Greek Cultural Contributions
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Transcript of Greek Cultural Contributions
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Greek Architecture and Sculpture
Chapter 11 Sec. 3
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Background• The Greeks were very interested in
making beautiful temples and buildings
• They made these for the Gods and themselves
• They developed a certain type of architecture that is still seen in the world today
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Greek Columns
(1) every column has 3 parts
(a) capital (top)
(b) shaft (middle)
(c) base (bottom)
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(2) The Greeks invented 3 different types of columns
(a) Doric columns: most simple and most popular
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• Capital: plain and undecorated; looks like a round cushion under a rectangular block
• Shaft: bulges slightly in middle to make column look straight
• Base: platform used, sometimes not used
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(b) Ionic columns (fancier)•Capital: looks like ram’s horns
•Shaft: much thinner with more flutingfluting
•Base: decorated, stepped or layered, with a supporting block of stone
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Ionic Columns
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(c) Corinthian columns (fanciest)•Capital: highly decorated and ornate with leaves
•Shaft: Maximum fluting
•Base: stepped and decorated
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Corinthian Columns
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Corinthian columns at the Louvre
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(3) The Greeks also used frieze to decorate their buildings(a) Frieze is a horizontal band of decoration at the top of a temple(b) External frieze- located above columns(c) Internal frieze- around upper portion of inner walls
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frieze
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• At the Parthenon, the frieze depicts the Panathenaic Procession, which was a procession that led citizens to a festival to celebrate Athena
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(4) Pediment is another type of decoration(a) It is the triangular area above the external frieze
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`• At the Parthenon, the sculpture’s
depict Athena’s birth• Also show Athena and Poseidon’s
battle over Athens (where Athena wins with the olive tree)
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Parthenon– temple to Athena
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Parthenon
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(1) Information
• designed by Ictinus
• masterpiece of Greek architecture
• appears perfectly straight
• Doric columns
• made of marble
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(2) notable parts of the Parthenon
(a) cella- inside room (only priests allowed)
• was the location of Phidias’ statue of Athena
Athena Parthenos
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(3) Temple of Athena Nike
(a) means “Victorious Athena”
(b) porch of columns at both ends- Ionic columns
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Greek Sculpture
(1) Six things to remember about Greek sculpture
(a) emphasis on body curves
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(b) lots of muscles (ideal, perfect body)
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(c) no pupils in the eyes
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(d) nude or draped in thin, flowing clothes
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(e) curly hair
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(f) made of marble or bronze
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The Olympic
Games
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Greek Cultural Contributions Notes (page 2)
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The Olympic Games
• First Olympic Games held in 776 BCE at Olympia, Greece
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• Held every 4 years (a 4-year period is called an Olympiad)
• Started as a 5-day summer festival to honor the god Zeus
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• All wars, battles, etc. stopped during the Olympics
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• Only men competed
(1) women were not even allowed to watch!
(2) there was a separate Olympics for women - Heraea
Who might they have been named after?
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• Each athlete swore to Zeus to honor the rules of the game
(1) punishment – athlete was fined
(2) made statues of cheaters so they could be mocked
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• Events
(1) Day 1
(a) sacrifices to Zeus (bulls)
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(2) Day 2
(a) chariot races at the hippodrome (oval track) (b) pentathlon (5 events)
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(3) Day 3
(a) more sacrifices
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(4) Day 4
(a) foot races (ran barefoot) (b) wrestling (c) boxing (d) pankration (free-for-all
fight)
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(5) Day 5
(a) champions receive olive wreaths and have big banquet
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• Ancient Olympics stopped being held in 394 CE
(1) Roman Emperor felt they were a pagan event
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• 1896 CE – Olympic Games were restarted
(1) 1900 – women allowed to compete
(2) 1924 – Winter Olympics were added
(3) 1992 – last year that the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year
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When and where are the next Olympics?
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• Every 2 years, the Olympic flame is lit at Olympia, Greece and carried to the present site of the Olympics.
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The Greek Theater
Chapter 11 Section 2
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Greek Theater
General Information
• Drama is the art dealing with the writing and production of plays - created by the Greeks
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• Theater is the presentation of drama – also created by the Greeks
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• Greek theater grew out of festivals given to honor Dionysus (god of wine, theater, and revelry)
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The Birth of Theater
Step #1 – It began as people telling stories about Dionysus at festivals
Step #2 – A chorus began chanting and dancing the stories to music
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Step #3 – At certain points, the chorus fell silent - The chorus leader would give a soliloquy
Step #4 – Gradually, the chorus
became shorter and the soliloquies became longer
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Step #5 – Stories were no longer just told about Dionysus – They began to be told about other gods and heroes
Step #6 – Eventually, a 2nd character was added, then a 3rd– acting was possible
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Step #7 - The play was born!
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Tragedies
• The first Greek plays were tragedies (1) stories about suffering (2) usually had an unhappy ending
3.) Relationships between Gods and men/FATE
4.) Serious matters
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• During the Golden Age, there was a festival to honor Dionysus called the Dionysia
(1) the highlight was a drama competition between 3 tragic playwrights at the Theatre of Dionysus
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• Three of the greatest writers of Greek tragedies
(1) Aeschylus – power and its effect on people
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(2) Sophocles – how suffering can make you a better person
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(3) Euripides – people suffer because they do bad things
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Comedies
• Comedies developed after tragedies (1) had happy endings – hero triumphs (2) often poked fun at people
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(3) Greatest writer of comedies - Aristophanes
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More General Information
• All performers in Greek plays were males
(1) female parts played by men in costumes
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• Costumes and masks were worn by actors (1) showed 3 things about the character
(a) gender(b) age(c) mood
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• Amphitheaters – outdoor theaters where plays were viewed
(1) men and women allowed to watch
(2) poor people could go for free
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Greek amphitheaters
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“Oedipus Rex” cheat sheet• Thebes- city-state in Greece• Laius- King of Thebes• Jocasta- Queen of Thebes• Oracle at Delphi- most famous Greek
oracle• Oedipus- Son born to Laius and Jacosta but
given up at birth. He does not know he is adopted and lives with adoptive parents in Corinth
• The Sphinx- a Greek creature with the body of a lion, eagle’s wings, a serpent’s tail, and the head of a woman
• Teiresias- blind prophet