Graves Franklin 1 Ac

7/18/2019 Graves Franklin 1 Ac

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/graves-franklin-1-ac 1/13

Contention 1: Inherency

A. Despite past failures, the Status quo is not currentlyconsidering sub-seabed disposal of nuclear waste

ala 1!Boston College Environmental Afairs Law ReviewAmal Bala, Sub-Seabed Burial o Nuclear Waste ! t"e #is$osal %et"od CouldSucceed &ec"nicall', Could !t Also Succeed Legall'(, )* B+C+ Envtl+ Af+ L+ Rev+) ./*)0, "tt$11lawdigitalcommons+bc+edu1ealr1vol)*1iss.12 ) L%C



Abstract: "uclear power is a relati#ely fa$iliar $ethod of generating electricity% in the

&nited States, but the process re$ains contro#ersial because of high-le#el %

radioacti#e waste . Con#entional nuclear reactors use uraniu$ fuel to sustain nuclear%

'ssion, but e#entually such fuel beco$es spent and requires storage and %

disposal because of its dangerous radioacti#e properties. (he &nited

States produces % a large a$ount of nuclear waste e#ery year but hasstruggled to de#elop a % long-ter$ disposal strategy . A$erica fa#orsland-based disposal $ethods and is % not gi#ing serious considerationto alternati#e $ethods, including sub-seabed % buria l. (his "ote discusses

preli$inary research on sub-seabed burial of nuclear% waste and e)a$ines a sa$ple ofdo$estic and international laws that could apply% if the &nited States were to use the disposal$ethod. (his "ote concludes that if% further research were to show that sub-seabed disposalwould wor* properly, the% &nited States could probably engage in deep burial through drillingwithout #iolating% the applicable international and do$estic laws discussed in this "ote



Contention +: Sol#ency

A. Sub-seabed disposal was pro#en to be the safest$ethod of disposing of nuclear waste

Professor Edward L. iles /[Professor of Marine Studies and Public Aairs at the University of Washington Ad!unct Professor at theSchool of "isheries at the University of Washington Ph.#. in $nternational %elations fro& the University of#enver '()*+, Senior "ellow at the -oint $nstitute for the Study of At&oshere and /cean at the University of Washington 0o1#irector of the 0enter for Science in the Earth Syste& at the University of Washington2raduate fro& the School of $nternational Studies at the University of #enver studies in $nternationalLaw and /rgani3ation Science4 5echnology and $nternational %elations Marine Policy and /ceanManage&ent did his Ph.#. dissertation on 65he Process and Politics of the $ntergovern&ental 0odi7cationof $nternational Law at the Suranational Level894 6Sub1Seabed #isosal of :igh Level %adioactive Waste;5he Policy 0onte<t 5hen and =ow48 Published on the $nternet4

>??@ 4htt;www.<ia&enacade&y.orguload>1@B>?MilesB>?MAS5E%B>?>??@1?C1>).doc[PD9

0&lti$ately, on the basis of radiological assess$ents conducted by2A and Sandia "ational 3aboratories, the $anager of both thenational and the coordinated international progra$s, the sub-seabed option was shown to be the safest of all options by se#eralorders of $agnitude. "e#ertheless, the &.S. progra$ waster$inated pre$aturely by D4 in 15/6 and t"e Euro$ean $rogramcouldn3t survive on its own+ W"at t"en "ad "a$$ened(4

http://www.xiamenacademy.org/upload/2-8%20Miles%20MASTER%202008-07-29.doc







(hus, the plan: (he &nited States 7ederal8o#ern$ent should substantially increase sub-seabed disposal of nuclear waste in the arth9s

oceans.



Contention : (he Ad#antages



Ad#antage 1: n#iron$ental;acis$

A. n#iron$ental ;acis$ a<ects "ati#e A$ericans andany person of color on a daily basis.ullard / Robert #+ Bullard, 5"+#+, Environmental 6ustice Resource Center,Clar7 Atlanta 8niversit', 91.1/:, ;5<=ER&>, 5<LL8&!<N AN# EN=!R<N%EN&ALRAC!S% S&RA&E?!ES @<R B8!L#!N? EAL&> AN# S8S&A!NABLEC<%%8N!&!ES4 "tt$11www+erc+cau+edu15ov$olE+"tml

