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Greek Government & Law. Focus Points Development of Greek Democracy Characteristics of Greek Society...
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Transcript of Greek Government & Law. Focus Points Development of Greek Democracy Characteristics of Greek Society...
Focus Points
Development of Greek Democracy
Characteristics of Greek Society
Contrasting Athenian and Spartan cultures
Law & Government Glossary
• autocracy
• tyranny
• oligarchy
• aristocracy
• Direct democracy
• Representative democracy
• monarchy
• republic
Early Greece: Minoan Civilization
Evidence suggests that Minoan civilization was well developed by around 2000B.C.
Crete (soil unsuitable for many crops – trade by sea widely, including with Mycenae)
Was influenced by civilizations of Nile Valley & Fertile Crescent but developed many unique features – frescoes, carved figures in bronze, ivory, gold,
Form of writing called Linear B (early form of Greek)
Early Greece: Mycenaean Civilization
Early Indo-European settlers arrived on the Greek Mainland around 2000 B.C. settled in southern Greece
Built fortified cities: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos - Mycenae was fortified by a wall more than 20ft thick
Rulers controlled the surrounding areas.Mycenaean Kings dominated Greece 1600 – 1100 B.C.
Adopted many elements of Minoan culture
Trojan War 1200’s B.C. – 10 year war with Independent Anatolian trading city Troy
Early Greece: Dorians Invade
Both Mycenaean & Minoan civilizations weakened by earthquakes
By 1200 B.C all major Mycenaean cities destroyed
New migrating tribes (Dorians) arrive
Less advanced – “Greek Dark Age” Dorians appear to have been illiterate. No written record exists between 1150-750 B.C.
Until Phoenician traders introduced an alphabet around 750 B.C.
Development of City-States 800’s-700’s B.C.
By 750 B.C. the method of governing areas had changed from tribal to more formal governments (city-states or POLIS)
Grew around fortified hilltops
POLIS: Greek city-state – the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C.
POLIS: Fort, the city and the surrounding land
Shared Features of City-States30-500 square miles
Small population (most fewer than 10,000)
Only free adult men had all rights of citizenship
Women were considered citizens without political rights
Citizens gathered at the AGORA (marketplace) or on a fortified hilltop ACROPOLIS to discuss city government
Spoke the same language
Shared many religious ideas
Greek myth that all Greeks were descended from Hellen (Hellenistic)
Festivals such as Olympic Games brought them together
Why were the Greeks Special?Create your own A3 poster showing the
contributions of Greek Civilization
This is intended to introduce you to the scope of Greek contributions (in summary - why we are studying Greek civilization) and some key individuals that we will look at in more detail later.
Make this as attractive as you can – use bullet points notes, representative diagrams/symbols and pictures from internet.
City- State Political Structures
Greek City-States had different structuresMonarchy, Oligarchy, Tyrants
Using the handout create a mind map for each of these within the Greek context
The Rise of Athens
Watch the film and answer the questions to learn about the growth of Athens and the path to democracy
MP3 files are loaded on Forum
How did democracy develop in Ancient Greece?
Cleisthenes – noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family
508 B.C. overthrew tyrants and made sweeping changes that turned Athens into a limited democracy
Divided tribes into 10 clans, subdivided into local governments (DEMES)
Clans each chose 50 members of Council of 500 – by lot
Members served 1 year – 2 term limit
Jurors also chosen by lot (from citizens)
How did Pericles change Athens?
Using pp13-135 of the handout
Pericles’ changes How this strengthened democracy and Athens
Increased the number of public officials that were paid salaries
Use pp134-135 of the handout
Time limits on holding office
Introduction of Direct Democracy
Hold and strengthen the Athenian Empire
Glorification of Athens
Athenian Government & Law
(checks and balances)
CitizenAssembly
(the parliament)
(Male landownersAll Freemen)Archons
(Advisors)
Aereopagus
(criminal law court, made up of former archons)
Council of 500
Court ofAppeals
(the government)
-citizens (30+)- 1 year term- 2 term limit- paid- chosen by lottery.
Questions:How did Pericles extend democracy?How did paying people to attend the Assembly help democracy?Why do you think there were time limits on holding office?What do you think ‘checks and balances’ are?
Athenian Government & Law
8th centuryMonarchy
7th centuryOligarchy
621 BC Draco
594 BC Solon the Reformer
6th centuryTyranny
560 BC Pisistratus the
Tyrant
5th centuryDemocracy
507 BC Cleisthenes the
Democrat
CitizenAssembly
Male landowners
All FreemenArchons
Aereopagus Council of 500 Court of
Appeals- citizens (30+)- 1 year term- 2 term limit- paid- chosen by . . . Lottery
Age of Pericles Pericles was swept into power and broke up the Council of 500
Pericles changed the rules about who could participate in the new democracy
It was not based on birth status or wealth, but on merit He changed the rules to be a citizen: both parents need to be Athenian Under Pericles the Assembly (all citizen males) became the central
power in the state
• Many of the great Greek Tragedies and Comedies were written during this time period
• Built the Parthenon
• Focused on Democratic reform and the maintenance of the Empire
• Some say Athens wealth (due to Pericles) was the reason for Sparta’s disdain
Democracy in the Age of PericlesDominated Athenian public affairs between
461B.C.-429B.C.
Great general, orator, and statesman
The time of Athens’ greatest power and prosperity
Democracy reaches its height (Direct Democracy)
All male citizens could hold office (not just landowners)
Officeholders received salaries
Most offices were chosen by lot
Power to the People?Ostracism: the practice of banning people from
Athens for 10 years6000 citizens had to vote for ostracismDesigned to prevent civil unrest and civil warAthenians feared too much power in the hands of
one or a few peopleHowever, whilst ordinary people were now more
able to participate in public affairs…
Women did not hold full citizenship.
Athens still supported by slavery
In fact some historians would suggest that about 75% of people in Athens were not considered full citizens
End of Democracy in Greece
• Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C) weakened all of Greece
• At the end of the war a group of Oligarchs led a revolution to seize power (supported by Sparta)Ruled for one year before being overthrown by
democratic principles
Democracy flourished for another 80 years until Alexander the Great conquered Greece in 322 B.C.
Romans extinguished democracy for good when they created their Republic