Grammar Www Hayeren Com Ar

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Grammar Menu

GrammarIntroduction

1. Present Tense2. Noun Suffixes, Plurals3. Possessive Adjectives and Articles4. Imperfect Tense5. Of/To suffixes, post-positions6. Command forms, personal pronouns7. Future Tense, animate objects8. Past Perfect9. From Suffixes, comparatives10. Simple Past11. With/by suffixes, K-future12. Let's, Verbal Adjectives, Clauses
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Grammar Introduction

Language is a skill. It's learned through practice.Like playing tennis or baseball, you can know therules better than a referee, but in order to be a goodplayer you need practice.

Grammar is just a fancy name for the rules andpatterns of a language. While knowing rules can beuseful and interesting, speaking a language is less

about knowing the rules and more about using thesepatterns to communicate.

Fortunately, Eastern Armenian has relatively logicalrules and patterns.

At the early stages of language learning, memorizedwords and phrases are the quickest route to

communication. Later, those words and phrasescan serve as patterns for more complicatedcommunication.

This is a plain language grammar. Like a plainlanguage contract, it aims to use ordinary languageand concepts and to avoid specialized terminology.

These grammatical explanations do not purport tobe an exhaustive description of Armenian or aprescription for perfect Armenian. Rather they aresummary of the kinds of explanations we havefound to be useful guides for those learningArmenian.

The key to all learning is learning how to learn on

your own. This course aims to promote active use


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of the language and to cultivate independentlearning skills.

Speaking a language is first and foremost aboutcommunication. Like any skill, technique isimportant, but you won't improve your game unlessyou play. A language is learned through use. Sodon't be afraid to jump in and make yourselfunderstood in the best way you can with what youknow.

Communication vs. GrammarCompare the following:

Column 1 Column 21 She sees me. *She see I2 I see her. *I see she

3 Aram's book *Aram book4 Yesterday we played ball. *Yesterday we play ball5 We play ball everyday. *Me play ball

Look at the examples in the first column.

In Example 1, when the person looking is she wesay sees, but when the person looking is I, we say

see.

In Example 3, we say Aram's book instead ofAram book to show that the book belongs toAram.

In Example 4, we say played instead of playbecause the playing took place in the past.


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In some instances, we show these meanings withan ending (-s, 's, -ed), and in some instances withan entirely different word (I/me, she/her).

Now look at Column 2.

A native speaker of English would not say thesentences and phrases in Column 2, yet in alllikelihood would understood them without muchdifficulty. So the first goal of this imaginary non-native speaker has been achieved: communication.In short, most of communication is simply words andpatterns. Grammar is fine-tuning and polish.Non-native speakers can at best approximate anative speaker's language skills through many yearsof practice and immersion in a native environment.But they can communicate almost immediately.Building Blocks of Language

The basic building blocks of language aresentences. At the core of a sentence is the noun,which describes the subject or actor of thesentence, and the verb which describes thesubjects actual or hypothetical state or action at apoint in time: past, present, or future.

Nouns are often quite general, as are verbs. Toexpress more specific ideas, we can add adjectivesto nouns and adverbs to verbs. These are calledmodifiers or complements, since they modify orcomplete the meaning of a word.

Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas andanswer the questions: who or what?


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Sometimes nouns are replaced by pronouns, suchas he, him, she, her, they, them; hence the namepronoun a word that takes the place of a noun.

Verbs name real or hypothetical actions or states inthe present, past or future. They answer thequestions: what the subject does or is, did or was,will do or will be, could do or could be, should do orshould be.

Adjectives name qualities and answer the question:which or what kind of?Adverbs name manner, times, locations, purposes,causes and quantities, and answer the questions:when, where, why, how, how many?

N + V

Armenians play

Adj

N + V Adv

These Armenians play well

Adj

N + V +Complement

Adv

These Armenians play chess well

Some words are just nouns or verbs or justadjectives or adverbs. However, we often use anoun as an adjective, or an adjective as a noun, or averb as an adjective or an adjective as a verb, or anoun as an adverb or a verb.


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In English as in Armenian we show those changes inuse by adding prefixes and suffixes to the word.Sometimes we show these changes in functionthrough connecting or helping words, before or afterthe main word, called respectively, prepositions orpostpositions.

