Name ______________________________________________________ Period ___________ Date ___________________ EOC Review Part 1 Graphing, Lab Safety, Microscopes, Scientific Method, Characteristics of Life Graphing You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data are below. Graph these data using an appropriate scale and label the X and Y axes with the appropriate variables.

Breathing rate Temperature 19/min 05 deg C 25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C

What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What happens to breathing rate with increase in temperature? What would be a good control for this experiment? How was breathing rate measured? What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more? What are some elements that you would want to hold constant during the study? In general, what kind of data are best shown as a pie chart? A bar graph? A line graph? Lab Safety and Microscope Use What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria? Why must care be used when working with bacteria? What does the symbol to the right symbolize?

What should you always wear when around chemicals in the lab (think eyeballs)?

If an accident happens in the lab, what should you do first? How do you determine the magnification of the field of view for a microscope? What objective (or magnification) do you start with when looking at something under the microscope? Scientific Method Describe the steps involved with the scientific method. What is the difference between an inference, a hypothesis, and a theory? Why do scientists repeat experiments? Give an example of a hypothesis in “if/then” format that could be tested in the classroom. Characteristics of Life Describe the 9 characteristics that are shared by all living things (remember: DOG’S REACH). Why are viruses not considered to be biologically alive? What are some of the ways that living things use energy? What is homeostasis? What element makes all things organic? What are acids and bases? What is a buffer?

EOC Review Part 2 Physical and Chemical Basis of Life

Basic chemistry What are chemical bonds? What are the major types? What do the lines between chemical symbols represent? What are valence electrons and how are they involved in bonding? Use the diagram to the right to answer the following four questions: Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest at first (left or right)? If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first (left or right)? If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they diffuse? Why? In osmosis, water moves from an area of ____________________ to an area of ____________________ water concentration. (Fill in with the word “higher” or “lower”) Which way will water move in each of the following situations (into or out of the cell):

a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%.

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. Complete the table:

Passive Transport Active Transport

Requires energy?

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?

Examples

Macromolecules Complete the tables: Macromolecul Function(s) Monomer Examples

es

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Specific Molecule Specific Function(s)

Glucose

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Enzymes

Insulin

Hemoglobin

DNA

mRNA What are some of the functions of the proteins and other molecules found in the cell membrane? What is the function of hormones? How do hormones travel throughout a body?

EOC Review Part 3 Cellular Basis of Life What does the term “membrane-bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in? What are the three parts of cell theory?

What is the function of the cell membrane? Complete the table below. Cell Part Structure Description Function

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Cell wall

Mitochondrion

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Ribosome

Flagellum

Which organelles/structures are found only in animal cells? Which organelles/structures are found only in plant cells? What organelle is very plentiful in muscle cells in order to provide the energy for movement?

Put the following in order from smallest (1) to largest (4): Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues _____ _____ _____ _____ What are the reactants and products for each of these? Process Reactant(s) Product(s)

Photosynthesis Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

What are the three steps to aerobic respiration? Give some examples of what ATP energy is used for. Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide). A)

6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

B) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 What happens during anaerobic cellular respiration? Describe the structure and function of enzymes, and explain their importance in biological systems. Explain the importance of the shape of an enzyme. How do extreme pH and temperature extremes affect enzymes? (What is denaturation?) All (save for a few) enzymes end in what suffix? Label the picture (right) with the following enzymatic reaction: Substrate, Product(s), Enzyme-substrate complex, Enzyme In the first graph, at what temperature does the enzyme work best? At what temperature does this enzyme start to denature? How can you tell? In the second graph, which enzyme (X or Y) would be used in acidic conditions, and how can you tell?

EOC Review Part 4 Continuity of Life Cell Cycle Look at the diagram of the cell cycle. When does the duplication of DNA occur? What is this phase called? What do G1 and G2 represent? Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)?

What is cancer? Compare the characteristics between mitosis and meiosis:

MITOSIS MEIOSIS Type of reproduction (asexual or sexual)?

Chromosome number of parent cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

Number of cell divisions

Number of cells produced

When does replication happen?

Put the following stages of the cell cycle (mitosis) in order, then name them.

How many chromosomes do humans have in…

Body cells?

Sex cells?

What does diploid mean? What does haploid mean?

During meiosis, when does crossing over take place?

DNA and Protein Synthesis Describe the structure of the DNA molecule (its shape, what it’s made of).

For the single DNA strand below, what do the black pentagons represent? What kinds of bonds hold the complementary bases together? Why is it important that these bonds be weak? For the above DNA strand, write the complementary DNA nucleotide sequence.

If the DNA strand above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? What is a codon? Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.

