Alan and lsabella Livingston

Graphic Design and Designers

504 illustrations, 58 in colour

Thames a Hudson world or

...

Contents

6 A reader's guide to the use of this book

7 Subject index

12 The dictionary

232 The evolution of graphic design

236 Bibliography

238 Sources of illustrations

Subject index Art Directors Agha, Mehemed Fehmy Brodovitch, Alexey Fleckhaus, Willy Golden, William Hurlburt, Allen Klein, Lou Liberman, Alexander Lois, George Morris, Talwin Paul, Arthur Pineles, Cipe Rand, Michael Silverstein, Louis Storch, Otto Wolf, Henry

Design Studios1 Advertising Agencies 8vo Ayer, N.W.& Son Beggarstaff Brothers,

The Chermayeff & Geismar

Inc. Cook and Shanosky

Associates Design Research Unit

(DRU) Designers Republic,The Doyle Dane Bernbach Fuel Gottschalk + Ash

International Grapus Hard Werken Hipgnosis Johnson Banks LeWitt-Him M&Co Me Company Mendell & Oberer Mevis + van Deursen Minale, Tattersfield

& Partners MIM Odermatt & Tissi Partners, The Pentagram Push Pin Studio RambowILienemeyerl

van de Sand

Reverb Thompson, J.Walter Tomato Total Design Trickett & Webb Why Not Associates Wiener Werksette Wolff Olins

Graphic Artists1 Illustrators Bawden, Edward Beardsley, Aubrey Blechman, R. 0. Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Crane, Walter Davis, Paul Depero, Fortunato Erte Flagg, James

Montgomery Folon, Jean-Michel Fougasse Franqois, Andre Fraser, Claud Lovat Fraser, Eric Grosz, George Hardy, Dudtey Klimowski, Andrzej Leyendecker, Joseph

Christian Mackmurdo, Arthur

Heygate Mills, Russell Nash, Paul Pyle, Howard Ravilious, Eric Rockwell, Norman Rossetti, Dante Gabriel shah;, Ben Steinberg, Saul Stone, Reynolds Toorop, Jan Walker, Frederick

Graphic Designers1 Typographers Adigard, Erik Aicher, Ot l Aldridge, Alan Allner, Walter H. Arsovski, Mihajlo

Ash, Stuart Awazu, Kiyoshi Bailey, Dennis Ball, Harvey Ballmer, Theo Ballmer, Walter Barnbrook, Jonathan Baron, Fabien Bass, Saul Bayer, Herbert Beall, Lester Beck, Henry C. Beeke, Anthon Behrens, Peter Bell, Nick Berlewi, Henryk Bierut, Michael Bill, Max Binder, Joseph Birdsall, Derek Bittrof, Max Boom, lrma Bradley, Will Brattinga, Pieter Bretteville, Sheila

Levrant de Brody, Neville Brownjohn, Robert Brun, Donald Bubbles, Barney Burtin, Will Caflisch, Max Carson, David Casey, Jacqueline Cassandre, A. M. Cato, Ken Chwast, Seymour Cieslewicz, Roman Cohen, Elaine Lustig Cooper, Muriel Crouwel, Wim Danziger, Louis Delaunay, Sonia DiSpigna,Tony Distefano, Juan Carlos Dorfsman, Lou Druckrey, lnge Dumbar, Gert Dwiggins, William

Addison Eckersley,Tom Eckmann, Otto

Subject index Edelrnann, Heinz contrnued Eksell, Olle

Elffers, Dick Facetti, Gerrnano Farrow, Mark Feder~co, Gene Fe~n~nger, Lyonel Fella, Edward FIII, Louise F~or, Robin F~ore, Quent~n Fletcher, Alan Forbes, Colin Fraser, June Freedman, Barnett Fr~edman, Daniel Froshaug, Anthony Fukuda, Sh~geo Games, Abram Garland, Ken Garrett, Malcolm Ge~smar,Tom Gelssbuhler, Steff Gentlemah, Dav~d Gerstner, Karl GIII, Bob Glust~, George Glaser, Milton Goffin, Josse Gorham, John Gray, Mllner Gre~man, April Grignani, Franco Haggerty, M ~ c k Harak, Rudolph de Harder, Rolf Havinden, Ashley Heartfield, John Henrion, E H. K. Herdeg, Walter Hillman, David H~llmann, Hans Hlavsa, Oldrich Hofmann, Armin Huber, Max Huszar,Vilmos Image, Selwyn Ish~oka, E~ko Itten,johannes Jacobson, Egbert Jones,Terry Kalman, Tibor

Kamekura,Yusaku Kauffer, Edward

McKn~ght Keaney, S~obhan Keedy, jeffery Keller, Ernst Kepes, Gyorgy K~nne~r,jock K~tch~ng, Alan Kl~rnt, Gustav Kneebone, Peter Kner, Albert Kurlansky, Mervyn Larnb~e-Na~rn, Mart~n Landor, Walter Leck, Bart van der Leu, Olaf L~cko, Zuzana L~enemeyer, Gerhard L~onn~, Leo L~ssltzky, Lazar El Lodge, Bernard Lubal~n, Herb Lupton, Ellen Lust~g, Alvln McConnell, John McCoy, Kather~ne and