Moreover, sometimes we need to say somethingmore complex, so we use sentences to modify anoun or verb.

N V Adj. Adv.Armenians

are smart

N Adj. V Adj. Adv.Armenians

who liveinArmenia

are smart becausethey reada lot

The adjectival sentence who live in Armeniadescribes which Armenians, and the adverbialsentence because they read a lot describes whythey are smart.In summary:Words have a form and a function. They changetheir form when they change their function. InArmenian, as in English, nouns and verbs have themost forms and functions.


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1.1 The Verb to be:

I am, you are, s/he/it is, we are, you are, they are

Unlike many other languages you may have studied, inArmenian the verb to be is quite regular. It has 6 forms asfollows. You should just learn them like vocabulary items.

em

enk


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I am we are

es

you are

ek

you are

e

s/he, it is

en

they are

Just as we can tell in English that plays goes with s/he,because it ends in -s, or that am goes with I, the endings ofverbs in Armenian go with certain pronouns, for example,verb forms that end in -m go with I. Because the verbforms are distinct for each person and number, we usuallydon't use pronouns with verbs in Armenian, except foremphasis.

For Grammarians:

The root of the verb to be is -e- and the present endings areused for all present indicative forms. The third personsingular has a zero ending.

1.2 Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

The pronouns are as follows.

yes

menk


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I we

du

you

duk

you

na

s/he

nrank

they

Although Armenian is more conservative than English andhas kept a lot of endings (for example, for its verbs),Armenian is generally genderless and does not haveseparate forms for he, she and it. na, which meansthat one, is used for s/he.

Style Note:

In most common speech among family and friends, the -s ordu form is used when speaking to one person and the -k orduk form for speaking to more than one person.

As in other European languages, the plural is often used tospeak to one person as a sign of respect or politeness withstrangers.

1.3 Negatives: I am not, you are not . . .

The equivalent ofnot in Armenian is the prefix -ch-, which

comes from the Armenian word for no, voch .


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I am I am not

em chem

Note that s/he/it is not is often expressed as chi,rather than che.

1.4 I have, there are, I know

unem

I have

unenk

we have

unes

you have

unek

you have

uni

s/he/it has

unen

they have

Other related and similar verbs:

I do not have chunem . . .


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I know gitem . . .

I do not know chgitem

there is kathere is not ch-ka

there are kan

there are not ch-kan


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1.5 I write, read and speak Armenian.I'm writing, reading and speaking.

writing

grumem

enk

reading kartum

es

ek

speaking khosum

e

en

to write grel

writing grum

to read kartal

reading kartum

There are two primary kinds verbs: -el -and -al -verbs.Both form their -um - form the same way. The um-form means -ing. The -l -form of the verb means to

(as in to write or to read).

Style Note:For three monosyllabic verbs ending in al -, we don't use-um-for -ing. Instead we use -is .

talis giving

galis coming lalis crying


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1.6 Position in Sentence1 :

Hayeren grum em:I write Armenian.

2 :Hayeren grum es: Do you writeArmenian?3 :

Hayeren chem grum:I don't writeArmenian

4 :Hayeren es grum:

Are you writingArmenian?

5 , :Voch, angleren em grum:

No, I'm writingEnglish

As in English, the order of words sometimes changes inquestions and negative sentences, to indicate emphasis orthe focus of the sentence.In Armenian sentences, the position in front of the verb isthe focus of the sentence.

Example Position of -um formStatements:

grum em

before verb to be

Negatives: chem grum

after verb to be

Questions: inch es grum

after verb to be

Answers: ___ ___ em grum

after verb to be

1.7 Forming Questions

In Armenian the question mark ( ) is placed over the wordin question. In addition, the word in question, as the focusof the sentence, is placed before the verb.

- (focus) verb -


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2.1 Nouns

The Fabulous 8 - All-Purpose SuffixesArmenian nouns have a base or dictionary form. Tothis form we can add suffixes in order to change thenouns meaning or function.