&"e 8nited States is t"e dominant economic and militar' orce in t"e world toda'+ &"e A$ericanecono$ic engine has generated massive wealt", "ig" standard o living, and

consumerism+ &"is growt" mac"ine "as also generated waste, pollution, and ecologicaldestruction. &"e 8+S+ "as some o t"e best environmental laws in t"e world+ owever, in t"e real

world, all co$$unities are not created equal. n#iron$entalregulations ha#e not achie#ed unifor$ bene'ts across all seg$entsof society+ .D Some communities are routinel' $oisoned w"ile t"e government loo7s t"e ot"er wa'.2eople of color around the world $ust contend with dirty air anddrin*ing water, and the location of no)ious facilities such as$unicipal land'lls, incinerators, ha=ardous waste treat$ent,storage, and disposal facilities owned by pri#ate industry,go#ern$ent, and e#en the $ilitary+D &"ese environmental $roblems are eFacerbated

b' racism. n#iron$ental racis$ refers to en#iron$ental policy,practice, or directi#e that di<erentially a<ects or disad#antages>whether intended or unintended? indi#iduals, groups, orco$$unities based on race or color. n#iron$ental racis$ isreinforced by go#ern$ent, legal, econo$ic, political, and $ilitaryinstitutions. n#iron$ental racis$ co$bines with public policies andindustry practices to $rovide beneGts or t"e countries in t"e Nort" w"ile s"iting costs to countries in t"e Sout"+ @)D Environmental racism is a orm o institutionaliHed discrimination+ !nstitutional

discrimination is deGned as Iactions or $ractices carried out b' members o dominant racial or et"nic0 grou$s t"at "ave diferential and negative im$act on members o subordinate racial and et"nic0 grou$s+I D &"e 8nited States is grounded in w"ite racism+ &"e nation was oundedon t"e $rinci$les o Iree landI stolen rom Native Americans and %eFicans0, Iree laborI Arican slaves broug"t to t"is land in c"ains0, and Iree menI onl' w"ite men wit" $ro$ert' "ad t"e rig"t to vote0+ @rom t"e outset, racism s"a$ed t"e economic, $olitical and ecological landsca$eo t"is new nation+ Environmental racism buttressed t"e eF$loitation o land, $eo$le, and t"e natural environment+ !t o$erates as an intra-nation $ower arrangement--es$eciall' w"ere et"nic or racial grou$s orm a $olitical and or numerical minorit'+ @or eFam$le, blac7s in t"e 8+S+ ormbot" a $olitical and numerical racial minorit'+ <n t"e ot"er "and, blac7s in Sout" Arica, under a$art"eid, constituted a $olitical minorit' and numerical maorit'+ American and Sout" Arican a$art"eid "ad devastating environmental im$acts on blac7s+ 2

n#iron$ental racis$ also operates in the international arenabetween nations and between transnational corporations. Increasedglobali=ation of the worldBs econo$y has placed special strains onthe eco-syste$s in $any poor co$$unities and poor nationsinhabited largely by people of color and indigenous peoples + &"is is

es$eciall' true or t"e global resource eFtraction industr' suc" as oil, timber, and minerals+ 9D?lobaliHation ma7es it easier or transnational cor$orations and ca$ital to Jee to areas wit" t"e leastenvironmental regulations, best taF incentives, c"ea$est labor, and "ig"est $roGt+ &"e struggle o AricanAmericans in Norco, Louisiana and t"e Aricans in t"e Niger #elta are similar in t"at bot" grou$s arenegativel' im$acted b' S"ell <il reGneries and unres$onsive governments+ &"is scenario is re$eated orLatinos in Wilmington Caliornia0 and indigenous $eo$le in Ecuador w"o must contend wit" $ollution rom

&eFaco oil reGneries+ &"e com$anies ma' be diferent, but t"e communit' com$laints and concerns arever' similar+ Local residents "ave seen t"eir air, water, and land contaminated+ any nearbyresidents are trapped in their co$$unity because of inadequateroads, poorly planned e$ergency escape routes, and faulty warningsyste$s. (hey li#e in constant fear of plant e)plosions andaccidents. &"e B"o$al traged' is res" in t"e minds o millions o $eo$le w"o live neFt to c"emical

