613.5 Individual Properties of Different Transition Metals 319

13.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 319 13.5.2 Titanium (Ti) 320 13.5.3 Vanadium (V) 320 13.5.4 Chromium (Cr) 320 13.5.5 Manganese (Mn) 320 13.5.6 Iron (Fe) 320 13.5.7 Cobalt (Co) 321 13.5.8 Nickel (Ni) 321 13.5.9 Copper (Cu) 32113.5.10 Zinc (Zn) 32113.5.11 Yttrium (Y) 322

xiv Contents

13.5.12 Zirconium (Zr) 32213.5.13 Niobium (Nb) 32213.5.14 Molybdenum (Mo) 32313.5.15 Technetium (Tc) 32313.5.16 Rhodium (Rh) 32313.5.17 Palladium (Pd) 32313.5.18 Silver (Ag) 32413.5.19 Cadmium (Cd) 32413.5.20 Lanthanum (La) 32413.5.21 Hafnium (Hf) 32513.5.22 Tantalum (Ta) 32513.5.23 Tungsten (W) 32513.5.24 Rhenium (Re) 32513.5.25 Osmium (Os) 32613.5.26 Iridium (Ir) 32613.5.27 Platinum (Pt) 32613.5.28 Gold (Au) 32613.5.29 Mercury (Hg) 32713.5.30 Actinium (Ac) 32713.5.31 Rutherfordium (Rf) 32713.5.32 Dubnium (Db) 32713.5.33 Seaborgium (Sg) 32713.5.34 Bohrium (Bh) 32813.5.35 Hassium (Hs) 32813.5.36 Meitnerium (Mt) 32813.5.37 Roentgenium (Rg) 32813.5.38 Copernicium (Cn) 329

13.6 Ability of Transitional Metals for Good Catalysts 32913.7 Advantages of Catalyst at Nanoscale 33013.8 Conclusion 337References 337

14 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food Industry 343

Ashitha Jose and Radhakrishnan E.K14.1 Introduction 34414.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 346

14.2.1 Precision Farming and Nanotechnology 34814.2.2 Control Release Formulations 34914.2.3 Nanoagrochemicals 34914.2.4 Nanopesticides 35214.2.5 Nanofungicides 353

Contents xv

14.2.6 Nanofertilizers 35414.3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 357

14.3.1 Food Packaging 35914.3.2 Biodegradable Packaging 36114.3.3 Antimicrobial Packaging 36114.3.4 Antimicrobial Sachets 36614.3.5 Nanocomposites and Bioactive Compounds 36614.3.6 Nanosensors 36714.3.7 Detection of Microorganisms 36814.3.8 Smart Packaging 368

14.4 Toxicity Concerns Involved with Nanotechnology 368References 369

Index 377

xvii

Preface

Sustainable development is a very prevalent concept of modern society. The concept has appeared as a critical force in marrying a special focus on development and growth by maintaining a balance of using resources between human beings and the ecosystem in which they are living. The developments of new and advanced materials are one of the most power-ful efforts in establishing this concept. Overall, sustainable development is an internationally acknowledged directive and it includes green and environmental-friendly manufacturing materials and practices. Such prac-tices orchestrate with the self-healing and self-replenishing capability of natural ecosystems. Green manufacturing encompasses synthesis, process-ing, fabrication, and process optimization, but also testing, performance evaluation and reliability. Similarly, future progress in these materials area will critically depend on our commitment with the sustainable exercises in research and technology. This book, divided into 2 parts provides a detailed overview of the status of advanced and sustainable materials for future of science and engineering.