To the base form we can add a number of suffixesthat change the noun from singular to plural, or

change its function from a noun into an adjective oradverb:

- -er plural

- -i of/to

- -its from

- -ov with/by

- -um in/at

In addition, we can add to most noun forms articlesthat make the noun more specific or less specific:

- - the

- -s my

- -t your


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In one way or another, all noun forms in Armenianare made of the base and some variation orcombination of these 8 suffixes.

base plural,

if any

function suffix,

if any

article,

specifier, if

any

Meaning

-er i, its, ov, um -s, -t, -

- , , , -, -, -

das -t your lesson

-

das -er - the lessons

- -

das -er -its from lessons - -


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2.2 Singular and Plural

The base form of most Armenian nouns issingular. Just as in English we add a suffix to makethe noun plural. In English there are several forms,-s or -es depending upon the last sound of theword: books but churches. Also, there are someminor exceptions, such asox/oxen and some quitedrastic exceptions: man/men.

For Grammarians:

The general rule is that singulars are made plural byadding the suffix er for one syllable words, or nerfor words of more than one syllable.

Singular Plural

das

lesson

daser

lessons

kaghak

city

kaghakner

cities

If the noun is a compound word whose last elementis a one-syllable noun, then it forms its plural with er -.


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Singular Plural

girkbook

grkerbooks

dasagirk

textbook

dasagrker

textbooks

For Grammarians:Disappearing Vowels:

You may have noticed that the -i- -- dropped out ofthe plural ofgirk . When unstressed, certainvowels in monosyllabic nouns are reduced to theneutral (and here unwritten) vowel -- --.

=> i girk => grker => u tun => tner

More for Grammarians:Elegant Plurals:About a dozen one-syllable nouns take the pluralform ner, because they originally ended in -n. InClassical Armenian these ended in -n, which was lostin the singular and resurfaces in the plural and inderived words, e.g. mountainous, lernayin .


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Base Form Plural Meaning

ler

mountain

lerner mountains

mat

fingermatner fingers

tor

grandchildtorner

grandchildr

en

mukmice

mkner mice

dzuk

fishdzkner fish

dur

door

drner doors

yez

oxyezner oxen

In about a half dozen instances, the plural is basedon a more elegant Classical Armenian form:

Base Form Plural Meaning


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mart

man

martik men, people

tikin

woman

tiknayk women,

ladies

kin

woman

kanayk women

terlord, owner

tiark lords,owners

paron

mister

paronayk gentlemen,

messrs.


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2.4 Two pair

Often in Armenian, the singular is used afternumbers rather than plural, as in the non-standardEnglish phrase - two pair.

:Yerku kuyr unem.I have two sisters. (literally, two sister)

2.5 Forming Adjectives and Adverbs from Nouns

There are three primary suffixes for making nounsinto adjectives or adverbs.

- -i of/to

- -its from

- -ov with/by

- -um in/at


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hayereni

adjective

- of/to the Armenian language

hayerenits

adverb

- translated from the Armenian

language

hayerenov

adverb

- explain by means ofthe

Armenian language

hayerenu

m

adverb

- there are in the Armenian

language . . .

. . .

3.1 Pronouns


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Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Instead of sayingAram plays chess, we can say, He plays chess. He is a pronoun.Although there are a variety of pronouns, their total number is under150 different words. While there are patterns in their forms, it isusually easiest just to treat them as if they were separate vocabularyitems.

3.2 I, my . . .

yes

I

im

my

du

you (sg)

ko

your (sg)

na

s/he

nra

his/her

da

it

dra

its

menk

we

mer

our

duk

you (pl)

dzer

your (pl)

nrank

they

nrants

their


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3.3 Two ways of saying, my and your

There are two ways of saying my book: girk-s or im girk (literally, the book of me).

The second places more emphasis on the my.