$lants+ &"e *K:) $oison-gas lea7 at t"e B"o$al, !ndia 8nion Carbide $lant 7illed t"ousands o $eo$le--ma7ing it t"e worlds deadliest industrial accident+ !t is not a coincidence t"at t"e onl' $lace in t"e 8+S+w"ere met"'l isoc'anate %!C0 was manuactured was at a 8nion Carbide $lant in in $redominatel' AricanAmerican !nstitute, West =irginia+ :D !n *K:, a gas lea7 rom t"e !nstitute 8nion Carbide $lant sent *



residents to t"e "os$ital+ !nstitutional racism "as allowed $eo$le o color communities to eFist as colonies,areas t"at orm de$endent and uneMual0 relations"i$s to t"e dominant w"ite societ' or I%ot"er Countr'Iwit" regard to t"eir social, economic, legal, and environmental administration+ Writing more t"an t"reedecades ago, Carmic"ael and amilton, in t"eir wor7 Blac7 5ower, ofered t"e IinternalI colonial model toeF$lain racial ineMualit', $olitical eF$loitation, and social isolation o Arican Americans+ Carmic"ael and

amilton write (he econo$ic relationship of A$ericaBs blac* co$$unities. . . reects their colonial status. (he political power e)ercised o#er

those co$$unities go hand in glo#e with the econo$ic depri#atione)perienced by the blac* citi=ens. istoricall', colonies "ave eFisted or t"e sole

$ur$ose o enric"ing, in one orm or anot"er, t"e IcoloniHerI t"e conseMuence is to maintain t"e economicde$endenc' o t"e IcoloniHed+I KD !nstitutional racism reinorces internal colonialism+ ?overnment

institutions buttress t"is s'stem o domination+ Institutional racis$ defends, protects,and enhances the social ad#antages and pri#ileges of rich nations+W"et"er b' design or benign neglect, communities o color ranging rom t"e urban g"ettos and barrios torural I$overt' $oc7etsI to economicall' im$overis"ed Native American reservations and develo$ing

nations0 ace some o t"e worst environmental $roblems. (he $ost polluted co$$unitiesare also the co$$unities with cru$bling infrastructure, econo$icdisin#est$ent, deteriorating housing, inadequate schools, chronicune$ploy$ent, high po#erty, and o#erloaded health care syste$s+

. "ati#e A$ericans do not want nuclear waste on theirland as 0te$poraryE storage sitesinn 2ost 5FF1!http:FFwww.$innpost.co$Fpolitical-agendaF+1!F5Fred-wing-oGcials-disappointed-feds-decision-spent-nuclear-fuel

;ed Hing city oGcials and leaders of the 2rairie Island IndianCo$$unity say they are unhappy with a recent "uclear ;egulatoryCo$$ission ruling that does little to resol#e the ongoing dispute

o#er storage of spent nuclear fuel+O (he 2rairie Island nuclear powerplant is on t"e %ississi$$i River in Red Wing, and is adacent to the Indianreser#ation+O A stor' in t"e Roc"ester 5ost Bulletin sa's the ";C ruling:%...opens the door for on-site nuclear waste storage for 1 years or$ore. (he language also lifts a suspension on licensing additionalnuclear facilities e#en without the creation of a national repositoryfor nuclear waste.% "ot good, says ;ed Hing City Council $e$ber2eggy ;ehder, w"o "as lobbied in Was"ington, #+C+, on t"e issue, andwasnt sur$rised wit" t"e rulingO I&"eres been a movement toward sa'ingt"at s$ent uel in dr' cas7 storage is saer or a longer $eriod o time,I s"esaid+ I!ts disa$$ointing, but on t"e ot"er "and, were seeing movement inCongress toward getting s$ent uel t"ats in storage in at a least an interim

storage site+IO And ;on Johnson, president of the 2rairie Island IndianCo$$unityBs (ribal Council, said in a state$ent:% ...the ";CaGr$ed a new rule and generic en#iron$ental i$pact state$entthat concluded that spent nuclear fuel K so$e of the $ostdangerous and to)ic substances *nown to $an*ind K can be safelystored L yards fro$ our ho$es inde'nitely if no geologicrepository is e#er built. "o other co$$unity sits as close to anuclear site and its waste storage .IO According to t"e $a$er, Pcel Energ'sa's it "as I: cas7s containing nuclear waste near Red Wing and is



$ermitted to store waste in 2) cas7s w"en t"e current o$erating licenses endin ./ and ./)+I

C. (he &S go#ern$ent blac*$ails and e)ploits "ati#eA$erican9s into lending land for radioacti#e waste

#aniel roo* , ./+ ;Environmental ?enocide Native Americans and &oFicWaste+4 Q"tt$11Gndarticles+com1$1articles1mim/.)1isn*v91ai./:99.

