Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective

Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective

Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

Tomas Mårtensson, Martin Hagström; FOI

Outline – what will I talk about?

• Overview on emissions from aviation• Compositions and effects on climate• How much emissions are there from aviation (EU-perspective)

• What can Air Navigation Service (ANS) providers do? • How to measure “green actions”, what is good and what

is bad?• Environmental Key Performance Indicators.• The need for Trade-off studies.• Conclusions


Emitted substances

From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009),


Aviation emissions

• Aviation is an unique emission source. Release occur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (8-12 km) on a global scale


Emitted substances


From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009),

Aviation emissions in European airspace

2009Flights within

EUROCONTROL area

Flights to/from EUROCONTROL

areawithin / outside

TOTAL within EUROCONTROL

area

Number of flights ~7,700 000 ~1,700 000 ~9,400 000

Average number of seats 123 220 153

Average Max Take Off Weight 63 t 203 t 94 t

Average Distance flown 900 km 1691 / 3039 km 1046 km

Average flight time 80 min 125 / 206 min 88 min

Fuel per flight 3.1 t 10.8 / 22.4 t 4.5 t

Total Fuel 23 000 000 t 19 Mt / 39 Mt 42 000 000 t

CO2 74 000 000 t 59 Mt / 122 Mt 133 000 000 t

% 56 % 44 % 100 %


Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009

Aviation fuel efficiency

Airlines / Manufactures ANS Air Navigation Service

Load factor Aircraft fuel efficiency

ANS fuel efficiencyOptimal vs actual trajekctory


Horizontal flight efficiency

TMA

TMA

GCD

DC

A

TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring AreaGCD = Great Circle DistanceDC = Direct CourseA = Actual route

Horizontal flight efficiency

Actual route

Direct Course

Great Circle

Direct Route extension32,3 km

TMAInterface15,3 km

En route Extension+47.6 km



922 km

890 km

874 km

Terminal Manoeuvring Area

From FL95 to “gear out”

B737-600 BROWN GREEN DIFF

Flown Distance 89,4 km 54,9 km 34,5 km

Fuel used 276 kg 109 kg 167 kg

Inefficiencies actionable by ANS

2009Fuel

FlightFuel Total

CO2 Total %

Estimated average within European airspace 4,5 t 42 Mt 133 Mt 100 %

Horizontal en-route flight path 163 kg 1,5 Mt 4,8 Mt 3,6 %

Vertical en-route flight profile 25 kg 0,2 Mt 0,7 Mt 0,6 %

Airborne Terminal 51 kg 0,5 Mt 1,5 Mt 1,1 %

Taxi-out phase 32 kg 0,3 Mt 0,9 Mt 0,7 %

Total ~271 kg ~2,5 Mt ~8,0 Mt ~ 6 %


Green actions from ANS acts on all aircrafts


ANS ways of reducing emissions• Airspace design

• Free route air spacing (FRAS)• Arrival and Departure route design (STAR/SID)• Use of Precision Navigation procedures

• Arrival and departure manager (AMAN/DMAN)• Continuous Descend Operations• Better use of weather information• Optimum use of Runways• Timing and punctuality


What are the problems?

• The European borders…• Trade-off considerations

• Safety versus Nothing• Capacity versus Environment• Emissions versus Noise

• How to measure what actual benefits there is from “green” actions taken in ATM?


How to measure potential benefits from operational procedure changes?

• FOI worked with LFV ANS to develop environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 2009-2010.

• Build the KPI:s from available systems.• The limitations with data from available systems are:

• Swedish airspace, Phase of flight, not all airports, Spatial resolution, time resolution, formats, metadata

• The recommendation was to use radar-tracks archived in Noise monitoring system. Covers the ten largest airports in Sweden out to 50 nm with high resolution in space and time for all flights.


Suggested environmental KPIs• Flown distance [nm]• Excessive lateral flown distance [nm]• Fuel consumption [kg]• Additional fuel consumption [kg]• Number of CDA.• Time in levelled flight [minutes] [%]• Taxi time [minutes]

*all defined as an average per flight


FOI project team with LFV: Benny Jansson, Tomas Mårtensson, Björn Nevhage, Maria Stenström

Flown distance

DARR1DARR2

DARR3

DDEP3

DDEP2DDEP1

DARR1DARR2

DARR3

DDEP3

DDEP2DDEP1

deparr

n

jDEP

n

iiARR

nn

DDKPI

dep

j

arr

111

deparr

n

jDEP

n

iiARR

nn

DDKPI

dep

j

arr

111

DARR = True flown distance of arriving flights [nm]

DDEP = True flown distance of departing flights [nm]

narr = number of landings

ndep = number of take-off


The sum of flown distance over a day

Sum of flown distancein TMA

Time of day00 06 12 18 24


DARR1DARR2

DARR3

DDEP3

DDEP2DDEP1

DARR1DARR2

DARR3

DDEP3

DDEP2DDEP1

Excessive lateral flown distance

d = norm [nm]

ddep

darr

deparr

n

jdepDEP

n

iarriARR

nn

dDdDKPI

dep

j

arr

11

)()(2


How to chose a normative distance in real life operations ?

(Figure from LFV) Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

ARLANDATake Off RWY 08Landing RWY 01L

Time in levelled flight

1 2 3 654

Six flights to Arlanda from distance 50 nm until touch down at RWY 26


(Data from LFV/(Swedavia, ANOMS system)

Trade-off: Noise - Emissions

Emissions versus Noise

Runway


Lowest emissions = Direct Course

RWY


Lowest Noise

RWY


Real operations

RWY


Emissions versus NoiseRelease of CO2

/day

NoiseImpact

/day

Minimum CO2

Minimum Noise

“Today”


CO2 Cap

Noise legislation

Today = x movements/day

FOI. Clausen Mork et al.

“Tomorrow

Tomorrow = y movements/day

Conclusions

• Last year, ~44 Million tones of kerosene was burned within in EUROCONTROL Area (excl sport & military aviation).

• ANS can act on ~6 % of aviation emissions (more for individual flights)

• There is a need for better measures (KPI:s) with high resolution in time and space to be able to quantify “green actions”

• Suggested Key Performance Indicators• Flown distance, Excessive Lateral flown distance, Fuel burn, Excessive

fuel burn, Number of CDA:s, Time in levelled flight and Taxi time.

• As aviation grows, there is a clear need to put numbers on the trade-off between noise and emissions to meet future legislations.


FOI ̶ research for a safer world

Thank you for your attention!


Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective

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