MoreEmphatic

anun-s

im anun

my name

anun-t*

ko anun

your name

*although written -d, this suffix is oftenpronounced -t.For Grammarians:

The suffixes --sand --t are usually only used with

the base form and after the --isuffixed form.Otherwise, my and your are expressed with imand ko. my book ofmy bookbut frommy book

withmy book inmy book


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3.4 The house of us = our house

The special suffixes --s and - -t are only used formy and your (sg). For all the rest, we use theending -.

nra tun

mer tun

dzer tun

nrants tun

Style Note:=> always after, and usually before vowels => nAs in English, where a is replaced byan beforevowels, in Armenian, the suffix --, which means

the is replaced by -n, always after and oftenbefore vowels.

the church our friend also

3.5 Proper Names: The Aram, The AnnaIn Armenian, we say My name isAram anun-s aram e, but aram danche: (literally -The Aramis not home). : ani-n dan che: (literally -The Aniis not

home- note that the suffix - -became - -n afterthe vowel at the end ofAni).


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For Grammarians:Actually, the suffix was -n in Classical Armenian, andlater the -n was dropped, but the -remained.

This was part of a three-fold distinction in Armenianthat still exists in part in English:this = the one by me - -sthat = the one by you - -tyon = the one by him/her - -n


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4.1 I was, you were . . .

The verb to be in the past tense, I was, you were isas follows:

I was

ei

We were eink

You were

eir

You were

eik

He/she/it

was

er

They were

ein

As in the present, the root is e and the suffixes aredistinct for each subject pronoun.

4.2 I had, I knew, there was

I had

unei

We had

uneink

You knew

giteir

You knew

giteik

There was

kar

There were

kayin

For Grammarians:


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While the endings are the same, the -e- sound in thepast is written with -, for all verbs, except the verbto be.

4.3 I was writing, reading, speakinggrum

eieink

Iwas writing

Wewere writing

kartum

eireik

You (sg)were reading

You (pl)were reading

khosum

er

ein

S/he/itwas speaking

Theywere speakingAs in the present, the negative and question formsare usually inverted:I was writing, I used to write - I wasn't writing -

What were you writing? :


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4.4 Summary of verb suffixes

Present PastI - -m - -iyou - -s - -irs/he/it - - - -rwe - -nk - -inkyou - -k - -ikthey - -n - -in

to X - -l

Congratulations! You have learned more than halfof the verb endings in Armenian.


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5.1 The suffix -i = s or ofor to

In Armenian as in English, we can say her work or ifwe want to be specific, instead of the adjective her,ifher refers to a student, we say, a student's workor the work of a student. In English we turn thenoun student into an adjective student's by addings or using the helping word of. In Armenian we dothis usually by adding an i.

usanoghi gordz

the work ofa student

(a student's work)

When we refer to a specific person, we can add oneof the articles, --s,or --t, so for example:

barekamis tun

my friends (relative's)

house

barekamit tun

your friends (relative's)

house

Arami tun

Arams house

Usually, when the suffix - i means to, we add -n.

Aramin tur Give (it) to Aram


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5.2 Fancy Forms utyan, -uIn English virtually all nouns are transformed intothis kind of adjective by adding the same suffix -s.

In Armenian there are 2 other endings that arecommon and productive, and about 50 exceptions,which need to be learned through practice.

In most instances, the i suffix can be used andwill be understood, but proper usage requireslearning the other endings.

Virtually all plurals take the i suffix.Style Note:

There are only 4-5 common exceptions in theplural. These use the elegant form -ts fromClassical Armenian.

Armenian Transliteration Meaning

hayots

Armenians

kanants women's

tiknants

womens,

ladies'

martkants

peoples,

mens


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5.2.1 - => --utyun => -utyan

There are thousands of words, including new wordsbeing created every day, that end in -utyun. This isthe equivalent of English -tion and is used to makeabstract nouns.grakanliterary

grakanutyunliterature

patumstory

patmutyunhistory

pet

chief, head

petutyun

statehanrapetutyunrepublic

hayArmenian person

hayutyunArmenian people

For Grammarians:Instead of saying: grakanutyuni das,

We say grakanutyan tas

which means literature class or the class of literature.


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Note that all nouns in - utyun follow thispattern.

5.2.2 - -u

The - -u ending is used to modify verbs as well aswords already ending in i.

khaghalu zhamanak

time to play

(for all verbs/infinitives used

as nouns)

yekeghetsi

church (base form)

yekeghetsu bak

courtyard ofthe church

amerikatsi

American (base form)

amerikatsu

ofan American


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Style Note:

To avoid two i endings in a row, we use the ending-u.

