Great Lakes Sediment Testing Manual · PDF fileTotal Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN - EPA 351)...
Transcript of Great Lakes Sediment Testing Manual · PDF fileTotal Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN - EPA 351)...
US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG®
Great Lakes Sediment Testing Manual – Evaluating the Suitability of Dredged Material for Beneficial Use
Richard A Price
US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Great Lakes Dredging Team Annual Meeting Dundee, MI July 16-17, 3013
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Dredged Material is a Product of the Watershed
Excess watershed erosion increases dredging volume/frequency
Excess nutrients impair water quality
Contaminants impair sediment quality
Impairments increase dredging costs
Population density can affect disposal cost ► Dredging in NY – $32.34/yd ► Dredging in MVN - $2.16/yd
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Unique Challenge to Great Lakes
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Beneficial Use Managing sediment resources from maintenance
dredging operations for productive use ► Regional Sediment Management
• A geographical systems-based approach • A watershed based approach
► Great Lakes Restoration Initiative • Effective utilization of sediment resources in littoral, wetland and upland ecosystem
restoration/protection projects
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Why Do We Need Beneficial Use? Jul 14, 2013 - $16.92 trillion
• Confined disposal not sustainable – $$ •Aquatic disposal not acceptable – effects • Changing needs in port facilities – age/use • Predicted climate change effects on navigation – increased sedimentation/water levels • Use perceived better than disposal
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Two Paths for BU
Beneficial use is part of the dredging and placement process ►Aquatic Placement ►Confined or unconfined upland placement
Beneficial use is part of the CDF recovery process ►Mining CDFs to reclaim capacity ►Design CDFs for placement & processing
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Regulatory Authority and BU Disposal in coastal waters – MPRSA
Fill or discharge to coastal & inland waters – CWA
Upland – CWA if return flow and NEPA.
No discharge of DM into waters of US? – State authority for soil/solid waste: GW, HH, Eco, etc????
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The Science 40+ years of research and development for evaluating engineering
alternatives and environmental impacts of dredging and DM Mgt Dredged Material Research Program: 1973-1978.
► No single disposal alternative is most suited for a region or a type of project. ► Long-range regional planning is required for effective disposal of dredged material.
Dredging Research Program: 1978 – 1994 ► Development of equipment, instrumentation, software, and operational monitoring and
management procedures to significantly enhance the Corps' dredging activities
USACE/USEPA Field Verification Program : 1983-1989 ► Techniques for predicting effluent and surface water quality, toxicity and bioaccumulation in
plants, and aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation and growth have good utility for predisposal evaluations.
► Effects of disposal predicted in the laboratory and observed in the field were less persistent in aquatic < wetland < upland disposal.
Long-Term effects of Dredging Operations: 1985 - 2002 ► Provide proven technologies for identifying, quantifying, and managing contaminated
sediments in support of cost-effective, environmentally responsible navigation.
Dredging Operations and Environment Research Program: 1998- Present ► Operations Tech, DM Mgt, Risk, Env Resource Protection
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Testing Manuals
Environmental Suitability ► Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean
Disposal (Ocean Testing Manual) ► Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for
Discharge in Waters of the U.S. - Testing Manual (Inland Testing Manual)
► Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for
Placement in Island, Nearshore, or Upland CDFs - Testing Manual (Upland testing Manual)
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EPA/CE Evaluation Framework BU opportunities Physical suitability Logistics & Mgt needs Environmental
suitability – no testing methods specified ►State/Fed
screening criteria ►Physical &
biological tests
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Why More Guidance? Great Lakes Beneficial Use Task Force, 2001
► Lack of adequate regulatory guidance obstacle to BU
Testing and Evaluating Dredged Material for Upland Beneficial Uses:
A Regional Framework for the Great Lakes
Risk-based evaluation needed to define suitability for BU and assist in effective least cost determintion.