Green and sustainable advanced materials are the newly synthesised material or existing modified material having superior and special prop-erties. These fulfil today’s growing demand for equipment, machines and devices with better quality for an extensive range of applications in various sectors such as paper, biomedical, food, construction, textile, and many more. Several advanced materials having novel properties have been reported such as biomaterials, nanomaterials, metal oxides, polymers etc. Some of them have natural origin such as plants, animals, minerals, ore etc. or extracted from plants and exist in different geometrical form and have flexibility to form a composite with other material for the specific applica-tion. Whereas, some are synthesised synthetically in required shape and size according to the demands, the superior properties of advanced mate-rial make them suitable for various forms. The objective of this book is to provide an overview of new developments and state-of-the-art for a variety of green and sustainable advanced materials.

xviii Preface

To place all of the collective understanding about green and sustainable advanced materials into perspective, add a touch of reality to the concepts, and to cover extensive expansion of the green and sustainable advanced materials, the book is divided into two volumes and each volume has sub-divisions of several chapters. Volume 1 mainly discusses Processing and Characterization while Volume 2 is focused on the Applications of green and sustainable advanced materials.

In the first volume, the first chapter presents an overview and character-ization of green and sustainable advanced materials. The subsequent chap-ters encompass details of biopolymers and biocomposite materials and nanomaterials. Subsequent chapters describe biogenic approaches for SiO

2

nanostructures nanofabrication, polymer and composite materials, design and processing aspects of polymer and composite materials. The following chapters incorporate seaweed-based binder in wood composites, color-ation and functional finishing of textile materials using natural resources. The final two chapters discuss advances in bio-nanohybrid materials, sele-nium nanoparticles and their biotechnological applications.

In the second volume, the first presents a critical review of green sustain-ability, nanotechnology and advanced materials and provides a vision for the future. Valorization of green and sustainable advanced materials from a biomedical perspective and their potential applications are detailed in the next chapters. Applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in textile technology and environmental protection are described in a very comprehensive manner in the next batch of chapters. Synthesized nano-structures alloys for optoelectronic, biochar-supercapacitors, biomedical from synthetic and natural green and sustainable advanced materials green and sustainable advanced materials are then covered. Efficiency of tran-sition metals at the nanoscale - as heterogeneous catalysts and emerging applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in agriculture and food industry take center stage in final two of chapters.

In conclusion, both volumes incorporate in-depth technical informa-tion without compromising the delicate link between factual data and fun-damental concepts or between theory and practice.

Overall, this book is planned to be a reference book for researchers and scientists who are searching for new sustainable advanced materials. The contributors are well-known researchers and scientists of materials science and engineering. We are very thankful to the chapter authors for their enthusiastic efforts in the making of this book. Finally, we extend our thanks to Wiley-Scrivener for publishing the book.

Shakeel Ahmed & Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (Editors)June 2018

1

Shakeel Ahmed et al. (eds.) Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials, Vol. 2 (1–18) © 2018

Scrivener Publishing LLC

1

Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials – A Critical Overview

and a Vision for the Future

Sukanchan Palit1 and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain2*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum

and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India2Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New

Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

AbstractThe human civilization is moving forward towards a visionary era of scientific

vision and scientific regeneration. Technological and scientific advancements are

replete with deep scientific understanding and scientific profundity. Sustainability

today stands in the midst of deep crisis. Energy and environmental sustainability

are the utmost need of the hour for the progress of human civilization today. Global

water shortage and contamination of groundwater are destroying the vast scien-

tific landscape and the scientific research pursuit of human civilization. Today,

sustainable development is the cornerstone of scientific destiny and deep scientific

advancement. In this treatise, the authors pointedly focuses on the success of green

sustainability, the vast applications of nanotechnology and the innovative domain

of advanced nanomaterials. Global water research and development initiatives

are the other cornerstones of this scientific endeavour. Green sustainability and

environmental sustainability are the forerunners of human mankind today. This

treatise widely researches on the deep crisis of green sustainability and the catas-

trophe behind heavy metal and arsenic groundwater contamination. The authors

also delve deep into the latent areas of advanced materials and green engineering

with the sole purpose of furtherance of science and technology. Science today is

a huge colossus with a definite and purposeful vision of its own. Nanotechnology

is today surpassing vast and versatile scientific frontiers. This treatise elucidates

*Corresponding author: chaudhery.m.hussain@njit.edu

2 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials

on the high scientific potential and the scientific success of nanotechnology and

advanced materials application today. This chapter veritably opens up new ave-

nues of scientific thoughts and scientific vision in the areas of sustainability and

nanotechnology applications.