<ne ver' signiGcant toFic t"reat to Native Americans comes romgovernmental and commercial "aHardous waste sitings+ ecause of these#ere po#erty and eFtraordinar' vulnerabilit' of "ati#e A$ericantribes, their lands ha#e been targeted by the &.S. go#ern$ent andthe large corporations as per$anent areas for $uch of thepoisonous industrial by-products of the do$inant society. ;o$ingto ta7e advantage o t"e devastating c"ronic unem$lo'ment, $ervasive$overt' and sovereign status o !ndian Nations4, according to Bradle'Angel, writing or t"e international environmental organiHation ?reen-$eace, ;the waste disposal industry and the &S. go#ern$ent ha#ee$bar*ed an all-out e<ort to site incinerators, land'lls, nuclearwaste storage facilities and si$ilar polluting industries on (ribal landE Angel *KK*, *0+!n fact, so enthusiastic is the &nited States go#ern$ent to du$pits $ost dangerous waste rom ;t"e nation3s **/ commercial nuclear$ower $lants4 ibid+, *20 on t"e nation3s ;2 ederall' recogniHed tribes4Aug *KK, K0 that it 0has solicited e#ery Indian (ribe, o<ering$illions of dollars if the tribe would host a nuclear waste facility4Angel *KK*, * em$"asis added0+ 8i#en the fact that "ati#eA$ericans tend to be so $aterially poor, the $oney o<ered by thego#ern$ent or the corporations for this 0to)ic tradeE often $orea*in to bribery or blac*$ail than to pay$ent for ser#icesrenderedT !n t"is wa', t"e %escalero A$ac"e tribe in *KK*, or eFam$le,became t"e Grst tribe or state0 to Gle an a$$lication or a 8+S+ Energ'#e$artment grant ;to stud' t"e easibilit' o building a tem$orar' ridstorage acilit' or *,/// metric tons o "ig"l' radioactive s$ent uel4A7wesasne Notes *KK., **0+ <t"er !ndian tribes, including t"e Sac, @oF,

>a7ima, C"octaw, Lower Brule SiouF, Eastern S"awnee, 5onca, Caddo, andt"e S7ull =alle' Band o ?os"ute, "ave since a$$lied or t"e U*//,///eF$lorator' grants as well Angel *KK*, *2V*90+

D. n#iron$ental racis$ is a new $anifestation of historicracial oppression.Dr Deborah Robinson 2000 was formerly a member of the Programme to Combat

Racism team of the WCC. She is currently the Executive Director of International PossibilitiesUnlimite in Washington DC. She is also the co!chair of the International Committee of theInterim "ational #lac$ Environmental an Economic %ustice Coorinating Committee an iswor$ing to facilitate the &artici&ation of that boy an other "'(s in the U" Worl Conference

)gainst Racism. *htt&+,,www.wcc!coe.org,wcc,what,-&c,echoes,echoes!/!01.html2



Environmental racism can be defined as:Racial iscrimination in environmental &olicy ma$ing an theenforcement of regulations an laws3 the eliberatetargeting of &eo&le of Colour communities for toxic anha4arous waste facilities3 the official sanctioning of the life!threatening &resence of &oisons an &ollutantsin ourcommunities3 an the history of excluing &eo&le of colour from the leaershi& of the environmentalmovement. Others have added to that definition by saying environmental racism refers to "any government,institutional, or industry action, or failure to act, that has a negative environmental impact whichdisproportionately harms - whether intentionally or unintentionally - individuals, groups, or communities

based on race or colour."It is important though, to understand environmental racismin an historical context. "The exploitation of people of color has taken theform of genocide, slavery, indentured servitude and racial discrimination -in employment, housing and practically all aspects of life. Today we sufferfrom the remnants of this sordid history, as well as from new and

institutionalized forms of racism, facilitated by the massive post-World War II epansion of the petrochemical industry." In the United tates, thevictims of environmental racism are !frican !mericans, atinos, #ative!mericans, !sians, and $acific Islanders, who are more likely than %hites