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Goals
One-Stop, Web-based Guidance Standardized risk-based testing methods Consistency in interpretation Updated regulatory guidance applicable to
Great Lakes States Regional, cost-effective approach to
unique sediment management needs of the Great Lakes
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Sediment Suitability Defined Sand Quality – Physical standard Sediment Quality – Exposure = Acceptable Risk
► Suitable for aquatic use – aquatic habitat, aquatic fill, beach/littoral nourishment
Soil Quality – Exposure = Acceptable Risk ► Suitable for confined or unconfined upland use – habitat, green
space, landscaping, crop production Unrestrictive Fill – Exposure = Acceptable Risk
► Suitable for unrestricted fill, material use Restricted Fill – Exposure = Unacceptable Risk
► Suitable for restricted industrial fill, landfill cover, material Impaired – Unacceptable Risk without Treatment
► Requires treatment to render suitable • Landfill or confined disposal
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Physical Suitability
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Environmental Suitability
Freshwater amphipod
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Contaminant pathways ► Soil
• Direct contact, ingestion ► Surface Water
• Water quality criteria (water column, effluent, surface runoff) ► Ground Water
• Drinking water standards ► Plant
• Wetland and upland toxicity and bioaccumulation ► Animal
• Water column toxicity / Benthic bioaccumulation • Soil invertebrate toxicity and bioaccumulation
► Air • Volatile emissions • Dust
Contaminants - Define the Risk
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Tiered Testing Approach Tier I – Existing info, material determined inert Tier II – Compare DM chemistry to screening level
► Pass: no further contaminant evaluation ► Fail: Further evaluation
Tier III - Physical and biological tests for bioavailability ► Biological exposure for bioavailability or site specific use
Tier IV - Risk assessment
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Analysis of Dredged Material Suitability
Aquatic ► Standard elutriate
Toxicity ► Whole sediment
aquatic toxicity ► Benthic
Bioaccumulation ► Submerged Aquatic
Plant Bioaccumulation ► Ecological risk
analysis
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Analysis of Dredged Material Suitability
Upland ► Surface runoff WQ ► Upland plant toxicity
and bioaccumulation ► Wetland plant toxicity
and bioaccumulation ► Soil invertebrate
toxicity and bioaccumulation
► Ecological risk analysis
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Analysis of Dredged Material Suitability
Geotechnical ► Grain size distribution ► Atterberg limits and permeability
Human Health ► Bulk chemistry comparison to state
established soil standards • Direct contact • Groundwater protection
► Consumption of fish assassment ► Optional tests include:
• Bioaccumulation of by garden crops • Leachate tests for groundwater
Baseline Chemistry Analyte Groups 1. Metals - 23 per TAL (EPA 6000/7000) 2. Pesticides (EPA 8081A) 3. Total PCBs (Aroclors EPA 8082) 4. Ammonia Nitrogen (EPA 350) 5. Total Phosphorus (EPA 6000/7000) 6. Volatile Organics - TCL (EPA 8260B) 7. B/N/A (Semi-volatile organics) - TCL (EPA 8270C) 8. Total Organic Carbon (EPA 9060) 9. Grain Size (ASTM D421, D422; Includes Sieve and
Hydrometer Baseline Testing for Large Volume DMMU and Composite
Reference Samples 1. Hexavalent (VI) chromium (EPA 6000/7000) 2. Total CN - EPA 9010B/9012A), 3. Grain Size (ASTM D421, D422) 4. Atterberg Limits (ASTM 4318) 5. Proctor (ASTM d698-00a or ASTM d1557-00) 6. Permeability (ASTM D5084-00E1) 7. Percent Moisture (ASTM D2216) 8. Percent Organic Matter (ASTM D 2974-00) 9. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN - EPA 351)
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Application
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End Results Risk-based beneficial
use of dredged material for both aquatic and upland uses.
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Questions??
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State Regulatory Soil Surface Guidance
Upland Beneficial Uses ► State regulatory authority under
Title 40 for management of solid waste
► Guidance varies between states up to 7 orders of magnitude
► Cadmium varies by 3 orders of magnitude – ranges from 0.5 to 550
► Cd has been an ecological concern in dredged material management for upland placement
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Location
Soil pH Clay, % Soil Cd3 Plant Cd3 BAF
Island 18 7.5 38.3 2.6 10.267 3.95
Toledo Reference 6.4 42.5 2.2 1.450 0.66
Dike 10-B 6.8 9.2 2.6 1.29 0.50
Cleveland Reference 5.7 7.5 0.99 3.67 3.71
Lorain CDF 7.2 21.7 5.4 6.797 1.26
Lorain Reference 6.9 15.8 3.8 4.870 1.28
Detroit River 8.1 27.5 7.7 1.17 0.15
Michigan City 7.4 12.5 6.2 17.64 2.85
Michigan City 7.2 9.6 35.9 7.8 0.22
Indiana Harbor 7.6 5 16 6.34 0.40
Indiana Harbor 6.7 14.6 45.6 1.27 0.03
Milwaukee Harbor 7.7 25.9 7.8 1.84 0.24
Menominee River 6.4 8 0.1 1.44 14.40
Menominee River 7 6.5 9.3 9.57 1.03
Sediment/Soil characteristics and plant available cadmium.
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CONTAMINANT
FOOD INGESTION RATE (KG DW/KG BW/D)
TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUE (MG DW/KG BW/D)
ACCEPTABLE PLANT CONC. MG/KG
LORAIN CDF
DIKE 10-B CDF
ISLAND 18 CDF
Plant to Mammalian
Plant to Mammalian
Plant to Mammalian
Arsenic 0.0875 1.04 11.8 0.543 <0.05 <0.5
Cadmium 0.0875 0.770 8.8 6.797 1.29 10.267*
Chromium (III) 0.0875 2.40 27.3 0.823 0.59 0.65
Copper 0.0875 5.82 66.1 10.057 8.13 11.75
Lead 0.0875 4.70 53.4 10.617 3.64 4.217
Nickel 0.0875 1.70 19.4 1.54 1.04 1.71
Silver 0.0875 6.02 68.8 <0.50 <0.50 <0.517
Comparison of acceptable plant concentrations to dredged material plant concentrations.
*Island 18 dredged material = 2.6 mg kg-1, Eco-SSL =73 mg kg-1.