Keywords: Vision, sustainability, green, nanotechnology, materials

1.1 Introduction

The vision of human scientific endeavour and the progress of human civi-lization are moving at a rapid and drastic pace towards a newer world of energy and environmental sustainability. Environmental restrictions and stringent regulations are challenging the domain of environmental engi-neering science today. Global water challenges and the paucity of pure drinking water has urged the scientific domain to yearn towards scientific innovation and deep scientific vision. Human mankind today stands in the midst of deep scientific introspection and wide scientific innovations. In this treatise, the author rigorously points out the success of application of nanotechnology in tackling water issues and the vexing issue of sustain-ability. The success of human mankind today lies in the hand of energy and environmental sustainability. Successful sustainability is the utmost need of the hour. In a similar vein, green sustainability is the wonder of human civilization today. Green sustainability today also encompasses energy and environmental sustainability. The scientific success and the deep scientific potential of nanotechnology and sustainability are the torchbearers of sci-entific vision of this treatise.

1.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study

The advancement of human civilization today depends on the provi-sion of basic human needs such as water, power and food. Here comes the importance of sustainable development and the progress of scientific rigour. The aim and objective of this study targets sustainable development and the application of advanced materials to human society. The chal-lenge and the vision of this study also encompasses the recent advance-ment in nanotechnology. Nanovision and nanotechnology emancipation are changing the scientific fabric of human civilization and the deep scientific vision. The vital content of this study is on the importance of global water issues, sustainability and the application of nanotechnology in human progress. The author pointedly focuses on the wide concept of green sustainability with the ultimate vision of furtherance of science

Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials 3

and technology. Heavy metal and arsenic groundwater contamination are the tremendously important and vexing issues facing human civilization today. Technological profundity is today in a state of deep disaster. In such a crucial juxtaposition of scientific history and scientific vision, the author trudges a visionary as well as a weary path in the true realization of green and environmental sustainability. Sustainability in itself stands on the bed-rock of scientific introspection and scientific forbearance. The challenge of this treatise goes beyond scientific imagination and scientific profundity as the authors, with deep and cogent insight, pursued the scientific success and the scientific potential of energy and environmental sustainability.

1.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study

The vision and science of green and environmental sustainability are vast and versatile today. Nanotechnology is the only pivotal answer towards the successful realization of green and environmental sustainability today. Environmental restrictions and environmental and ecological crisis are urging the scientific domain to target innovations and advancements in environmental engineering, chemical process engineering and nanotech-nology. Human scientific research pursuits are today in a state of deep comprehension and vision. Science and engineering today are moving at a drastic pace. Scientific regeneration and scientific rejuvenation are the cornerstones of research pursuit in environmental sustainability today. The environment of human planet is at a state of immense disaster. Thus the immense need and the rationale of this treatise. Nanovision and nanotechnology are the other needs of this study. Green sustainability and environmental sustainability have urged the scientific domain to gear for-ward towards a newer visionary era in the field of alternate energy sources and renewable energy technology. Petroleum engineering science today stands in the midst of deep scientific failure and vision with the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The need and the rationale thus arises in the field of innovation in renewable energy technology such as wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy and wave energy. In this treatise, the author holisti-cally targets the success of energy sustainability and the true realization of energy technology to our human society.

1.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability

Environmental disasters and loss of ecological biodiversity are challeng-ing the scientific landscape of human civilization today. Technological