About 20 short words take -u, the most commonof which are:base form of, to, 's form meaningastvats

ast-tsu

God

mart

martu

man

hoki

hoku

soul

vorti

vortu

son

keri

keru

uncle(maternal)

apaki

apaku

glass

aygi

aygu

orchard, park

amusin

amusnu

husband,spouse

dzi

dziu

horse


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5.3 More Fancy Forms

There are about 40 common words that have specialendings, instead of-i. You will learn them throughpractice. Below is a list of the most common ofthem.

5.3.1 Family and Friends - always complicated:

These seven words and all their compounds.

*-

-och

base form of, to, 's form base meaning

1.

kuyr

kroch

sister

2. kin

knoch

woman/wife

3.

nker

nkeroch

friend,

companion

4.

ter

tiroch

lord, owner

*Note: Although written oj, this ending ispronounced och.

--

-o-



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5. father

6. mother

7. brother

for example, my aunt's house -The house of the sisterof mymother.5.3.2 -a, -an -, - = of, to, 'sfor about 15 common nouns and all process nouns

in - -um

-a,

-an

-,

-


8. - nouns

usum

zargatsum

usman

zargatsman

education

development

9.

akhchik

akhchka

girl, daughter

10.

tun

tan

house


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11

shun

shan

dog

12 aryun

aryan

blood

13

anun

anvan

name

14

dur

dran

door

15

nur

nran

pomegranate

16

ler

leran

mountain

17

tor

toran

grandchild

18

tsnund

tsnndyan

birth

19

yereko

yerekoyan

evening

20

aravot

aravotyan

morning

21

manuk

mankan

child


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22 muk

mkan

mouse

23 dzuk

dzkan

fish

24 dzmer

dzmran

winter

25 amar

amran

summer

26 garun

garnan

spring

27 ashun

ashnan

fall


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5.3.3 Nouns of Time -va Some of these words also take the - -i ending.27

zhamzhamva

fall

28 or

orva

day

29 vagh

vaghva

tomorrow

30 yerek

yerekva

yesterday

31 shapat

shapatva

week32

amisamsva

month

33 tari

tarva

year

34 rope

ropeva

minute

35

zhamanak

zhamanakva

time

36 ankam

ankamva

time (once,twice, etc.)

37 gisher

gisherva

night

38 tserek

tserekva

daytime

39 *

mah

mahvan

death


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40 **dzmer

dzmerva

winter

41 **amar

amarva

summer

*also follow -u pattern, such as **also follow -a, -an pattern


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5.4 Top 12 Connecting Words

Just as in English we cannot say, *with I, but insteadsay with me, so in Armenian, we cannot say, *Aram het, but say instead Aramihet.

1 ____ ____ het

with

2 ____ ____ hamar

for

3 ____ ____ masin

about

4 __________archev

in front of

5 __________yetev

behind

6 __________vra

on top of

7 __________tak

under

8 _____ _____mech

in

9 __________mechtegh

in the middle of

10 _____ _____ koghk

next to

11 _____ _____dimats

across from,opposite

12 ______arants ______

without


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For Grammarians:1. Since these connectors almost all come afterthe main word, they are called postpositions(instead ofprepositions).2. They almost all take the - -i suffixed form ofthe base word.3. The most common preposition is arants meaning without.surch arants shakaricoffee without sugar4. For most connectors (except arants)me, you, us, are expressed with the possessiveadjectives: im, ko, mer, dzer. e.g., ko masin about you.

With arants, and often with het andhamar, me, you, usare expressed withindz me, kez you, mez us, dzez you(pl).


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6.1 Giving orders and requestsDo this! Don't do that!

