Grating Success Ppxct

Corporate Health and Safety ArcelorMittal

February, 2011Training Stairs, Hand Railings and Steel Floor Grating

JRem_2011Training stairs, rails, walkways and gratings 2011

17 February 2011*SummaryTraining Stairs and Hand RailingsSome accidents at AMWhy is stair design and construction so importantSlips and fallsSafety constructionTerms and definitions stairsSafety requirements concerning materials and dimensionsSafety requirements stairsTerms and definitions guard-railsSafety requirements guard-railsSelf closing gate/ swing gateSafety requirements step laddersSafety requirements guard-rails of stairs and step laddersSafety requirements handrailGeneral risksSlipSlip resistantsSteps and heightLighting and visibilityHousekeepingDoors on a stairwayMain risksTraining Steel Floor GratingTerms and defintionsGeneral construction requirementsHazards and risksSafety work instructionsFloor grating removal procedure (example)Main risksBehavior and checksWalk and work safelySafety checksChecklist Slips, Trips, and Fallsreferences


February, 2011I. Training Stairs and Hand Railings


17 February 2011*Some accidents at AM

Fall On Stairs / stair / 07/10/2010The employee and his co-worker went, as per the request of the operations center, to repair defective lights of the belt conveyor routes. When arriving to the workplace the employee found out that the bulb and the holder were defective. In order to switch off the electrical current he went to the electrical substation. When walking down the staircase, while holding the hand rail at the same time, his put his left leg on a pieces of coke and sprained his ankle. Fall On Stairs / Fall of person / 02/02/2010After his work on line no.4 of CCM, employee fell down the stairs towards the controlling console injuring his right knee.

Fall On Stairs / stair / 21/09/2010 The employee was checking the technology on the 4th floor of the sinter plant /JRH/. When returning back to the 3rd floor his leg slipped on the edge of the last footstep and he wrongly stepped on the concrete floor of the 3rd floor. Upon this movement he felt pain in his right ankle.


17 February 2011*Why is stair design and construction so important?

Canada ( Michael Perdomo)Over 60% of death related accidents, for elderly, are from falling down stairs.Around 10 children die each year as a result of some type of fall, mainly from stairs.In Canada, falls on stairs account for about 10 percent of all fatal falls.40% of all admissions to nursing homes are related to falling from stairs.Falls account for an average of 5.1 million injuries and 6,000 deaths a year.Europe BelgiumWalking up and down stairs is responsible for 7% of all accidents in private homesUKIn the UK, there are over 500 deaths each year from stair related accidents in the home. It is estimated that a further 250 000 non-fatal accidents take place on stairs in the home each year. These accidents are serious enough to cause the victim to visit their General Practitioner (GP) or Hospital Accident and Emergency department. This is equivalent to a domestic accident on stairs occurring every 2.5 minutes. In addition, there are approximately 100 000 accidents on stairs in leisure environments and a further 1 000 plus in the workplace. This is equivalent to a fall on stairs in the UK occurring every 90 seconds.


17 February 2011*Why is stair design and construction so important?

Velz and Hemphill (1953) found a 15% no uniformity on all stairs, and 75% on stairs where accidents had occurred.

Svanstrom (1973) found that 39% of the accident stairs had a variation in riser height. Tread depth irregularities occurred in 47,6% of the accidents.

One of the biggest problems with stairs is that the top or bottom riser is sometimes substantially different. These dimensional variations are considerable and yet apparently not sufficient to be visually obvious. So good adapted lightning at those spots are also very important.


17 February 2011*Slips and falls!The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that over 20% of all compensable industrial injuries result from slips and falls. !!!!!!This is why poorly constructed and maintained stairs are dangerous!!!!


17 February 2011*Safety in ConstructionEN ISO 14122OHSAAM ST 201 H&S Design SpecificationsLocal specifications for the safe design and construction of fixed general industrial stairsOther requirements and other directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this document.


17 February 2011*Terms and Definitions Stairs (EN ISO 14122-3:2001)

Stairs and step laddersSuccession of horizontal levels (steps or landings) allowing passage on foot from one level to another composed of the following elements, shown in Figure and explained in detail in next slides.ScopeThis includes interior and exterior stairs around machinery, tanks, and other equipment, and stairs leading to or from floors, platforms or pits. This does not apply to stairs used for fire exit purposes, to construction operations, to private residences, or to articulated stairs, such as may be installed on floating roof tanks, the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base support.