4 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials

profundity and scientific motivation is at stake. Thus the need for environ-mental and green sustainability. The challenge and the vision of science and engineering are immense in today’s world. Sustainable development is the need of the hour. Global water research and development initiatives are the other side of the visionary coin today. Mankind’s immense scientific prowess, the vast domain of futuristic technological vision and the needs of human society will veritably open up new dimensions in scientific research in water technology in the decades to come. Green engineering is the next generation target of human scientific endeavour. Today environmental sustainability encompasses (1) how the human civilization can sustain, (2) the capabilities that the natural environment has, to maintain the living conditions for people and other species, (3) the aspects of environment that produce renewable resources such as water, wood, fish, solar energy, (4) the functioning of society, despite non-renewable resource depletion, and (5) the quality of better and holistic life for all people. Adams [1] elu-cidated in great detail green development, environment and sustainability in the developing world. The authors in this treatise discussed with deep and cogent insight the origins of sustainable development, the dilemma of today’s sustainability, the development of sustainable development, main-stream sustainable development, countercurrents in sustainable devel-opment, dryland political ecology, sustainable forests, sustainability and river control, and reformism or radicalism in green development. This is a visionary scientific endeavour. The authors rigorously focus on the present state of sustainability with the sole objective of furtherance of science and engineering. Environmental and green sustainability are the major issues which need to be tackled in the future scientific research pursuit of human society today. Global water shortage, drinking water crisis and industrial wastewater treatment are the vital components of scientific research pur-suit in environmental engineering today. This treatise is well researched and opens up new technological dimensions in the field of green and envi-ronmental sustainability in future.

1.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green Engineering

Green sustainability and green engineering are the pallbearers towards a greater emancipation of futuristic science today. Human civilization today stands in the midst of deep scientific introspection and scientific vision. Green engineering is the scientific notion of today’s scientific endeavour. Scientific cognizance, scientific profundity and technological vision are the

Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials 5

forerunners towards a newer visionary era in the field of green sustain-ability and nanotechnology. Mankind’s wide scientific prowess, the success of human scientific endeavour and the futuristic vision of engineering sci-ence will all lead a long and visionary way in the true realization of envi-ronmental engineering science and green sustainability today. The science of sustainability today is a huge colossus with a definite and vision of its own. In this treatise, the author pointedly focuses on the vast scientific suc-cess, scientific vision and the scientific forbearance behind green sustain-ability and nanotechnology.

1.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology and technology dimensions are today revolutionizing the scientific landscape of scientific vision and deep scientific cognizance. Green science and green engineering are the pallbearers of today’s scien-tific pursuit in every avenue of technological advancements today. Human civilization today is in a state of immense scientific fortitude and scien-tific forbearance. The challenge and vision of scientific endeavour in the field of nanotechnology and green technology are opening up new vistas of research pursuit in the decades to come. Nanotechnology is a revolution-ary branch of science today. But till today science and engineering have few answers to the intricacies of nanotechnology. Validation of science is of equal importance in the research pursuit in nanotechnology.

1.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials?

Advanced materials are the smart materials of the present day human civilization. Scientific profundity and scientific vision are the corner-stones towards a greater visionary era in the field of material science today. Advanced materials can be defined in different ways. The broadest defini-tion is to refer all the materials that represent advances over the traditional materials that have been used for hundreds or even thousands of years. A more insightful definition of advanced materials is to consider materials that are early in their product and technology life-cycle. Technological profun-dity and scientific validation are the cornerstones of research pursuit today. This treatise targets the vision of material science and nanotechnology in a deeply introspective form and brings before the reader the vast scientific success and challenges in nanotechnology applications in human society.

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1.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today

Material science and nanotechnology today are in the state of immense scientific regeneration and scientific vision. Scientific fortitude, scientific enshrinement and the technological advancements in nanotechnology are the torchbearers towards a newer visionary eon in green and environmental sustainability. Advanced materials and green materials are the necessities of the hour in our present day human civilization. Advanced materials are today linked with membrane science with much durable membrane mate-rials. Engineering science and scientific fervour need to be re- envisioned in today’s scientific avenues and scientific rejuvenation. Advanced materi-als are today reframing the entire concept of smart materials. The authors deeply comprehend in this treatise the wide scientific vision, the scientific excellence and the scientific forbearance in nanotechnology applications in true realization of green sustainability. Sustainability issues will always be relevant in the scientific progress and the future of scientific and aca-demic rigour. Today, science is a huge colossus with a deep vision of its own. Application of advanced materials in a similar manner is widely chal-lenged and needs to be scientifically restructured with the passage of scien-tific history and scientific timeframe.

