Greece - blog.kakaocdn.net
Transcript of Greece - blog.kakaocdn.net
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Greece
Ancient Greece (3,000BC-480BC)
Golden Age of Greece (480BC-430BC)
Hellenistic Age (330BC-30BC
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Ancient Greece
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Minoan Civilization(Crete Civilization)
• Gateway of three Continents– Asia, Africa, Europe
– Mountainous island of Crete
– First European civilization
– 3,000BC (청동기 시대)
Minoan Civilization
Europe
AfricaAsia
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에게해 미술 (BC 3,000-800)
• 그리스문화의 뿌리는 메소포타미아/이집트문명
– 스톤헨지 (BC 2,300-2,000)
– 그리스 조각상 Cyclades sculpture (BC 2,500)
– 멘카우레 왕과 왕비 (BC 2,460)
서양에서 Orient는 선망의 대상고급/진귀한 물건은 동쪽 바닷길에서
그리스 조각상Cyclades sculpture (BC 2,500)
멘카우레카프레 쿠푸
멘카우레 왕과 왕비
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메소와 이집트는 그리스의 스승
• 이집트– 제사장 라노페르 조각(BC 2,500)– Hatshepsut temple(장제전, BC1,480)
• 메소포타미아– Persepolis (BC 522-486)
• 그리스 (페니키아 문자 BC 800)– 뉴욕 Kuoros (BC 600)– Parthenon temple (BC 447-432)
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Persepolis
• BC 522-486
• an ancient capital of the kings of the Achaemenian dynasty
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Minoan Civilization
• Great Artists– Craftsmen– Sea kings– 주변국과 교역
• BC 16C– 올리브 재배, 대형선박제조– Knossos palace (8만명)
Snake GoddessKnossos palace
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Minoan gold ibex sculpture
Minoan Bee Pendant
Mycenae gold 1580 BCHeracles Knot (Pontika 300 BC), Greece
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Minoan Civilization (BC 3,000-1,600)
• Crete island 북쪽 Santorini 섬에서 화산폭발
• Mycenae 에게 멸망 (BC 1,450)
• Knossos palace – Daidalos 건축가, 조각가, 발명가
– 150X150m (6,800평)
– 이집트 Karnak 신전(78,000평, BC1570-1090)
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Knossos Palace
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Arthur Evans
• English archaeologist, Aegean civilization
• 발굴 the palace of Knossos (1900-1935)
• distinguish the Minoan civilization from Mycenaean Greece
• 상상에 의한 복원
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Minoan Civilization (BC 3,000-1,600)
• 여신상– 크레타 뱀의 여신상 (BC 1,600년경)
– 바빌론의 여신상 (BC 1,800년경)
• 남자벽화– 크레타 아크로티리 소년 벽화 (BC 1,500) -생동감
– 이집트 헤시라초상 (BC 2,160)
• 이집트 회화의 정면성– 신분낮은 무희, 악사, 노예는 예외
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Troy
• 그리스 본토의 Mycenae 대건너편의 Troy
• 트로이 전쟁– 10년 정도 (BC 1,200년경)– 지중해 1차 세계대전– 트로이 왕자 Paris가 스파르타의 왕비 Helena를 납치
목동 파리스에게헤라, 아테나, 아프로디테가나타나서
자기들 중 가장 아름답다고생각하는 여신에게 황금사과를 건네 주라고 함
정말 뜬금없고 황당했겠지?
‘아테나’어떤 전쟁에서든 무조건 이길 수 있는 지혜와 전술
‘헤라’유럽과 아시아를 다스리는 왕
‘아프로디테’그 시절 절세미녀로 이름난 최고의 미녀를 파리스의 것으로 만들 수있게 해주겠다
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Troy
• Heinrich Schuliemann– 신화를 현실로 생각한 사람– 차낙칼레 전투(Canakkale, 트로이 전쟁)
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Minoan Civilization
• 1,450BC 멸망
– Minoan Eruption
– 지진과 산토리니섬의 화산
– 대륙의 정복(Mycenaen)
Mycenaean Civilization
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Mycenae (BC 1,600-1,100)
• BC 1,400-1,200, 아테네 남쪽 90km• Heinrich Schuliemann
– Troy 발굴 후에 미케네 발굴
• 사자의 문 : 메소포타미아의 영향 받음
사자의 문 : BC 1,300-1,250
● Sparta
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Mycenae (BC 1,600-1,100)
• Treasury of Atreus– 무덤 지름은 14m, 높이는 13m– Atreus(?) : Agamemnon의 아버지
• Agamemnon golden mask (BC 1,550-1,500)• Dorian invasion 으로 멸망 (BC 1,100-800)
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Mycenaean Civilization
• 그리스 대륙의 본토 문명
– The major Mycenaean city-sites
• Mycenae and Tiryns in Argolis
• Thebes and Orchomenos in Boeotia
• Athens in Attica
• Pylos in Messenia
• Iolkos in Thessaly
– BC 16C – BC 11C
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Tiryns.Castle
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27/63Mycenaean stirrup vase 1400–1300 BC
Gold earring, 1600 BC
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Mycenaean Civilization
• Dorian invasion(북 그리스)
– BC 12C
– Peloponnesus지역 파괴
– 동쪽 소아시아로 이전
• Dark age (1,050BC-800BC)
– Mycenaean culture 소멸
– 문자소멸
Greek city-states (700’sBC-500’sBC)
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Phoenicia
• BC 13C
– Old Babylon 멸망 (by Hittite: 철기문명)
– 지중해 상업권 획득
• 유리/진홍색염료(소라)
• 알파벳의 등장
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Persian Civilization
• 525-330BC
– Achaemenes Empire
– 왕의 길