17 February 2011*Terms and Definitions Stairs (EN ISO 14122-3:2001)

Climbing height: vertical distance between the ref; level and the landing (H) Flight: uninterrupted sequence of steps between two landingsGoing: hor. Distance between the step nosing of two consecutive steps (g)Headroom: min. vertical distance, clear of all obstacles above the pitch line (e)Landing: horizontal resting area situated at the end of a flightPitch line: theoretical line indicating the average path of the users of the stairs or step ladders, drawn at the nosing of steps (p)Overlap: diff. between the depth of the step and the goingAngle of pitch: slope of the stair or step ladder (alfa)Step: horizontal surfaces on which one places the foot to go up or down the stair or step ladderRise: height between two consecutive steps (h)Nosing: top edge at the front of the step or landingString: flanking framework element supporting the stepsWidth: clear distance over the outside faces of the step (w)Depth of step: clear distance from the leading edge or the nosing to the rear of the step (t)Clearance: abs. min. clear distance between any obstacle and the pitch line measured at en angle of 90 from it (c)


17 February 2011*Safety requirements concerning materials and dimensionsGeneral:

Able to resist corrosionSatisfactory slip resistance for steps and landingsOpening or closing of moving parts shall not cause further hazards (gates, doors,.)Assembly must provide sufficient rigidity and stability to ensure safetySteps and structure must resist the intended imposed loads


17 February 2011*Safety Requirements Stairs

(EN ISO) The angle of pitch should be between 30 and 38. And: 600mm 2300mm; clearance c > 1900mmClear width min. 600 mm but preferably 800mm 1000mmException of min 500mm justified by the risk assessment (occasionally used and short distance)Climbing height < 3000mm (if there is an other flight, install a landing)


17 February 2011*Terms and Definitions Guard-rails (EN ISO 14122-3:2001)

Guard-railDevice for protection against accidental fall or accidental access to a hazardous area, with which stairs, step ladders or landings, platforms and walkways shall be equipped.Must be installed at each unprotected side.


17 February 2011*Safety requirements guard-rails

When the height of the possible fall > 500mm, a guard-rail shall be installedFall Protection (which may include engineered tie-off points) is required when installing or repairing a removable guardrail. Install a safe work instruction or permit system to work on the guard rails.


17 February 2011*Safety requirements guard-rails

Interrupted handrail, 75 min. 120 max.Access, self-closing gates! No sharp edges at ends


17 February 2011*Self closing gate / Swing gatePart of the guard-rail which is intended to be opened easily. When the gate is released, it will close automatically using e.g. the effect of gravity or a spring.Swing gate;Self closingInstalled so that a deliberate action is required to open the swing gate, to access the hazard contained by guardrail. It shall not be possible to access the hazard by pushing or leaning on the gate.Installed at the top of a staircase or vertical ladder when work is performed at the top and a danger of falling exists.


17 February 2011*Safety Requirements Step laddersStep depth t = min. 80mmMax. rise h = 250mmClearance c > 850mmClear width between stringers or guard-rails 450mm 800mm preferably 600mm


17 February 2011*Safety requirements step ladders

degree x (mm)60250652007015075100


17 February 2011*Safety requirements guard-rails of stairs and step ladders

At least one handrailWidth > 1200mm = two handrailsClimbing height > 500mm = guard-rail!


17 February 2011*Safety requirements Handrail

Stair handrails - Canadian RequirementsThe prime function of the handrail is for holding as support while going up or down stairs.It is therefore crucial to be able to grasp it quickly, easily and firmly if you should start losing your balance.Firmly fastenedYou should be able to run your hand smoothly along the entire length without having to adjust your grip. You should apply the so-called "tennis-racket grip" at all times when possibleStair rail systems and handrails must be surfaced to prevent injuries such as punctures or lacerations and to keep clothing from snagging.

OHSA:Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be equipped with standard railings or standard handrailsWithstanding a force of 200 pounds/ 91 kg.


17 February 2011*General risks Slip

Slippery conditions on stairways shall be eliminated before the stairways are used to reach other levels.

Avoid accumulation of water on walking surface, assure drainage! Weather conditions!


17 February 2011*General risks Slip Resistant's

Treads must be constructed of slip resistant material while the nosing must be of nonslip material. While most accidents (falls and trips) happens on the first or last step of stairs it is a good practice to color the nosing in a highlighting color.


17 February 2011*General risks Steps and HeightStairs tend to experience higher hazards when that are built too high (over 7 inches) or not deep enough (under 11 inches).Each riser height and tread depth must be kept the same, because variations lead to trips and falls.Having too many steps (more than 10) without a landing, can lead to fatigue which increases the risk of falls.


