Semester 2 Grammer Book

Lola Cox

Table Of Contents

 Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenseso Presento Pasto Present perfect irregularso Subjunctive perfecttanto y tan Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. ConocerLos Mandatos Informal/Formalo Affirmative

o Negativeo Irregularo DOP + IOP placementNosotros commando -mono verbsSubjunctive + irregularso Trigger phrases   □ Impersonal expressions   □ Expressions of emotion   □ Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Conditional

Could, should, would• Formed like the future

-infinitive+ending• Endings

-ía - íamos- ías- ía - ían

Irregular

Caber cabr-Haber habr-Poder podr-Querer querr-Saber sabr-Poder pondr-

Tener tendr-Valer valdr-Venir vendr-Decir dir-Hacer har-Salir saldr-

Present Perfect

• Haber + past participle• AR: -ado• ER/IR: - ido• True in past, will be true in present• Action completed more recently• To say “have done” or “have not

done”

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Abrir - abierto• Cubrir – cubierto • Decir - dicho• Escribir - escrito• Hacer – hecho• Morir - muerto• Poner - puesto• Resolver - resulto• Romper - roto• Ver - visto• Volver – vuelto • Ir - ido

Past Perfect

• When you have or had done something in the past

• Había• Habías• Había• Habíamos• Habían• ^ + verb = past perfect

Perfect Subjunctive

• Shows action is completed with present / future tense verbs

• Haber + past participle• Haya• Hayas• Haya• Hayamos• Hayan

Tanto y Tan

• Use “tan” or “tanto” and “…como”• Tan = “as ____ as”• Tanto = “as much ____ as”• Tan -> adjectives, adverbs• Tanto -> nouns, verbs, amounts

Impersonal Se

• Used to avoid specifying a subject• Use the verb in the 3rd person • “Se+verb+______”

Saber vs. Conocer

• Saber = facts• Conocer = people, places, etc.

• “Yo se que estoy muriendo”• “Yo conozeco el libro ‘Tess of the

D’urbervilles’ es terible.”

Informal Commands

• Conjugation+: same as the usted form• Conjugation-: drop ending, add

opposite + ‘s’• TVDISHES -> irregular• IOP / DOP – do not attach to negative,

but throw it on to the positive

• Hablalo (+) / No lo hables (-)

Formal Commands

• Conjugation+: yo form -> opposite ending

• Conjugation-: yo form -> opposite ending

• Plural+-: add an ‘n’ to the end• DOP/IOP: attach to affirmative, don’t

with negative• Hable (+) / no hablen (-)

Nosotros Commands

• Opposite endings of the ‘nosotros’ section

• Hablamos -> hablemos• Mono verbs:– Reflexives, drop the “s” and add the

“nos”– Hablemos -> Hablemonos

Subjunctive

• Conjugation: yo form -> add –o -> add opposite ending

• Used for opinion, uncertainty, possibility, and attitudes

• TVDISHES are irregular• Use with expressions “que”

subjunctive

Subjunctive Irregulars

• TVDISHES are irregular• Dar -> dé, des, dé, demos• Hay -> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos• Car, gar, zar’s: same as always

Trigger Phrases

• The impersonal expressions – “Es bueno que” “Es malo que”– Show desire, need, advice, etc.

• Expressions of emotions– “Alegrarse de que..” “Sentirse que..”– Show joy, sadness, fear, etc.

• Conjunctions of time– “Cuando..” “Hasta que..”– Habitual or in the past

Demonstrative Adjectives

• Este/esta – this• Ese/esa – that• Aquel/aquella – that (over there)• Estos/estas – these• Esos/esas – those• Aquellos/aquellas – those (over there)• Used to talk about which of what

you’re talking about