1.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Green Sustainability

Scientific vision in the field of green sustainability is in a state of immense distress as well as deep comprehension. The challenge of science is opening up new avenues of research emancipation in the field of nanotechnology today. Environmental, energy and green sustainability today stands in the midst of a watershed era in science and technology. Scientific exhilaration and scientific profundity are today encompassed by the needs of human society which are energy, electricity and water. The excellence of science and technology is today replete with vision and forbearance. Industrial wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment and water purification are the needs of human civilization and human scientific endeavour today. Sustainable development is the veritable pillar of human research pursuit in today’s developed and developing world. Arsenic and heavy metal ground-water contamination are the vexing water-related issues which need to be readdressed and re-envisioned with the passage of scientific history, scien-tific forbearance and the visionary timeframe of human life.

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Adams [1] discussed environment and sustainability in the developing world. The domain of energy and environmental sustainability needs to be readdressed and restructured as human civilization ushers in a newer era in the field of science and engineering emancipation. In this report, the author pointedly focuses on the origins of sustainable development, environmentalism and sustainable development, the development of sus-tainable development, sustainable development and the making of main-stream, delivering mainstream sustainable development, countercurrents in sustainable development, dryland political ecology, sustainable forests, the politics of preservation, sustainability and river control, and reform-ism and radicalism behind green development. The march of technology is of immense importance in human civilization’s progress today. Academic writing about environment has flourished in the recent years with different social-science disciplines engaging theoretically and with widely rich liter-ature on field research. Internationally, the United Nations Conferences at Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) transformed the visionary terminologies within which debates were held and gave them significant prominence [1]. Since the 1980s, there has been widespread explosion of environmental ideas and ‘green’ redefinitions. The vision and the challenge of environmental sustainability are transforming the ideas and innova-tions of science and engineering today. The targets of scientific policies with respect to environment and energy in the developing world are read-dressed and re-envisioned today. Growing environmental concerns and needs for a reformed sustainability are changing the very face of scientific landscape. Today environmental sustainability and development are two opposite sides of the visionary coin. This treatise targets two important gulfs [1]. The first is between environmentalism and development, and the second between armchair theory and practice. These research ques-tions have vexed the scientific community very frequently. This treatise has veritably opened up newer challenges and newer knowledge dimensions in this regard [1].

Xerox Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability Report [2] deeply comprehends how to make sustainability succeed in your business. These are the avenues of how to make smarter ways to green engineering. The report targets the profound significance of global warming and climate change. Also the domain of sustainability as the new global moral impera-tive is elucidated in great detail [2]. This report points out that atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has increased dramatically as a result of human activities which range from the wholesale destruction of rain forests to the burning of fossil fuels in our cars and manufacturing plants. Development along with implementation of sustainability is the utmost

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need of the hour. Today global warming is not the sole issue. Global water shortage, lack of water infrastructure and the disastrous condition of envi-ronmental engineering issues are all lending a long and devastating angle to the scientific fabric of our present day human civilization. Mitigating the water crisis is the vital issue of scientific and academic rigour in our present day human civilization. This report successfully targets the primary vision of the implementation of energy and environmental sustainability today.

University of Alberta Office of Sustainability Report [3] redefined the notion of sustainable development. The definition of sustainability is broad and visionary. This report rigorously targets the scientific success, the sci-entific potential and deep scientific vision behind the implementation of sustainability with regard to energy and environment. According to this report, the motivations behind sustainability are often complex, personal and diverse. The wide vision of the domain of social and economic sus-tainability needs to be restructured and reorganized with the passage of scientific history and visionary timeframe [3]. According to the vision of this report, individuals have played a major and vital role in developing civilization’s current environmental and social circumstances. The salient feature of this report addresses the important responsibility of present day human civilization in the true realization of social, economic, environ-mental and energy sustainability [3].