RNA DNA

Sugar

Bases

Strands

Location in cell

Function(s)

What kind of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? How does this affect the mRNA? How can this affect translation? How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

EOC Review Part 5 Patterns of Inheritance (Genetics) What does it mean when a trait is dominant? What does it mean when a trait is recessive?

What does it mean if a trait is codominant? What does it mean if a trait is incompletely dominant? What does “polygenic” mean? (and give some examples)

What are the sex chromosomes in males? In Females? In the Punnett square to the right, T = tall and t = short. Give the genotype T t of the parents.

T

What are all the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? t What is the genotypic ratio of the possible offspring? What is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? What environmental factors might affect the expression of theses for height?

In the Punnett square to the right, do a cross of a trait showing intermediate characteristics: cross a pure-breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (WW) and give the genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring

If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and show the cross. (Remember, alleles for blood are IA, IB, and i)

What are the odds that they will have a child with type A blood? What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?

A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain. Hemophilia and colorblindness are examples of sex-linked disorders. What chromosome are these genes found on?

TT Tt

Tt tt

Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia and a normal male. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia? What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? Why are males more likely to have an X-linked disorder? Who (mother/father) is likely to give them the bad gene? Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use a Punnett square and the letters A and a to explain your answer. Explain Mendel's Law of Segregation. Explain Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

What is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left?

What is the disorder that this person has?

What is the inheritance pattern (autosomal v. sexlinked, dominant v. recessive) shown by this pedigree to the right? How do you know? Using the letters “A” and “a,” what is the genotype of person II4? What is the genotype of person I3?

EOC Review Part 6 Patterns of Inheritance (Biotechnology and Evolution) Biotechnology To the right is an electrophoresis gel showing evidence from a rape case. Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer.

If the longest fragments are at the top of the gel, where is the positive charge? Because DNA has a__________ (+ or - ?) charge, which way will it go in a gel? Which size fragments move the fastest? Explain why this leads to bands in the gel. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful? What are the goals of the Human Genome Project, and what can it be used for? What is a restriction enzyme?

Look at the picture to the left, which describes the process of altering bacteria to produce human insulin. What is the value of this recombinant DNA technology?

What is a transgenic organism?

Evolution Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection: (1)Individuals differ, and some of these differences can be inherited. Where do the differences

come from? (2)Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Whydon’t all survive? (3)The most fit organisms pass on their heritable traits to their offspring. What does “fit” mean?

In the table below, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution: Importance to evolutionary theory

Understanding of geology (changes in the earth)

Malthus’ ideas about population growth

Anatomical comparisons Patterns in fossil evidence

Lamarck’s ideas about inheritance of acquired characteristics

Biochemical comparisons (DNA and proteins

The role of variations The role of sexual reproduction

The role of geographic isolation

The importance of the environment Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations? What are homologous structures? Name two body parts in two different animals that are homologous. What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans. What is geographic isolation? What is reproductive isolation? Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from? What is speciation? Describe how a population of insects can become resistant to a pesticide.

EOC Review Part 7

Unity and Diversity of Life, Ecological Relationships Classification

What is the current eight-level classification system? (DKPCOFGS) What is binomial nomenclature? Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. Characteristics

Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

Multicellular or Unicellular

Autotrophic, heterotrophic or

both

Cell walls? Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria.

Explain what vaccines do to the immune system. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. What is the vector? What are the symptoms? Complete the following Chart of Animal Behavior.

Type of Behavior

Explanation of Behavior

Suckling

Phototaxis

Migration

Estivation

Hibernation

Habituation

Imprinting Classical

Conditioning

Trial and Error

Pheromones

Courtship Dances

Territoriality Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)? Which of the above behaviors are learned? Ecology How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes relate to each other? What is a habitat? What is a niche? In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships. Relationship Who benefits? Example

Mutualism Commensalism

Parasitism What is carrying capacity? List at least 3 biotic factors and 3 biotic factors in an environment. How does photosynthesis and aerobic respiration relate to the carbon cycle? Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What effects might increase atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?

What are the producers in the food web to the right?

What are the primary consumers? What are the secondary consumers? What is the highest level consumer in this food web? What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? What is a food chain? Give an example of one from this food web. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain (label the pyramid to right) using the following organisms: leaves → insects → birds → redfox → bear Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy in this pyramid? What happens to the amount of energy as it moves through the food chain/web? Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves. Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. What is the role of composers in an ecosystem? What are the effects of bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of pesticides on a food web? Compare logistic growth and exponential growth. Explain the effect of population size (think humans, introduced species, etc.) on the environment. How do increases in human populations affect populations of other organisms?

What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment?