Basics of Natural Gas for Transportation Piedmont Triad Regional Council

Lunch & Learn--May 21, 2015 Rick Sapienza

NC Clean Energy Technology Center NC State University

Graphic: Utah State University

• Created in 1988 • Part of the College of Engineering at

NC State University • Clearinghouse for information,

training, technical assistance, deployment, demonstration and applied research

• Example programs: solar, wind, industrial efficiency, renewable energy policy and clean transportation

“The North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center advances a sustainable energy economy by educating, demonstrating and providing support for clean

energy technologies, practices, and policies.”

Topics • What is Natural Gas? • Compared to Petroleum Fuels • Benefits • Issues/Concerns • Fueling Options/Solutions • Vehicle Applications and Availability • Case Studies/Success Stories • Resources

What is Natural Gas? • Mostly methane--CH4 • Natural gas is a fossil fuel like

petroleum and coal • Comes from traditional oil & gas

wells, shale fracturing process, non-conventional—biomass

• Low carbon-hydrogen ratio fuel—cleaner burning

Graphic: Wikipedia

NG Compared to Petroleum Fuels • NG lighter than air • NG gaseous state at ambient

temperature and pressure—lower energy density

• Higher octane (130) than gasoline allows for higher compression ratios—increased power and fuel economy

• Due to combustibility, lower compression rations than diesel

Energy Densities • Because of lower

energy density NG compressed or liquefied for transportation applications

• CNG 3,600 psi • LNG -259oF

% Hydrogen % C

arbo

n

Benefits • Energy Security and

The US Economy • Safety • Cost • Reduced Emissions

Energy Security & The US Economy • 2014 Statistics from EIA and Oak

Ridge National Laboratory • US consumed 66% more

petroleum than produced • 71% of US petroleum used by

transportation • 92% of transportation energy

is petroleum • $750 million to $1.4 billion

leave the US economy every day

Energy Security & The US Economy • Continued 2014 Statistics

• EIA proven US natural gas reserves of more than 338 Trillion Cu-Ft

• US consumption approximately 26 Billion Cu-Ft

• 93% produced in US, 98+% produced in North America

• Natural gas only 3% of transportation energy (150,000 US, 15.2 Million World Wide)

Safety • Due to high ignition temperature (1070oF) it is safer than

gasoline (475oF) and diesel (420oF) • NG is non-carcinogenic. It has no known toxic or

physiological effects. • NG is lighter than air. It will dissipate in a spill. • NG is not corrosive. • NG will not contaminate soil or ground water. • Tanks are engineered to withstand severe conditions. They

are designed to leak before they break. • In case of high temperature exposure, thermal activated

pressure relief.

Costs

Decoupling of NG and Petroleum Source: CALSTATRT NFAF I&E Presentation April 2015

Costs

Gasoline Diesel CNG

Sources:

http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/

http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pecss_diagram.cfm

NGV America, S. Yborra; CALSTART NAFA I&E April 2015, B. Van Amburg

30%

10%

48%

12%

Natural Gas

Electricity

Costs

A doubling of the cost of natural gas, translates into a $0.50 increase at the pump.

Source: CALSTART NAFA I&E April 2015, B. Van Amburg

Issues/Concerns • Range limitations • Limited infrastructure (~1,000

public) • Upfront costs—vehicle and

stations (coming down) • Service support • Vehicle options (increasing) • Tanks are bulky and heavy • Service bay requirements and

costs

Fueling Options: Existing Pipeline

Source: www.eia.gov

• 2 Million miles of distribution & service lines

• 320,000 miles of transmission and gathering lines

Fueling Options: Time Fill • Tanks can be filled slowly to allow heat to dissipate • Time-fill typically takes 5-7 hours • Enables a full top-off fill • Maximizes range • Costs $50K to $500K Source: www.fuelsystemssolutions.com

Graphic: ANGI Energy Systems, Inc.

Fueling Options: Fast Fill • Cascading storage tanks • Fastest and most widely used dispensing system; allow for

quick fill to rated pressure • Can handle multiple dispensers • Costs $200K to $5 Million

Graphic: ANGI Energy Systems, Inc.

Fueling Solutions: Creativity • Utility/supplier capitalization • Modular portable and scalable

systems • Mobile systems • Truck stop partnerships • Vertical oil & gas (Shell slowing) • Fleet dedicated w/ public access • C-stores

Natural Gas Fueling Stations in NC • 26 public access CNG • 13 private CNG • 1 public access LNG

Natural Gas Fueling Stations in NC

Best Applications • High fuel usage • Centralized fleet • Access to fueling infrastructure • Industry adoption:

• Refuse (>60%) • Transit/School Bus (1995 BOS) • Freight/Delivery (UPS/FedEx) • Trades/Service (AT&T)

Options • Sources:

• OEM’s • Upfitters

• Types: • Dedicated, NG only • Bi-Fuel, NG or Gasoline • Dual fuel (HPDI), NG w/

diesel ignition—not available

LD Options • OEM:

