Greek History, Wars, Macedon, and Achievements...Sep 09, 2015 · Peloponnesian War (Part 1) •431...
Transcript of Greek History, Wars, Macedon, and Achievements...Sep 09, 2015 · Peloponnesian War (Part 1) •431...
Greek History, Wars, Macedon, and Achievements
Part 1: Persian Wars
Persian Empire• Once a group of nomads who were ruled by the Medes from 700 BCEish to 550
BCE
• Cyrus II led a revolt and became independent. Eventually He leads the Persians to conquer the Medes.
• By 529 BCE Cyrus conquered to the borders of Egypt to Mesopotamia to Asia Minor (including Greek cities).
• He allowed the peoples to practice their customs and traditions.
• He becomes known as Cyrus the Great.
How were Persian conquests so successful?• Well organized and loyal
• The Immortals• An elite force of 10,000 soldiers
• Well trained and appeared immortal. Every time a soldier died, another would replace him to appear immortal.
• Cavalry used to charge enemies head on or flank them. Also they shot arrows from far.• Cavalry: Unit of soldiers who ride horses
• The cavalry weakened their enemies before the Immortals engaged.
Cambyses and Rise of Darius
• Cyrus the Great’s son Cambyses takes over and conquers Egypt
• Rebellion occurred as a Zoroastrian priest poses as his brother and attempts to rise up
• Cambyses dies from cutting his own leg and gangrene.
• His ‘lance-carrier’ Darius I goes out and kills the imposter, and restores order to the Persian Empire
Darius I’s rule: Provinces
•Divided the empire into 20 provinces ruled by satraps.• Satrap: Governor
• Satraps collected taxes, served as judges, and maintained peace within their province.
•Darius I would send officials to enforce loyalty within each province to prevent rebellion.
Darius I’s rule: Internal System
• Built many roads. The purpose of the road was for faster travel.
• Most famous is called the Royal Road• Its 1,700 miles long
• New capital called Persepolis• It’s purpose was to reflect the glory of the Persian Empire
• New religion called Zoroastrianism spread throughout the empire• It is a monotheistic religion that believe cosmic forces between good and evil are in eternal
battle.
• Priests told people to worship their god, Ahura Mazda.
So it begins…
• In 499 BCE Greek City-states in Asia Minor rebelled and received aid from other Greek-city states from the mainland
• Though the rebellions were crushed, Darius I was upset with the involvement of the Greek city-states from the mainland.
•Nine years later Darius I invaded Greece.
First Invasion: Battle of Marathon
• Darius I sent 15,000 warriors to fight against Athens and their allies.
• Athenians fought in better terrain to prevent cavalry to flank them and through better technology and weapons gained major victory.
• Legend says an Athenian messenger ran from Marathon to Athens nonstop. After the 26 miles trek, he cried out “Rejoice, We conquer!” and died from exhaustion.
Second Invasion
• 480 BCE Xerxes I (son of Darius I) launched a second invasion against Xerxes
• Sparta joins the fight as an ally with Athens
• Sparta had strongest army and Athens had strongest navy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwitONWEgsk
Second Invasion: Battle of Thermopylae
• King Leonidas led around 1,400 Spartans and allies to Thermopylae to hold off the Persian army.
• The Spartan army thwarted the Persian army for 3 days in a narrow mountain pass.
• A Greek traitor gave way to another way around the army. The Spartan army was surrounded and fought valiantly to the death.
• Persian army attacked and burned down Athens
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fvd9vxyCgCA
Second Invasion: Battle of Salamis
• Athenian Navy led the Persian navy to the narrow strait of Salamis.
• The Persian ships were too bulky and the fact they were so many made it impossible for them to maneuver around
• Athens’ smaller boats out maneuvered and destroyed the Persian navy.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fvd9vxyCgCA
Second Invasion: Battle at Plataea
• 480 BCE Xerxes I (son of Darius I) launched a second invasion against Xerxes
• Sparta joins the fight as an ally with Athens
• Sparta had strongest army and Athens had strongest navy
Part 2: Sparta & Athens
Children in Sparta and Athens
• Overall the Greeks believed everyone has a great role in society.
• Mortality rates were high, and most children were not expected to live long.
• If children had low chances of survival babies were left out to die.
• Spartans viewed them as weaklings
• Some Athenians cared to leave them to adoption.
Males in Both City-States
Sparta• Boys from a young age trained in strenuous
physical exercise• Stealing was allowed• Food and clothing scarce
• 20s -30s: Lived in barracks and rarely saw their families
• Served until they were 60 years old
• Main focus: Discipline & Obedience
Athens• Received physical exercise but not main focus.