to live in environmentally hazardous conditions. !hree out of five frican mericans

live in communities with uncontrolled toic waste sites. #ative merican lands and sacred places are home

to etensive mining operations and radioactive waste sites. !hree of the five largest commercial ha$ardouswaste landfills are located in predominantly frican merican and %atino communities. s a conse&uence,the residents of these communities suffer shorter life spans, higher infant and adult mortality, poor health,poverty, diminished economic opportunities, substandard housing, and an overall degraded &uality of life.Environmental racism, therefore, is a new mani-festation of historic racial oppression. It is merely "old winein a new bottle." 'any people trace the birth of the environmental (ustice movement in the )nited *tates tothe ++ irst #ational eople of /olour Environmental %eadership *ummit held in Washington, 0/, butthere were many important antecedents to this event. In +12, #orth /arolina *tate officials decided tolocate a /3 4polychlorinated-biphenyl5 landfill in a predominately frican merican community. Inresponse, protestors lay down in the streets trying to bloc6 truc6s carrying the toic waste to the landfill andover 788 people were arrested. !his act of civil disobedience was the first time anyone was (ailed for tryingto halt a toic waste landfill. One of those arrested was )* /ongressman Walter auntroy. 9e later as6edthe )* eneral ccounting Office 4a federal agency5 to determine the correlation between the location ofha$ardous waste landfills and the racial and economic status of the surrounding communities in that region.!he O study concluded that, "3lac6s ma6e up the ma(ority of the population in three out of four

communities where landfills are located."!he landmar6 +1; report by the )nited /hurch of /hrist/ommission for <acial =ustice, !oic Wastes and <ace, etended the O study. It was based on a nationalstudy that mapped the location of toic waste sites and the racial composition of the community. !hey foundthat people of colour were twice as li6ely as White people to live in a community with a commercialha$ardous waste management facility and three times as li6ely to live in a community with multiple facilities.urther analysis and studies by others proved that race is the number one predictor of where toic sites arelocated. or more than a decade environmental racism in the )nited *tates has been well-documented by#Os, universities, and even the )* government.> 9owever, the government has provided no effectiveremedies to the victims of these racist practices, nor has it ta6en effective action to stop such practices from

occurring in the future. &ose'ud &eservation, outh (akota) - s state environmentalregulations have become more stringent in recent years, #ative mericanreservations have become prime targets of waste disposal firms. s of +2, theleaders of more than +88 reservations have been approached by such firms.

*any waste-disposal companies have attempted to avoid state regulations+which are often tougher than federal regulations 'y targeting #ativelands. ecause of their uasi-independent status, #ative !merican

reservations are not covered 'y state environmental regulations. In ++, a

/onnecticut-based company proposed to build a >,888 acre municipal landfill on *iou land. *olid wastefrom other areas would be dumped on *iou land. %ocal residents founded the ood <oad /oalition andappealed to the !ribal /ouncil to rescind the contract signed with the company. !hey were able to bloc6

construction of the landfill.%hy is this happening/&acism - irst, a double standard eists

as to what practices are acceptable in certain communities, villages or cities and not in others. *econd,



people of colour around the world pay a greater and disproportionate price for economic development,resources etraction and industrialism in terms of their health, &uality of life and livelihood. lthoughcorporate greed and the lac6 of corporate accountability eplains a tremendous amount of what is describedabove, racism in the form of environmental racism, plays a significant role that must not be

overloo6ed.Transnational $ower and the *o'ility of 0lo'al 1orporations -inancial institutions and trade agreements have facilitated the movement of capital and goods acrossborders. /orporations have become more powerful than nation states and are not accountable to anyone

ecept their shareholders. !heir mobility has made it possible for them to see6 the greatest profit, the leastgovernment regulations, and the best ta incentives, anywhere in the world. Wor6ers are eposed toeconomic and environmental blac6mail? they either accept low-paying, often non-unionised (obs with

environmental health ris6s, or the (obs will move to another country.$rofits efore $eople -*ome have argued that resource wars will be the impetus for the ma(or conflicts in the 2+st /entury.+1!raditional land rights and sacred cultural sites are under-valued when it interferes with gaining access toresources and therefore profit. !he impact that etraction and processing industries have on human healthand &uality of life doesn@t matter. eople are increasingly unwanted and unneeded for increased profit? they

are becoming disposable.ack of $ower - 'inority groups in #igeria, small rural frican merican

communities in %ouisiana, Indigenous eoples around the world and others share something in common?they lac6 the political power, they lac6 information and vital global strategies to ta6e on powerfulmultinational corporations andAor repressive state or national governmentsAregimes.