17 February 2011*General risks Lighting and Visibility Use angular lighting and color contrastLightning must be adapted to the environment, especially on landings and end steps.Avoid patterned floors that may visually hide differences in depth


17 February 2011*General risks Housekeeping

Housekeeping; nothing should be sticking out the surface of stairsAll parts of stairways shall be free of hazardous projections, keep stairways clean and free of objects.


17 February 2011*General risks Doors on a stairwayWhere doors or gates open directly on a stairway, a platform shall be provided, and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effective width of the platform to less than 20 inches.


17 February 2011*Main risks

Lack of maintenance of stairs, falling down when walking on it.

Accidents caused by slips, trips, falls, twisting, due to uneven surfaces and badly designed stairs or improper use

Punctures or lacerations

Keep clothing from snagging due to bad design of the stair rail or handrail


17 February 2011*


February, 2011II. Training Steel Floor Grating


17 February 2011*Terms and DefinitionsFlooring: assembly of elements making up the floor of a walkway or a working platform and being in direct contact with footwear.Walkway: level surface used for moving from one point to another.Working platform: level surface used for the operation, maintenance, inspection, repair, sampling and other phases of work in connection with the machinery.Slip resistant surface: flooring surface designed for improving the grip of footwear.


17 February 2011*General construction requirements (EN)Dimensioning and selection of components (including fixings, connections, supports and foundations) to ensure sufficient rigidity and stabilityResistance of all parts to environmental effects (such as climate, chemical agents, corrosive gases) e.g. by the use of a corrosion resistant material or with the aid of a suitable protective coatingPositioning of constructional elements so that water cannot be accumulated e.g. in the jointsUse of compatible materials e.g. to minimise galvanic or differential thermal expansionDimension of walkways and working platforms shall be according to available anthropometric dataDesigned end constructed to prevent the hazards due to falling objectsThe removal of any part of the machine shall, as far as practicable, be possible without removing flooringWalkways and working platform shall be designed and built in such a way that the walking surface have durable slip resistant properties


17 February 2011*General construction requirements (EN)Headroom over walkways and working platforms shall be 2100mmExceptions 1; due to a risk assessment and restrictions due to the machinery or environment.. No less than 1900mm; only if occasionally used or only for a short distance. Clear width min. 600mm but preferably 800mm. If usually crossing of several persons simultaneously, increased to 1000mm.Exception 2; due to a risk assessment and restrictions due to the machinery or environment.. No less than 500mm; only if occasionally used or only for a short distance Warning signs to indicate these exceptions should be considered!


17 February 2011*General requirementsGratings should provide;a natural slip resistant walking surfacea high percent of open area allowing snow, water and oil to drain off easilythus maintaining the slip resistant surface.Gratings also allow excellent passage of heat and light and contribute to walkway cleanliness. Consider the following specifications:Maximum load capacityConnectionsOverlap


17 February 2011*Hazards and risksAccumulation:The design must drained away all liquids and/or substances (e.g. snow).Trip and slip:To avoid trip hazards, the greatest difference between the tops of neighbouring flooring surfaces shall not exceed 4 mm in height.Slip resistance materialFalling objects:Openings max. 35mm diameterAbove a place where people are working, openings max. 20mm diameterNo openings due to a risk assessment (e.g. more risk for slipping)Joints: toe plate is necessary if the distance between flooring and element exceeds 30mm.


17 February 2011*Hazards and risksFalling through flooring hazard:Gratings are detachable elements i.e. removable, e.g. where required for maintenance or replacement:Any hazardous movement of these elements shall be prevented e.g. by fastenersIt shall be possible to inspect fixings in order to detect any corrosion or any hazardous loosening or change of position of clamps


17 February 2011*Safety Work Instructions

There must be a written procedure which describes how to perform a removal of floor gratings in a safe manner e.g.:removal permit / authorizationinstall barricades IMMEDIATELY after any removal of gratingfall protectionno use of cell phone (cf. AM Safety ST 301)ribbon off hazardous areaadequate lighting to illuminate the openingwarn signsinform other personnel in the areaPPEno opening shall stay open beyond the end of a shiftno opening shall ever be left unguarded post a watch if necessary, etc.


17 February 2011*SampleFloor Grating Removal ProcedureExample! PURPOSE This procedure is designed minimize fall and trip hazards associated with the removal of floor gratings when performing maintenance or service tasks.

PROCEDURE (Good Practice)No floor grating is to be removed from without first contacting the Safety Department and obtaining a completed Grating Removal Permit / Authorization

Prior to grating removal and the start of work, the Safety Department will review the procedures and protective measures required by the permit.