• They only served in military for two years.
• Education was key when it came to literacy, history, and the arts.
• Few rich Athenian men involved more with tutor and learned how to be part of Assembly.
• Most of population was poor and learned more about farming and manual labor.
Women in both city-states
• Sparta
• Women were not allowed to focus on domestic chores such as weaving. Those jobs were considered slave labor.
• Jewelry was not allowed.
• They focused on training hard and being on top physical shape
• Women were to bear strong offspring.
• Athens
• They had to do manual labor.
• Women were to be cosmetically beautiful.
• Did not receive education.
• Women had no rights to participate in government, nor leave their homes or turn from their male role models
Government Types
• Sparta
• Oligarchy• Two kings
• Hereditary
• Council of Elders• Loudest in votes win support
• Formed laws Assembly voted for
• Can veto laws passed by Assembly
• Assembly• Male citizens
• Little power
• Only vote yes or no
• Athens
• Direct Democracy• (Look at previous PowerPoint for
reference)
Alliances• Sparta
• Peloponnesian League• Sparta leader of the league
• The league was located in the Peloponnesian Peninsula
• Athens
• Delian League• Money found in the Island of Delos
• Athens controlled strongest navy
• Forced city-states to stay and pay for Athenian architecture.
Peloponnesian War (Part 1)
• 431 BCE: Sparta viewed the Delian League as a threat. Therefore they declared war on Athens.
• Sparta’s army besieged Athens and burnt their crops.
• Athens’ navy raided the coast and with the help of their allies received supplies.
• Sparta had to divide forces to defend allies as Athens was plagued by disease.
• After 10 years of war both sides declared a truce.
Peloponnesian War (Part 2)
• 415 BCE Athens sent their military to conquer Sicily but uber failed. Most of their army was imprisoned and majority of their navy was destroyed.
• Sparta took advantage of this and started the war again.
• 404 BCE Spartans won the war.
Peloponnesian Aftermath
• For three decades Sparta had hegemony over all of Greece.
• Other city-states fought and challenged Sparta each other. Greece was in an age of division that gave a foreign power an opportunity to rule them all…
Part 3: Macedonia
Macedonia
• Kingdom north of Greece ruled by Phillip II in 359 BCE
• All of Greece viewed Macedonia as uncivilized peoples because their form of Greek was spoken different and they lived in small villages as opposed to the powerful polises.
• King Phillip II conquered all of Greece and planned to attack Persia but was assassinated in his daughters’ wedding
• His son Alexander became ruler of Macedon in the age of 20.
Thebes the Example
• The Greek city-state of Thebes rebelled against Macedon.
• Alexander fought, conquered, and enslaved the people of Thebes.
• He made them an example to show fear and prevent the rest of Greece to rebellion.
• In 334 BCE He sets off to conquer Persia
Total Conquest
• Alexander first conquers Asia Minor in the Battle of Granicus and Issus.
• Afterwards he marches onto Egypt without a fight. He becomes Egypt’s pharaoh and builds a city called Alexandria.
• He fights one last battle of Gaugamela and wins. Shortly after the Persian king was assassinated with no children, which made Alexander the ruler of Persia.
End of Alexander’s Empire
• 327 BCE Alexander wanted to conquer into India but his men were done fighting.
• In reluctance he goes to Babylon in 323 BCE. Suddenly he died with sickness in the age of 33.
• His body was taken and buried in the city of Alexandria, in Egypt.
• His empire was divided into multiple kingdoms under the rule of his top generals.
Macedon’s Military Dominance
• Macedonia's army was very organized.
• Their most formidable formation was the phalanx.• Phalanx: Soldiers formed a tight square with 13-16 foot spears to prevent
enemies from getting close.
• They also had strong cavalry and archers to help support them.
Hellenistic Period
• Hellenistic Period lasted from 323 BCE to 31 BCE.
• Alexander the Great allowed people to practice their traditions but at the same time Greek became the common knowledge and it infused with conquered peoples’ culture.
Part 4: Greek Achievements
Greek Philosophy• Socrates
• Socratic Method: Teaching based on answering questions with questions• He focused on qualities of life• Condemned for questioning the gods. He was sentenced to drink poison.
• Plato• Student of Socrates• Created the Academy• Famous work is Republic• Ideal Government is about justice and fairness ruled by philosophers.
• Aristotle• Student of Plato• Philosophy is about moderation, not doing any extremes.• Using reason is important to live out their lives
Mathematics & Science
• Mathematics• Euclid: Focused on Geography
• Medicine• Hippocrates: Known to figure out what caused diseases. Also known for
Hippocratic Oath. Hippocratic Oath is about