E. Environmental Racism IS RACISM- it perpetuates dehumanizationWilder and Memmi, 199

Gary and Albert, WEB Dubois institute, racial theorists, “Irreconcilable differences.”

Transition, 71, 1!, "". 1#$%177

&erha"s 'e((i)s (ost "recocious and *aluable insi+hts e(er+e fro( his belief that racism traps its victims in !an

impossi"le condition ... a condition hich can ha*e no solution in its actual structure.- We can read 'e((i)s or as an

in*entory of "ossible res"onses to coloni/ation, racis(, and anti%0e(itis(. e belie*es that raciali=ed subectsare ine#itably i$pelled by contradictory gestures of self-reection

and self-aGr$ation , and that it is as impossi"le to secure reco#nition as

di$$erent "ut e%ual as it is to #ain $ull access to !universal! humanit& 2 -3o (atter hich ay

I turned I alays found (y% self an acco("lice of the established order.- e has "rofound e("athy for o""ressed "eo"les) atte("ts to

sur*i*e ith di+nity, and he allos us to see the desire to disa""ear into the (ainstrea( and the ish to retreat into +hettoi/edencla*es as natural reactions to the racial dile((a.

'. (ehumanization is ever& impact discussed in de"ate $elt "& real people ever& da&

and must "e re)ected

*eru"e, 199+ Da*id '., &rofessor of 4o((unication 0tudies at 5ni*ersity of 0outh 4arolina., “3A36TE4366GI4A

&8663GE9IT:2 The Don 0ide,” htt"2;;.cas.sc.edu;en+l;faculty;berube;"rolon+.ht(<

This (eans%ends dis"ute is at the core of Monta#u and Matsons treatise on the dehu(ani/ation of hu(anity. They arn s/0 ! itsdestructi#e toll is already greater than that of any war, plague,

fa$ine, or natural cala$ity on record -- and its potential dan#er to the

%ualit& o$ li$e and the $a"ric o$ civilized societ& is "e&ond calculation . =or that reason this

sicness of the soul (i+ht ell be called the =ifth orse(an of the A"ocaly"se.... Behind the +enocide of the holocaust lay adehu(ani/ed thou+ht> beneath the (enticide of de*iants and dissidents... in the cucoo)s ne?t of A(erica, lies a dehu(ani/ed i(a+e

of (an... @'onta+u 'atson, 1$, ". ?i%?iiC. While it (ay ne*er be "ossible to uantify the i("act dehu(ani/in+ ethics (ay ha*e

had on hu(anity, it is safe to conclude the foundations of hu(anness offer +reat o""ortunities hich ould be fore+one. When e

calculate the actual losses and the *irtual benefits, e a""roach a nearly inesti(able *alue +reater than any tools hich e can

currently use to (easure it. (ehumanization is nuclear ar , en#iron$ental apocalypse ,

and international #enocide. When people "ecome thin#s, the& "ecome dispensa"le.

When people are dispensa"le, an& and ever& atrocit& can "e )usti$ied. 2nce )usti$ied,

http://www.cas.sc.edu/engl/faculty/berube/prolong.htm





the& seem to "e inevita"le $or ever& epoch that has evil and dehumanization is evils

most poer$ul eapon .



Ad#antage +: 3ea*age

A. "uclear Haste 3ea*age is ine#itable in the StatusMuo- Nanford 2ro#es

"C "ews FLF1!http:FFwww.nbcnews.co$FnewsFus-newsFpossible-new-lea*-hanford-nuclear-waste-site-n!LL1L