17 February 2011*SampleFor grating removal, ALL the following requirements shall apply:

I. Never remove or leave a piece of grating out without first installing a rigid barricade, guardrail or equivalent, which will entirely encompass the opening, or properly cover the opening. A. If covers are utilized, they must: Be constructed as to adequately support without failure, at least twice the weight of any person(s) and /or equipment that it may use in maintenance or servicing. Be cleated, or secured by means of wire tie downs, clips or other equivalent fastening method. Have some means of warning by identifying the hazard on the cover, such as Floor Opening or Danger: Hole stenciled, painted or otherwise prominently inscribed.


17 February 2011*SampleFor grating removal, ALL the following requirements shall apply:

I. Never remove or leave a piece of grating out without first installing a rigid barricade, guardrail or equivalent, which will entirely encompass the opening, or properly cover the opening.

B. If rigid barricading or guardrail is used, it shall: Be constructed of wood (2x4/38x89mm), angle iron or material of comparable strength, or a combined system of components capable of achieving the same, e.g. wire rope and stanchions Have a complete top rail (no voids) Have a top rail height of not less than 39 (0.9m) and not more than 42 (1.1m) above the grate floor Have a complete mid rail installed at a point midway between the top edge of the top rail and the grate floorBe secured, self supporting and capable of withstanding all expected loads. Have a toeboard, with exception to the designated access point to the removed grate(s) openings


17 February 2011*SampleFor grating removal, ALL the following requirements shall apply:II. Upon removal of grating A.Ensure the remaining grates bordering the removed grate(s) opening are protected from movement or slippage. The existing grating can be secured by wiring down, installing clips or other means capable of being secured. B.Set grating in an area as to not cause a tripping hazard or interfere with other contractors or work activities C.Stack grating away from the opening or no higher than the top of the toeboard as to eliminate any chance of it being knocked into or across the opening. D. Stacks shall be organized anduniform and not present a safety hazard


17 February 2011*SampleFor grating removal, ALL the following requirements shall apply:III. Additional measures A. When working in the area of removed grating, ensure adequate lighting is provided to illuminate the opening B. Warn and inform other personnel in the area of the removed grating C. When re-installing gratings, ensure that it is correctly positioned and fastened. D. Take additional precautions as necessary to prevent injury. E. Leather work gloves are required when handling grating F. All grating must be reinstalled at the completion of the work task or at the end of the shift. No opening shall remain beyond the end of a shift, unless a new permit is obtained. G. No opening shall ever be left unguardedpost a watch if necessary. NOTE: Any requirement for deviation or change to the above procedure shall be submitted in writing to the safety department for review and approval prior.


17 February 2011*Main risks

Falling in an open hole during the removal of gratings

No correctly re-positioned and fastened gratings are traps, falling down

Lack of maintenance of grating floors, falling down when walking on it.

Accidents caused by slip, trips, falls, due to uneven floors


February, 2011III. Behavior and checks


17 February 2011*Walk and Work Safely:

As slip, trip and fall hazards can present themselves anywhere and at anytime, always practice the following safe behaviours on stairs, grating, .etc :

Slow down and take small careful steps if the surface is rough, cluttered, slippery or at an angle. Take extra care when stepping from rough to slippery surfaces:Coming indoors with wet shoes.Carry objects close to your body and below chest level so you can see over or around what you are carrying.Always hold the handrail on stairs (i.e., never carry objects requiring two hands on stairs).Wear shoes and boots with good traction (especially on icy or wet surfaces).When carrying things up or down the stairs make sure to have one hand on the rail.In general use the right handrail when you descend or climb.Dont carrying objects with both hands when using stairs.Do not carry bulky objects that block your vision.Be very cautious on stairs if you are wearing bifocal glasses.Apply the so-called tennis racket grip at all times when possibleNo use of cell phones when walking (AM ST 301)


17 February 2011*Safety Checks

Periodic checks and inspections of the stairs, gratings and railing fastening methods must be done by trained employees. The findings must be kept in records and corrective actions followed.

All unsafe remarks must be solved immediately

Broken or malfunctioning lighting should be repaired or replaced

Regular maintenance has to be realized.