In English we use the basic form of the verb forcommands. Wait! Read this!In Armenian, we use a special form of the verb forcommands.

infinitive singular plural meaning1.

spaselspasir

*spasek

wait

2. kartal

karta

kartatsek

read

3.

vertsnel

vertsru

vertsrek

get

4. motenal

motetsir

motetsek

approach

*also

The vast majority of verbs follow one of the fourpatterns above. For example,

infinitive singular plural meaning1.

nayelnayir

nayetsek

look

2. gnal

gna

gnatsek

go

3.

miatsnel

miatsru

miatsrek

turn on,

connect4. find out


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imanal imatsir imatsek

There are about 25 exceptions, which are socommon you'll learn them by hearing them day inand day out:

infinitive singular plural meaning

1.

yelnel

yelir

yelek

get up

2.

ichnel

ichir

ichek

get down

3.

mtnel

mtir

mtek

enter

4.

gtnel

gtir

gtek

find

5.

antsnel

antsir

antsek

pass

6.

haknel

hakir

hakek

put on,wear

7.

pakhchel

pakhir

pakhek

run away

8.

trchel

trir

trek

fly

9.

asel

asa

asek

say

10.

anel

ara

arek

do


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11.

utel

ker

kerek

eat

12.

tal

tur

tvek

give

13.

gal

ari

yekek

come

14.

dnel

dir

drek

put

15.

tanel

tar

tarek

take away

16.

linel

yeghir

yeghek

be

17.

arnel

ar

arek

take

18.

toghnel

togh

toghek

let

19.

tesnel

tes

tesek

see

20. berel

ber

berek

bring

21.

ver kenal

ver kats

verkatsek

get up


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22.

darnal

dartsir

dartsek

turn

23.

lvanal

lva

lvatsek

wash

For Grammarians:Armenian actually has very few irregular verbs. Inboth English and Armenian, there are a number ofverbs that have an -n- suffix, which was a presenttense marker in Indo-European, but is dropped innon-present tense forms. For example,think/thought, bring/brought. And in Armenian,gta/gtnel - /

6.2 Don't do this, Don't do that!

Instead of the - ch- prefix, for commands, weexpress not with a special word mi.

gna

go (sg) mi gna

don't go

khosir speak (sg) mi khosir

don't speak

asatsek

say (pl) mi asatsek

don't sayanything

Style Note:


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You'll hear a number of variations on thesecommands, e.g., mi khosek, miasek, instead of mi khosetsek, mi asatsek. These variations are generallyacceptable.

6.3 Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

The usual forms for these areme

indzyou

kezhim

nranher

nranit ,

da, draus mez

you (pl) dzez

them (pl) nrants

Actually the only new forms here are indz, kez, mez, dzez. The rest you've learned ashis, her, its, and their.

Wait for me downstairs. :indz nerkev spasir:


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7. Completing the VerbI see the house, but I don't see Aram.

Generally, in Armenian, we use the base form tocomplete the verb.

:tun tesnum em

I see the house.

:aramin chem tesnum

I don't see Aram.

But for living things, we use usually the - -in form.

Some verbs take the --in form for living and non-living objects. Often these can be paraphrased withto or for.

:dprotsin motenum enk

We are approaching theschool. (coming close to)

:grkin en nayum

They are looking at thebook.

7.1 Future - What am I to do? (going to do?)


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Armenian has a very easy future tense, formed byadding --u to the --l form (infinitive) of the verb,plus the verb to be.gnalu

emenk

I will be going

We will be going

grelu

esek

You (sg.) will be writing

You (pl) will be writing

anelu

een

He will be doing

They will be doing

As with the -ing present, the order is inverted forquestions and negative sentences. :aysor chem gnalu

I will not (am not going togo) today.

:

inch es anelu

What are you going to do?

I wrote, I have writtenArmenian has a number of past tenses. The mostcommon is formed as follows:


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grelwritten

em

enk

kartatselread

es

ek

vertsrelgot

e

en

motetselapproached

Infinitive CommandPlural

PastParticiple

1.

spasel

spasek

spasel

wait

2. kartal

kartatsek

kartatsel

read

3. vertsnel

vertsrek

vertsrel

get

4. motenal

motetsek

motetsel

approach

The --el past participle is based on the pluralcommand, replacing the - -k with --l. This ruleapplies to irregular verbs as well.