Just two days day after the 4ba$a ad$inistrationproposed to cut $illions of dollars in funding toclean up the infa$ous Nanford nuclear site inHashington state, the nergy Depart$ent said(hursday that one of the locationBs oldest storagetan*s ha#e sprung another lea*+ &"e Energ' #e$artments contractor

overseeing o$erations at anord V w"ic" "ouses millions o gallons o radioactive waste and is

considered one o t"e most contaminated sites in t"e 8nited States and $ossibl' on Eart" VnotiGed its <ce o River 5rotection o t"e $ossible lea7 Wednesda', t"e Energ' #e$artmentconGrmed &"ursda'+I5reliminar' dataI indicated Ia c"ange o conditionI at t"e oldest so-calleddouble-s"ell tan7 at t"e site near >a7ima in eastern Was"ington V s$eciGcall', t"e discover' o anunidentiGed Idried materialI in t"e area t"at "adnt been t"ere w"en it was last visuall' ins$ectedin Se$tember ./*., t"e de$artment said in a one-$aragra$" statement $osted on t"e anordwebsite $d0+&"eres no indication t"at t"e material V w"ic" covers about 9 eet b' .* inc"es V"as lea7ed into t"e outside environment, according to t"e Energ' #e$artment, but it "as orderedt"e contractor Ito do anot"er video ins$ectionI o t"e entire area+&"e unidentiGed material wasound outside a riser V a su$$ort beam $roviding eFternal access to t"e damaged tan7s V onl'/ to 2/ eet rom anot"er riser w"ere a conGrmed lea7 was re$orted in late ./*., ocials

said+In 7ebruary +1, the nergy Depart$entac*nowledged that the e)tent of lea*s at Nanfordhad been underreported, telling oGcials that si) of

the siteBs 166 tan*s were, in fact, lea*ing+ &"e "ead o t"e

contracting com$an' too7 earl' retirement wit"out eF$lanationt"ree mont"s later+Lawma7ersrom bot" $arties eF$ressed concern ater t"e <bama administration as7ed Congress on &uesda'to cut U29 million rom t"e anord cleanu$ budget or Gscal 'ear ./*+Sen+ 5att' %urra', #-Was"+, scolded ocials o t"e W"ite ouse <ce o %anagement and Budget at a Senate "earingWednesda', telling t"em s"e t"oug"t s"e "ad made it clear t"at I! eF$ect t"e ederal governmentto meet its milestones at deense environmental cleanu$ sites+I

. Sub-seabed nuclear waste disposal sol#es radiationlea*age

Dillon in +1! O Penneth >Nistorian who writes on science, $edicine, and

history?ESea-ased "uclear Haste SolutionsE, Scientia2ress,http:FFwww.scientiapress.co$Fnuclearwaste. HN

@irst ormall' $ro$osed in *K9, t"e conce$t o bur'ing nuclear waste in stable cla' ormationsunder t"e seabed was investigated b' international teams o scientists or man' 'ears+ Asubstantial scientiGc literature details t"e various modalities, associated ris7s, and geologicalconditions+ &"e large undersea $lain some 2// miles nort" o awaii, stable or some 2million 'ears, received s$ecial attention+ ;esearchers found that the clay $uds in such

http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/possible-new-leak-hanford-nuclear-waste-site-n46616


http://www.hanford.gov/news.cfm/DOE/DST_AY-102_Announcement_03-06-14.pdf



http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/22/17060321-six-tanks-now-said-to-be-leaking-at-contaminated-hanford-nuclear-site?lite


http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/29/18595665-head-of-company-overseeing-leaking-nuclear-tanks-at-hanford-to-step-down?lite











sub-seabed for$ations had a high capacity for binding radionuclides, so that anylea*age would be li*ely to re$ain within the clay for $illions of years, by which ti$eradioacti#e e$issions would decline to natural bac*ground le#els.

C. 3ea*s can lead to genetic $utations, cancers, and

other serious health ha=ards"tt$11www+river7ee$er+org1cam$aigns1sto$-$olluters1indian-$oint1radioactive-waste1 Radioactive Waste and 5ollution, River Xee$er+org New >or73s CleanWater Advocate ./*);i#er Peeper 91!

#ery e)posure to radiation increases the ris* of da$age totissues, cells, D"A and other #ital $olecules. ach e)posurecan cause progra$$ed cell death, genetic $utations, cancers,leu*e$ia, birth defects, and reproducti#e, i$$une andendocrine syste$ disorders. (here is no safe threshold to