February, 2011IV. Checklist Slips, Trips, and Falls


17 February 2011*Checklist

General work environmentokcorrective actionsIs there a documented and functioning housekeeping program in placeAre the responsibilities for cleaning floors, stairs, gratings, walkways clearly specifiedHave responsible persons been nominated and trained to maintain and inspect stairs, railings and gratings?Are work surfaces kept drySpills cleaned up immediately according to proper proceduresAre special actions done due to weather conditions; ice, snow,Combustible scrap and waste stored safely and removed from the work floorAccumulations of combustible dust routinely removed from elevated surfaces e.g. gratingsPits and floor openings covered or otherwise guardedAre there damages on stairs, grating or handrails visual and are they recentAre stairs, walkways and gratings protected against corrosion



PPEokcorrective actionsIs the footwear worn by the workers suitable for the task/workplace

Guard railsokcorrective actionsGuardrails on surfaces elevated more than 20 inches above floor or groundHave guardrails a handrail, knee rail and a toe board. Ensure there are sturdy handrails or guard rails on all platforms, steps or stairsWhere standard railings are provided, do they meet the specificationsIs every temporary floor opening guarded by a standard railing or constantly attended by someoneCan self closing doors be opened without excessive force



Aisles and walkwaysokcorrective actionsKept clearMarked as appropriateWet surfaces covered with non-slip materialsAre there safe clearance for walking in walkways next to machinery, is there a protectionChanges of direction or elevations readily identifiableAdequate headroom providedSudden changes in floor surfaces are readily identifiableStandard guardrails provided wherever required by law or standardsBridges provided over conveyers and similar hazards equipped with proper railing



Stairs an handrailsokcorrective actionsSlippery stepsNone or insecure handrailsWet/hazardous steps and landingsEquipment & material stored on stairsPoorly maintained or cleanedStandard stair rails or handrails on all stairways having four or more rise (OHSA) or higher than 50cm (EN)Are all standard technical requirements for stairways implemented and known by the concerned employees; wide, headroom, Stair angle no more than 50 and no less than 30 degree (OHSA)Steps on stairs have slip resistant materialHandrails have the required clearance between the handrails and the wallHandrails capable to withstanding a load of 200 pounds, (OHSA), applied in any directionWhere stairs or stairways exit directly into any area where vehicles may be operated, are adequate barriers and warnings provided to prevent employees from steeping into the path of trafficStairway landings have a dimension measured in the direction of travel, at least equal to the width of the stairwayStair bottom and top clear of swinging doorsStairs that change direction have landing platformsStairs of uniform size and shapeHand grips should be designed to allow for all persons to use a power grip



Behavioral issuesokcorrective actionsRunning or rushing aroundHands in the pocketsNo use of provided handrailsTaking short cutsCarrying large objects up/down that prevents the employee seeing the steps beyond the loadNot looking where goingCarrying a load that prevents an employee from gripping a handrailSitting on handrail



Lightning and visual safetyokcorrective actionsAre work areas, walkways and stairs well litDoes the lighting enable workers to move between indoor and outdoor tasks safelyGenerator or battery powered emergency lighting availableSudden changes in lighting levels occur between areas i.e. between outdoors and a dimly lit stairwellDistracting shadows on steps, stairs and walkwaysPaint a bright strip (highlight) on nosing that is poorly defined visuallyEnsure lighting is not directed so that it makes it difficult for pedestrians to see



Gratingokcorrective actionsIs there a documented and functioning program for removal of gratingsToe boards installed around the edges and permanent openings (e.g. tubes)Material on elevated surfaces piled, stacked or racked in a manner to prevent it from tipping, falling, collapsing, rolling or falling to a lower positionAre all openings through which people can fall secured with barriersDo temporally covers located on top of floor openings have sufficient load capacityAre sudden changes in grating floors surfaces clearly indicatedAre all clamps still installed and fixedAre uneven, damaged floor surfaces regularly reviewed and maintainedThe size of the opening in the grate should be small enough so as not to allow a shoe heel to catch


17 February 2011*Referenceshttp://aix1.uottawa.ca/~nedwards/chru/english/pdf/SafeStairsOct5.pdfhttp://www.centerforhealthyhousing.org/stair_safety.pdfOSHA 29 CFR 1926, Construction Industry RegulationsEuropean standard EN ISO 14122Ongevallen en Bewegingen in Nederland 2000-2005Centers for disease control and prevention CDC-NIOSH 2004Veiligheid en toegankelijkheid van gebouwen WTCB-Dossiers dec. 2005Occupational Safety & Health Administration US OSHASafety Presentation Stairways by; Michael Perdome Alberta Construction Safety Association SWPSUVAPRO working safetyInspectapedia; building code guidePeriodiek keuring van looproosters, bordessen, trappen en leuning; AM GentRetail and Fast Food; Controlling OHS Hazards and Risks Slips Trips and FallsGuide to preventings slips, trips and falls; queensland GovernementSlips, trips and falls; ACTOccupational Health&SafetyWork area safety checklist; CERN Physics DepartmentNational Safety Council US 2006

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