M~chael McDonald, Edward Machado, Joao Maeda, John Male, W ~ l l y Maks de Makela, P Scott Manwar~ng, M~chael Mar~scal, Jav~er Massey,John Mass~n, Robert Matter, Herbert Matth~es, Holger Mau, Bruce M~ller, J. Abbott Modley, Rudolf Moholy-Nagy, Laszlb Monguzz~, Bruno Moser, Kolornan Muller, Rolf Muller-Brockmann,

Josef Munar~, Bruno Naga~, Kazumasa Neuburg, Hans Noorda, Bob

Oberer, Klaus Odgers, Jayme Oliver,Vaughan Parrish, Maxfield Peckolick, Alan Peret (Pere Torrent) Peters, Michael Pfund, Roger Piatti, Celestine Pintori, Giovanni Pirtle, Woody Rand, Paul Ray, Man Reid,jamie Ricketts, Charles de

Sousy Roch, Ernst Rock, Michael Rodchenko, Alexander Rogers, Bruce Roling, Marte Roller, Alfred Rosenwald, Laurie Ruder, Emil Riiegg, Ruedi Runyan, Robert Miles Sagmeister, Stefan Sand, Michael van de Sandberg, Willern Saville, Peter

. Scher, Paula Schleger, Hans (Zero) Schmidt, Joost Schmoller, Hans Schuitema, Paul Schwaruman, Arnold Schwitters, Kurt Solomon, Barbara

Stauffacher Spencer, Herbert Spiekermann, Erik Stankowski, Anton Stoecklin, Niklaus Sussman, Deborah Sutnar, Ladislav Swift, lan Tanaka, lkko Tattersfield, Brian Teige, Karel Telingater, Solomon Testa, Armando Thompson, Bradbury

Tissi, Rosmarie Toorn,Jan van Tscherny, George Tschichold, Jan Valicenti, Rick VanderLans, Rudy Velde, Henry Clemens

van de Vermeulen, Rlck Vignelli, Masslmo Vivarelll, Carlo L. Weingart, Wolfgang Widmer, Jean Wright, Edward Wunderlich, Gert Wurman, Rlchard Saul Wyman, Lance Yokoo, Tadanor~ Zwart, Piet

MovementslStyles Ar t Deco

A r t Worker's Guild Aspen International

Design Conference

Talbot, William Henry Fox

Warde, Beatrice Ar t Nouveau Arts and Crafts

Movement Chap Book Style Constructivism Cubism Dada De Stijl Futurism International

Typographic Style

Assoc~atlon Typographlque Internat~onale

(ATYP~) Bauhaus Century Gulld Chartered Soclety of

Deslgners (CSD) Deslgn and lndustr~ks

Assoclatlon (DIA) Deslgn Counc~l Deslgners and Art

D~rectors Assoc~atlon

Deutscher Werkbund Double Crown Club Federal A r t Project

(FAP) Federal Des~gn

Poster Art ists Aleksiun, Jan Jaromir Auriol, Georges Bernhard, Lucian Berthon, Paul Bonnard, Pierre Carlu, Jean Cheret, Jules Colin, Paul

Jugendstil ModernismJModern

Movement New Typography New Wave New York School Plakatstil Pop Ar t post-modernism Private Press

Cooper, Austin Erdt, Hans Rudi Gipkens, Julius Grasset, Eugene Hassall, John Hohlwein, Ludwig Klinger, Julius Leete, Alfred Lenica, Jan

journalslMagazines Advertising Arts Ark Commercial Art Design Emigre

Eye Fleuron, The Fortune Fuse Gebrauchsgraphik Graphis

Improvement Leupin, Herbert Loesch, Uwe Mlodozeniec, Jan Mucha, Alphonse Newbould, Frank Nicholson, Sir William Orazi, Emmanuel Penfield, Edward Pryde, James Purvis, Tom

Movement Psychedelia Punk Suprematism

Program ICOGRADA IS0 Pira Royal Designers for

Industry (RDI) Ulm Hochschule fur

Gestaltung ,

Surrealism Vienna Secession Vorticism

National Summaries Harper's Bazaar American graphic O the r Influential Quernec, Alain Le

Reed, Ethel Rhead, Louis Savignac, Raymond

Idea i-D I.D. Merz New Graphic Design

design British graphic design Dutch graphic design French graphic design

Figures . Albers,Josef Apollinaire, Guillaume Beddington, Jack Stankiewicz, Eugeniusz

German graphic design Japanese graphic design Swiss StylelSwiss

graphic design

Doesburg,Theo van Gray,Nicolette Gropius, Walter Hoffmann, Josef ~

Starowieyski, Franciszek (Jan Byk)

Steinlen, Theophile- Alexandre

Swierzy, Waldemar Taylor, Fred Tomaszewski, Henryk Toulouse-Lautrec,

Henri de Troxler, Niklaus Villemot, Bernard

Octavo Pan Penrose Annual, The Poster, The. Savoy, The Studio, The Jypographica

Typography U&k Ver Sacrum

Jones, Owen Organizations1 SocietieslSchools Alliance Graphique

lnternationale (AGI)