e)posure to radiation.8o#ern$ent regulations allow radioacti#e water to be releasedfro$ Indian 2oint nuclear power plant to the en#iron$entcontaining 0per$issibleE le#els of conta$ination. Nowe#er,since there is no safe threshold to e)posure to radiation,per$issible does not $ean safe.!t doesn3t ta7e an accident at t"e !ndian 5oint nuclear $ower $lant to release radioactivit' into our air, water, and soil+ As a matter o regular o$eration, radiation is released rom !ndian 5oint in t"e orm o liMuid,gaseous, and solid radioactive wastes+ Solid radioactive wastes include laundr' considered low-level waste0 and irradiated s$ent uel considered "ig"-level waste+0Eac" reactor routinel' emits relativel' low-dose amounts o airborne and liMuid radioactivit'+ &"is radioactivit' re$resents over *// diferent isoto$es onl' $roduced in reactors and atomic bombs, includingStrontium-:K, Strontium-K/, Cesium-*9, and !odine-**+ umans ingest t"em eit"er b' in"alation, or t"roug" t"e ood c"ain ater airborne radioactivit' returns t"ese c"emicals to eart"0+Eac" o t"ese c"emicals "as a s$ecial bioc"emical action iodine see7s out t"e t"'roid gland, strontium clum$s to t"e bone and teet" li7e calcium0, and cesium is distributed t"roug"out t"e sot tissues+ All arecarcinogenic+ Eac" deca's at var'ing rates or eFam$le, iodine-** "as a "al-lie o eig"t da's, and remains in t"e bod' onl' a ew wee7s+ Strontium-K/ "as a "al-lie o .:+9 'ears, and t"us remains in bone a ndteet" or man' 'ears+

&"ese c"emicals are diferent rom ;bac7ground4 radiation ound in nature in cosmic ra's and t"e eart"3s surace+ Bac7ground radiation, w"ile still "armul, contains no c"emicals t"at s$eciGcall' attac7 t"e t"'roidgland, bones, or ot"er organs+ !ndian 5oint ran7s among t"e to$ emitters wit" res$ect to radioactive releases over t"e 'ears it "as o$erated+Radioactive releases result rom $lant accidents and accidents "a$$en+ <n @ebruar' *, .///, !5-. sufered a ru$tured steam generator tube t"at released ./,/// gallons o radioactive coolant into t"e $lant+ &"eincident resulted rom $oor $lant maintenance and laF oversig"t b' t"e Nuclear Regulator' Commission+ &"e accident, a stage . event, triggered a radioactive release to t"e atmos$"ere+ &"e NRC gave t"e $lant itsworst rating because o t"e $revious $lant o$erator3s ailure to detect Jaws in a steam generator tube beore t"e @ebruar' ./// lea7+ <ne wee7 ater t"e a ccident, .// gallons o radioactive water were accidentall'released into t"e udson River+Since at least August .//, radioactive toFins suc" as tritium and strontium-K/ "ave been lea7ing rom at least two s$ent uel $ools at !ndian 5oint into t"e groundwater and t"e udson River+ !n 6anuar' .//9 it wasre$orted t"at strontium-K/ was detected in our out o twelve udson River Gs" tested+

&"e Nuclear Regulator' Commission relies u$on sel-re$orting and com$uter modeling rom reactor o$erators to trac7 radioactive releases and t"eir $roected dis$ersion+ A signiGcant $ortion o t"e environmental

monitoring data is eFtra$olated Y virtual, not real+owever, radioactive releases rom !ndian 5oint3s routine o$eration oten are not ull' detected or re$orted+ !n act, accidental releases ma' not be com$letel' veriGed or documented+And, t"e' occur t"roug"out t"e nuclear uel c'cle, w"ic" includes uranium mining, uranium milling, c"emical conversion, uel enric"ment and abrication, t"e $rocess b' w"ic" electricit' is generated at $lant viacontrolled reaction, and t"e storage o radioactive waste, bot" on-site and of-site+@inall', radioactive b'-$roducts continue giving of dangerous radioactive $articles and ra's or enormousl' long $eriods Y described in terms o ;"al lives+4 A radioactive material gives of "aHardous radiation or atleast ten "al-lives+ <ne o t"e radioactive isoto$es o iodine iodine-*.K0 "as a "al-lie o *2 million 'ears tec"netium-KK "as a "al-lie o .**,/// 'ears and $lutonium-.K "as a "al-lie o .),/// 'ears+ Penon-*, a noble gas, deca's into cesium-*, an isoto$e wit" a .+ milli on 'ear "al-lie+

http://www.riverkeeper.org/campaigns/stop-polluters/indian-point/radioactive-waste/




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