CommandPlural

PastParticiple

1. get up


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yelnel yelek yelel

2.

ichnel

ichek

ichel

comedown

3.

mtnel

mtek

mtel

enter

4.

gtnel

gtek

gtel

find

5.

antsnel

antsek

antsel

pass

6.

hasnel

hasek

hasel

arrive

7.

prtsnel

prtsek

prtsel

run out

8.

haknel

hakek

hakel

put on

9.

mernel

merek

merel

die

10.

pakhchel

pakhek

pakhel

run away

11.

trchel

trek

trel

fly

12.

korchel

korek

korel

get lost

13.

freeze


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sarchel sarek sarel

14.

asel

asek

asel

say

15.

anel

arek

arel

do

16.

utel

kerek

kerel

eat

17.

tal

tvek

tvel

give

18.

gal

yekek

yekel

come

19.

dnel

drek

drel

put

20.

tanel

tarek

tarel

take away

21.

linel

yeghek

yeghel

be

22.

arnel

arek

arel

take

23.

toghnel

toghek

toghel

let

24.

tesnel

tesek

tesel

see

25.

bring


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berel berek berel

26.

ver kenal

ver katsek

ver katsel

get up

27.

darnal

dartsek

dartsel

turn

28.

lvanal

lvatsek

lvatsel

wash

Note that the past of the verb phrase get up, standup, ver kenal is ver e katsel.

8.2 I had written

The same pattern can be used with the past tense of

the verb to be to create a past perfect tense.grel

eieink

I had written

We had written

kartatsel

eireik

You (sg.) had read

You (pl.) had read

motetsel

erein

He had approached

They had approached


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8.3 Word OrderAs with the -ing --umprogressive (present andpast) and --ufuture, the order of the verbs forquestions and negatives are inverted.

:um es asel:

Whom have you told?

:chem desel:

I haven't seen it.

9. From -its -We have already seen that the suffix --its is usedto express from.

As with the --isuffix, there are some words that

use -uts instead of -its:base form from formyekeghetsi

yekeghetsuts

Church

astvats

ast-tsuts

God

mart

martuts

man

hoki

hokuts

soul

vorti

vortuts

son

keri

keruts

uncle(maternal)

aygi

ayguts

orchard, park


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tari

taruts

year

amusin

amusnuts

husband,spouse

dzi

dziuts

horse

There are a couple of irregular plurals, such as:

martkantsits

from people

from men

kanantsits from women

There are also about 20 common special forms:9.1 Family and Friends - always complicated:

These seven words and all their compounds.

-

-ochits

1.

kuyr

krochits

sister

2.

kin

knochits

woman/wife

3.

nker

nkerochits

friend,

companion


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4.

ter

tirochits

lord, owner

--

-o-

5.

hayr

horits

father

6.

mayr

morits

mother

7.

yeghpayr

yeghporits

brother

Of the- - -a- words, girl, daughter requires aspecial -its form.

8.

akhchik

akhchkanits

girl, daughter

9. ashun

ashnanits

fall

10.

garun

garnanits

spring

9.2 Nouns of Time - -va


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Many of the -va nouns, also take the -its form. Onlythe following common words require the -vanitssuffix.

11

vagh

vaghvanits

tomorrow

12

yerek

yerekvanits

yesterday

13 shapat

shapatvanits

week

14

aysor

aysorvanits

today

15

ankam

ankamvanits

time (once,

twice)

16

gisher

gishervanits

night

17

tserek

tserekvanits

afternoon

18

dzmer

dzmervanits

winter

19

amar

amarvanits

summer

20

mah

mahvanits

death


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9.1 Pronouns, from me, from you, etc.

from me

indznits

from you (sg)

keznits

from him, her

nranits

from us meznits

from you (pl)

dzeznits

from them

nrantsits

9.3 ComparativesArmenian has two ways of say than either kan+ noun or noun+its.

:Hayastan aveli hin ekan Amerikan.

Armenia is older thanAmerica.

:Hayastan Amerikayits

hin e:


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Generally speaking, the --its form does not takethe specifier suffixes --s, - -t, - - or- -n.

9.3 Connector Words with -its

The -its form is used with a couple of commonconnector words:chashitsarach

before dinner

chashitsheto

after dinner

10. Simple Past - I wrote, I did itWe have already learned the compound past tense,

grel em I have written. In addition,Armenian has a simple past gretsi I wrote.

The difference in usage is subtle and is best learnedthrough use. Any rule would be too complicated toapply in the actual course of a conversation.