Katsumie, Masaru Lewis,Wyndham Loewy, Raymond Mackintosh, Charles

American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA)

Art Directors Club of New York

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society

Rennie Marinetti, Filippo

Tommaso Muybridge, Eadweard Neurath, Otto Pick, Frank

Vogue Yellow Book, The

Subject index continued

PrinterslPrivate PressesIPublishers Ashendene Press Cranach Press Curwen, Harold Deberny & Peignot Doves Press

Eragny Press Golden Cockerel Press Kelmscott Press Lane, Sir Allen Mardersteig. Giovanni

(Hans) Mason, John Henry Meynell, Sir Francis Morris, William Newdigate, Bernard Nonesuch Press Officina Bodoni Simon, Oliver Updike. Daniel Berkeley Vale Press Vinne, Theodore Lowe

de Walker, Emery Werkman, Hendrik N.

Technical Informat ion A, B, C system of

standard paper sizes Adobe Systems

Incorporated airbrush alphabet ampersand Anglo-American Point

System animation antique paper appearing size Apple Macintosh (Mac)

Computer Arabic numerals art paper artwork, art, alw ascender asymmetric typography author's corrections backslanted bank paper

bar chardgraph bar code

(Optical Bar Code Recognition, OBR)

binding methods Black Letter bleed blind embossed body matterltext

body type bold, bold face bond paper book face border caliper calligraphy cameo camera-ready cartridge paper cast-coated paper casting-off CDIROM Chancery ItaliclScript chromolithography coated paper collage collotype colophon composition size computer computer-aided design

(CAD) computer graphics computer input device computer I10 (input1

output) device computerized

composition1 typesetting

computer languages computer output device computer terminal condensed copperplate printing copyfitting corporate identity daguerrotype,

daguerreotype descender design manual desktop publishing

PTP)

diagram Didot Point System digitization DIN display matterlsetting display size dot-matrix printer drop cap Egyptian em embossing en endmatter expandedlextended fat face filmsetting finished art(work) flexography flow chardflow diagram folio font (UK), fount (US) founder'slfoundry type four colour process Fraktur frontmatter full colour GIM D, U Gothic

graph graphic design graphics tablet grid Grotesque halftone halftone process Hart's Rules hot metal composition house style ideogramlgraph imitation art paper imposition imprint lnformation Graphic

Design ink-jet printer inline intaglio lnternet ISBN lsotype italic justified

kern kerning laid paper lamination

PC (Personal swash characters symbol symmetric typography tabular work trademark

Renner, Paul Trump, Georg Wolpe, Berthold Zapf, Hermann

Computer) perfect binding photocomposition photoengraving photogram

laser printer Latin layout Letraset letterpress

transitional type Typefaces Albertus Baskerville Bell Bembo Bodoni Caslon Old Face Century Cheltenham Clarendon Cooper Black Didot Folio Franklin Gothic Futura

photogravure photolithography Photo-Mechanical

TransferIPMT Photoshop Pica, Pica em

type typeface typeface classification type family ligature

lining numerals/figures linocut Linotype literals lithography logotype loose-leaf binding lower case ~ud low Type

Composing Machine

type-height (height-to-paper)

type mark-up (TMU) type measurement type nomenclature

pictogramlgraph pie graphlchart planographic point typographer

typography U&lc, Ullc unjustified upper case

prelims printer's flowers printer's ornament proof correction marks quad machine-coated paper Venetian Garamond

Haas Grotesque Helvetica Imprint Ionic

machine-finished paper machine-glazed paper majuscules

quadlquadrat QuarkXPress quarto quire

Venn diagram Vox Classification of

Typefaces windows measure

mechanical rag paper RAM (Random Access

Memory) ranged leftlragged right ranged righdragged left

woodcut Microgramma Optima Perpetua Plantin Rockwell Template Gothic Times New Roman Univers

Mechano-Faktura (Theory of)

MlCR minuscules Modern Face

wood engraving wove paper WYSlWYG X-height

ream modern figures Monoline Monotype mouse

rebus relief printing ROM (Read Only

Memory) Roman

Typeface Designers Benton, Morris Fuller Burns, Aaron . Carter, Mathew Cooper, Oswald Excoffon, Roger Frere-Jones, Tobias Frutiger, Adrian Gill, Eiic Goudy, Frederic W. Hoefler, Jonathan johnston, Edward Koch, Rudolf

non-lining numerals1 figures

OBR OCR offset litholoffset

photolithography old facelold style old style

numeralslfigures optical spacing1

Roman numerals saddle-stitching sans serif screen printing script section-sewn binding serif set shaded letter side-stitching signage silk screen process slab serif

Krimpen; Jan van optically even LettError

Middleton, Robert Hunter

Morison, Stanley Arthur

spacing ornament Outline letter Paintbox Pantone System

small capitals solarization stress

Novarese, Aldo Reiner, lmre paper sizes