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Ancient Greece
• 8C-4C BC
– 소규모 polis 구성
– 1000개 polis (요세를 뜻하는 pie)
– 2,000명(모아서 소리가 닿는 범위)
• Polis 거대화
– Athens : Salamis 해전(480BC)후 강대국
– Sparta : military state
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Golden Age of Greece
• 480BC-430BC
• art, literature, theater, government, philosophy, mathematics, sports
• Pericles(443-429BC)
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Golden Age of Greece
• 480BC-430BC
• art, literature, theater, government, philosophy, mathematics, sports
• Pericles(443-429BC)
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Scholarly Pursuits
• Pythagoras : 수학의 아버지
• Hippocrates : 의학의 아버지
• Herodotus : 역사의 아버지
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Scholarly Pursuits
• Academy
– Socrates : 철학의 아버지
– Plato, Aristotle
• Literature
– 희극과 비극의 형식 완성
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Pythagoras
Epicurus
Alexander the Great
School of Athens by Raphael
Plato, Aristotele
Diogenes
Euclid
Socrates
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Decay of PolisBC 8C Polis
BC 525 Persia Empire
Athens 중심Peloponnesus 동맹
Sparta
Delos 동맹
대립Peloponnesus
전쟁BC431-404
BC 492BC 490 Marathon 전쟁
BC 480 Salamis
Polis 쇠퇴
BC 338 Caironeia 전쟁
Macedonian Era
Golden Age(480-430BC)
-만성적 전쟁-농업의 황폐화-폴리스의 빈부격차 북방의 신흥세력 마케도니아
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Alexander the Great
• 마케도니아의 필리포스2세의 아들• 336BC-323BC• 페르시아 제국의 혼란을 틈타 정복
– 330BC– 페르시아 공주와 결혼
• 32세의 갑작스러운 죽음 제국의 붕괴(3)– Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt)– Antagonid Kingdom (Macedonia)– Seleucid Kingdom (Syria)
• 이집트왕국이 로마에 무너지는 BC30까지Hellenism 시대라고 함
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Hellenistic Age
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Hellenistic World (330-30BC)
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Hellenistic Era
This tower is considered to be the finest Hellenistic monument in Palestine 54/63
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Sculpture from the Hellenistic period called "Laocoon". 55/63
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Summary
• Aegean CivilizationMinoan 2,800-1,100BC (Knossos, Zakros)
Crete (Malia, Phaistos)Oddyssei, Illiad
• Mycennaeans (1,600-1,100BC)트로이 전쟁
• Archaic Greece (700-400BC)Pan-Hellenism : Olympia, Delphi, DellosPolis : Tyranny vs DemocracyThales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Pythagoras
• Classic Greece (400-320BC)페르시아 전쟁(490,480BC)Athens, Agora, stoa, theater, fountain-houseParthenon, Hippodamus
• Hellenic Period (400-300 BC) 가장 융성
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Classic Greece 1
• 세가지 주제Persia와 경쟁Athens과 Sparta와의 대립Athens의 성취
• Persia와의 관계- BC 522, 다리우스 1세의 페르시아 소제국 통일- 이오니아에의 영향력 발단으로 에에게 제해권 싸고 충돌- 1차침공 : BC490, 아테네 침공 – 마라톤에서 페르시아 패퇴
마라톤전투 : 중무장 밀집창병 vs 경부장 궁병 : 승전보 42.195km- 2차침공 : Xerxes, BC480, 20만의 육군, 700척 함대
살라미스 해전, 결정적 승리- 아테네와 스파르타의 공조 , 그러나 경쟁 심화
아테네의 부와 영향력 증대
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Classic Greece 4
• 도시의 주요요소
- acropolis : 신성한 장소
- agora : 시민생활, 주로 옥외
forum, plaza, piazza, ground place
- gymnasium : 스포츠, 체력단련, 공동훈련
- 공동 우물 : culture의 전파, 생산
- theater : culture의 전파, 생산
- 위생설비 없음
- 오물, 쓰레기 처리문제
- 식수 하수
- 자기 중심적인 고립주의
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Athens 1 (위치/지형)
• 위치 : Attica의 중앙평원, 3면 산
산 사이에 계곡을 통해 community 형성
• 지형 : 몇 개의 hills,
acropolis 제일 높음(해발 156m)
steep hill, broad plateau
political, religion, military center
<Athens during the fifth century BC, with the long walls joining the city to the harbour at Poraeus>
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Athens 2 (City Wall)
• City Wall (도시성장)
- Pisittatus 처음으로 wall 60ha
- Themittocles 2차 wall 250ha
Pirecus 군사용 port로
- Pericles : acropolis거의완성
Parthenon (447-438BC)
Propylaea (437-432BC)
Temple of Athens Nike
(430-420BC)
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Athens 3 (도시성장)
• 도시성장사전 계획이 아니라 개별적인 project로 발전전체적인 조화, 자연과의 합일 달성 – 지형,지세 이용planning, architecture, sculpture 구분되지 않음nature와 historical procedure
- AGORA 의 성장 (E. Bacon, Design of Cities)
BC 500 BC 420 Hellenistic period AD 2C
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Athens 4 (Agora)
• Agora is quite translatable, since it stands for something as peculiarly Hellenic as polis
• Living heart not public place도시의 중심부
• In Greek, home life was secondary to communal activity.