Yanarella et al. [4] discussed with deep and cogent insight the ongoing international paradigm of green technology and sustainability. Technology and science of green engineering are today on the path of a new vision and new innovation. Scientific and academic rigour in engineering and techno-logical marvels is today ushering in a new era in the field of human scientific endeavour. The sustainability movement from the grassroots to the global level has been both enriched and hobbled by the many different versions of sustainability articulated in popular scientific writings and academic trea-tises. This paper targets two things: draw out the differences between the green label and sustainability and situate this debate within a hierarchical sustainability rubric that allows the human civilization gradations and sus-tainability continuum [4]. The notion of sustainability has veritably changed over the years. In a furious age of mounting finite resource scarcities, climate change and continuing global population growth, combined with global Western style economic development, the sustainability movement will not wither away [4]. This sustainability movement has a challenging scientific perspective today. Mankind’s immense scientific targets, the scientific and academic rigour and the intricacies of science will all lead a long and vision-ary way in the true emancipation of sustainability on the human planet today. This treatise fulfils this immense vision and challenge [4].

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United Nations Division for Sustainable Development Report [5] deeply discussed green economy, green growth and low carbon develop-ment. Technological prowess and vision, the futuristic vision of mankind and the needs of human civilization are the torchbearers towards a greater visionary era in the field of social, economic, energy and environmental sustainability. This treatise is a guide to green economy [5]. Sustainable development is the overarching goal of the international community since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. Among numerous concerns and subsequent goals, the Conference called upon national governments to develop national strate-gies for sustainable development, incorporating policy measures outlined in the Rio declaration. Technology and engineering science are moving at a rapid pace from one scientific paradigm over another. This treatise is a comprehensive report of all United Nations reports on sustainability and a nation’s development. Today the human planet is faced with innumer-able scientific, engineering, social and developmental issues. Technology has few answers towards the march of human society and sustainability. These have been widely intensified by recent global energy, food and finan-cial crisis, and underscored by continued warning from global researchers that the human society is in danger of transgressing a number of planetary boundaries and scientific frontiers. This report opens up new research questions and new scientific directions. It elucidates on the recent litera-ture on ‘Green Economy’ and the interlinked concepts of ‘Green Growth’ and ‘Low Carbon Development’. Technological profundity and scientific vision are the cornerstones of this watershed text. The challenge of sustain-ability needs to be re-envisioned as science and engineering witness vision-ary changes in human civilization and human scientific endeavour today.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Report [6] decisively comprehended on green remediation and incorporating sustainable envi-ronmental practices into remediation of contaminated sites. Environmental engineering and environmental protection are today on the threshold of new scientific rejuvenation and technological regeneration. The report envisaged sustainability of site remediation, site management practices, energy and efficiency, tools and incentives and future opportunities [6]. The challenge of environmental engineering science today is slowly evolv-ing as engineering science and sustainability move forward. As a part of its worldwide mission to protect health and environment, the United States Protection Agency is dedicated to developing and promoting innova-tive cleanup strategies that restore contaminated sites to productive use, reduce associated costs and promote environmental and energy leadership. The challenge and vision of environmental engineering and engineering

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science are at stake today. Science needs to re-envision itself and engineer-ing needs to be replete with deep discerning. The concept of green reme-diation uses these strategies and targets scientific vision and technological sagacity. The footprint of remediation involves [6]:

Air pollution caused by toxic or priority pollutants such as particulate matter and lead.Water cycle imbalance [6].Soil erosion and nutrient depletion.Ecological diversity and population reductions.Emission of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and other greenhouse gases.

This report is a well researched treatise on green remediation. Strategies for green remediation rely on sustainable development whereby environ-mental protection and ecological development are the cornerstones of engineering and scientific pursuit. The vision of the scientific pursuit of US Environmental Protection Agency stands tall with the following features:

Conserving water and improving water quality.Increasing water efficiency and energy efficiency.Managing and minimizing toxics.Reducing emission of criteria air pollutants.

The report gives a wide glimpse of site management practices and the wide domain of renewable energy. Energy and environmental sustainabil-ity implementation and true realization are the other cornerstones of this report [6].

1.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in Nanotechnology Today

Nanotechnology and green engineering are the pivotal points of scientific research pursuit and green revolution today. Technology has immense answers to the numerous questions of engineering science, environmen-tal engineering science and green sustainability today. Nanotechnology is today an intricate and difficult area of scientific pursuit. Green engineer-ing science and green sustainability are the need of the human civilization today. Mankind’s immense scientific prowess, the futuristic vision of sci-ence and the targets of human civilization will all lead a long and visionary