• Dodge Ram 2500 (CNG, bi-fuel)

• Chevrolet/GM 2500 PU (CNG bi-fuel)

• Chevrolet/GM 2500 & 3500 Vans & Cutaway (CNG dedicated)

• Chevrolet Impala (CNG, bi-fuel)

• Honda Civic (CNG dedicated)

LD/MD Options • Upfitters:

• Altech-Eco (Ford F-Series and Transit)

• Baker Equipment (Chevrolet, GMC & Isuzu)

• IMPCO (Ford & GM) • LANDIRENZO (Ford & GM) • NatGasCar (Chrysler, Ford & GM) • PowerFuel CNG Systems (Ford) • Westport Wing (Ford F-Series and

Transit)

MD/HD Options

• ABC Companies • Autocar • Blue Bird • Capacity Trucks • Crane Carrier • El Dorado • Elgin • Freightliner • Gillig • Kalamar • MHC Kenworth

• Millennium Transit

• North American Bus Industries

• National Bus Sales • Navistar • New Flyer • Peterbilt • Schwarze • Thomas Built • Trolley Enterprises • Tymco • Volvo trucks N.A

OEM’s: School Bus, Transit, Shuttle, Coach, Refuse, Sweeper, Tractor, Vocational, and Yard Spotter

MD/HD Engine Options • Ford 6.8L V10 • GM 6.0L & 8.0L V8 • Cummins ISL G 8.9L • Cummins ISX 12G • Cummins ISB 6.7 (development) • Source One (ESI) 7.6L Phoenix?? • Doosan 11L Repower (limited) • Westport & Volvo 15L HPDI Dual

Fuel (on hold?)

Organizations Using NG in NC • Waste Management • Waste Industries • Ryder • Penske • City of Rocky Mount • City of Charlotte Solid Waste • BuildSense • Republic Industries • Norfolk Southern • McLeod Construction • EPES • ESI Transport • AT&T • City of Asheville • All Bright Sanitation

• City of Charlotte • City of Greensboro • City of Hendersonville • City of Raleigh • Frito-Lay Transportation • God Bless the USA Inc • Henderson County • Mission Health • Mountain Mobility • Public Service North Carolina • Town of Chapel Hill • Town of Garner • UNC Ashville • Cape Fear Public Transit

Case Study: Waste Industries Motivation tied to mission statement:

To grow and to prosper through the efficient and responsible utilization of our resources while providing our customers with cost-effective, responsive and environmentally sound solutions to their solid waste management needs.

Case Study: Waste Industries • Phase 1:

• Durham facility, 19 CNG refuse haulers and 1 service vehicle, 31 hose time fill w/ emergency 15 minute fill capability

• Cost $8 Million • Payback 39 months

• Current Fleet: 170 CNG refuse haulers at 4 sites • With current prices estimated fuel savings of >$150,000 per

month • Payback period for all projects between 39 and 48 months • Future plans: Continue where it makes sense

Case Study: Lee Summit R-7 District • Fleet: 149 buses, 46 duty vehicles, 4 special needs vans. • Motivation: High cost of gasoline and diesel, volatility of fuel

costs, age of fleet and pollution. • Fuels considered: Hybrid, electric and propane. • Deciding factors: Cost of commodity, predictability of fuel cost,

cost of conversation, green solution.

Case Study: Lee Summit R-7 District • Phase I:

• 106 Type A and D new CNG school buses. • Conversion of 12 service trucks and vans. • 4 new all electric delivery trucks.

• Fueling execution: 10-year contract with Clean Energy @ $1.67/GGE. Clean Energy capitalizes cost of station with $0.40/GGE up charge included in $1.67/GGE. Public access station with royalties paid to Lee’s Summit for outside sales. Lee’s Summit owns station at end of 10-years.

• Funding: ARRA grant $330,000, Federal Fuel Rebate $0.50 per gallon, Royalty on public fuel sales, redirected fuel and maintenance savings $10.2 million over 10 years .

Case Study: Lee Summit R-7 District

• Future Plans: • Additional 33 new CNG school buses

in FY16/FY20/FY22. Total of 139 out of 149 to CNG within 10 years.

• Convert an additional 34 trucks and vans in FY16/FY18.

• Goal: 96% CNG fleet usage from 90% diesel.

Resources • NC Clean Transportation Buyer’s Book:

http://cleantransportationbuyersbook.weebly.com/ • U.S. DOE- Alt. Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center:

www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc • U.S. DOE CNG Fuel station locator:

www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas.html • NGV America: www.ngvc.org/ • CNG Now: www.cngnow.com/EN-US/Pages/default.aspx • Cummins Westport Natural Gas Academy:

http://www.cumminswestport.com/natural-gas-academy • DOE NG VICE 2.0 Cash Flow Modeling Tool:

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vice_model/ • Natural Gas Fleet Savings Calculator: https://www.aga.org/natural-gas-

fleet-savings-calculator

North Carolina State University NC Clean Energy Technology Center

Clean Transportation Program cleantransportation@ncsu.edu www.cleantransportation.org

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