• Agorashrinethe theatergymansia 순으로 건설
• 가정의 안락을 부차적 문제, drainagerefuse disposal 은 다소 배제
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Athens 5 (Agora성장)
<600-479 B.C.> <478-339 B.C.>
<338-86 B.C.> <86 B.C.-287 A.D.> 63/63
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Athens 6 (건축, 예술)
• 건축 - 정교• 조각 – 상아, 금으로 치장
전체와 부분, 인공-자연의 조화, 질서의 창출
Acropolis – 도시전체에서 완벽한 질서의 원형
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Athens 7 (Acropolis)
• Acropolis (L. Benevolo, The History of the City)
<Plan of the Acropolis at Athens>65/63
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Athens 8 (일반주거지)
• 일반주거지 – Acropoilos 주변 (주로 북, 동쪽)irregular pattern별로 흔적이 남지 않음 (동시대의 Delos에서 유추)주택은 단순 대부분 집이 아닌 public place에서 지냄도시는 공동의 점유 (L. Benevolo, the History of the City, BC 5C.)
화장실공동 courtyard (우물)
<Plan of two Athenian houses of the fifth century BC>
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Athens 7 (Insulae)
• Insulae (block)별로 흔적이 남지 않음 (동시대의 Delos에서 유추)(L. Benevolo, the History of the City, BC 5C.)
<Insulae Ⅰ,Ⅱ, Ⅳ, and Ⅵ at Delos, and two houses from insula Ⅱ.>
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Hippodamus 1
• Aristotle – Politics2 에 기록, 최초의 town planner인구 – 10,000구성 – 3계층 (artisan, farmer, armed class)도시공간 – 3 (sacred, private, public)inventor of geometric plan – “block” (INSULAE)
건물, 도시의 크기, 형태규정 – formalized 공간구조도로의 위계 부여 : 대로와 이에 교차하는 소로
(main st. 5-10m, 소로 3-5m)insulae(block) : 30-50m, 50-300 내 거리
uninterrupted homes - occupy • public 기능, 종교 : insulae 질서 속에서 처리
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Hippodamus 2
• 도시의 외곽경계, 도성 : grid pattern과 관계 없이자연과의 balance 유지
• Immutability : 주택의 형태가 도시형태를 지배all parts of the city under a common law, imposed by the public call
• 지속적인 성장 가능 (order and harmony)• 사례
Prieae : Hippodamus 가 설계했다고 함Miletus : BC5C, Persian 전쟁후 (block 작음)Rhodes : 40BCOlynthus Naples(Neapolis)Priene : 350BC
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Hippodamus 3 Miletus
• BC 10-6C 상업 및 군사상의 중심지
• Persian war 점령(494BC), 479BC 재건
• Block size : 약 25*25m
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Hippodamus 4 Priene
• BC 350, 네개의 terrace 위에 건설• 계획의 기초는 7개의 동서 가로망
main st.-23ft(등고선 따라), 나머지-13ft(계단)• Housing block : 51.4*38.6yd
평균적으로 4개의 주거단위 포함• 인구 : 4,000이내 An artist’s impression of Priene, a clear example
of the form of a small Greek city of the period. A: agora, B: Temple of Zeus, C: Gymnasium, D: theater, E: Temple of Athena, F: Stadium G: left gate
C: agora, D: colonnaded hall, E: fish and meat-market, G: north stoa, K: Temple of Zeus
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Hippodamus 5 Olynthus/Prieae
• Olynthus
Prieae
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Greek urban components
• acropolis• agora• religious precinct• harbor and port
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감사합니다