In general, if someone asks a question with thesimple past, answer with the simple past.

The simple past is also used idiomatically,sometimes hypothetically or for let's X. Forexample, you will often hear, gnatsink - let's go(literally - we went), or yete statsvets, statsvets. Ifit works out, it does.

Like the command form and the past participle, the

simple past has a special form and uses the pastendings we already learned.


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I was

ei

We were

eink

You were

eir

You were

eik

He/she/it

was

er

They were

ein

to write

write!

I wrote

I wrote

gretsi

we wrote

gretsink

you (sg) wrote

gretsir

you (pl) wrote

gretsik

s/he wrote

grets

they (wrote)

gretsin

to play

play!

I played

I played

khaghatsi

we played

khaghatsink

you played you played


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khaghatsir khaghatsik

s/he played

khaghats

they played

khaghatsin

to get

get!

I got

* I gotvertsri

we gotvertsrink

you gotvertsrir you gotvertsrik

s/he gotvertsrets

they gotvertsrin

* also vertsretsi

For -enal/anal, -nel and -chel verbs, we use a

different set of past tense endings:

to approach

approach!

I approached

I approached

motetsa

we approached

motetsank

you approachedmotetsar

you approached

motetsak

s/he approached

motetsav

they approached

motetsan


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to enter enter! I entered

I entered

mta

we entered

mtank you entered

mtar

you entered

mtak

s/he entered

mtav

they entered

mtan

1.

yelnel

yelek

yela

get up

2.

ijnel

ijek

ija

get down

3.

mtnel

mtek

mta

enter

4.

gtnel

gtek

gta

find

5.

antsnel

antsek

antsa

pass

6.

tesnel

tesek

tesa

see

7.

hasnel

hasek

hasa

arrive

8. run out


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pr-tsnel

pr-tsel pr-tsav

9.

haknel

hakel

haka

wear

10.

mernel

merel

mera

die

11.

arnel

arek

ara

take

12.

pakhchel

pakhek

pakha

run away

13.

trchel

trek

tra

fly

14.

korchel

korel

korav

get lost

Finally, there are the 10 or so irregular verbs:

1.

asel

asatsek

asatsi

say

2.

anel

arek

do

3.

utel

eat

4. give


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tal

tvek tvetsi

5.

gal

yekek

yeka

come

1.

dnel

drek

dretsi

put

2.

tanel

tarek

tara

take away

3.

linel

yeghek

yegha

be

4.

toghnel

toghek

toghetsi

let

5.

berel

berek

beretsi

bring

6.

ver kenal

verkatsek

ver katsa

get up

7.

darnal

dartsek

dartsa

turn

8. lvanal

lvatsek

lvatsi

wash

Style Note

There is a lot of variation in the simple past forms.Sometimes you may mix conjugations: , beri

berir, berets


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11. Special forms for the -ov suffix

As for the -i-of/to and -its-from suffixes, thereare special forms for the -ov-with/by suffix.

with/bygini

ginov

wine

yekeghetsi

yekeghetsov

church

tari tarov year

Since this form is rarely used for persons, many ofthe irregular forms can be learned later, forexample, krochov or horov.

The main common special form is for -

-utyun nouns, which are almost always --utyamp instead of--utyunov.

base form with

zgushutyun

zgushutyamp

care

d-zhvarutyun

d-zhvarutyamp

difficulty

11.2 I shall do it, I promise k- -


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Armenian has a simple future that is formed usingthe prefix - k- and the present endings, which welearned with the verb to be. I will writek-grem

we will writek-grenk

You will writek-gres

you will writek-grek

s/he will writek-gre

they will writek-gren

This form is a bit more definite than the grelu em form.

The negative is formed with the negative of the verbto be and the negative participle: I won't write -chem gri .

Infinitive Negative Participle writegrel

gri

readkartal

karta

chem

chenk

gri

ches

chek

garta

che

chen


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For Grammarians

The k- prefix can also be used with the pastprogressive endings to form a conditional tense - Iwould write.k-greiI would write or chei gri I wouldn't write.Note that with -al-verbs, we add a y kimanayi I would find out

I would write

k-grei

k-greink

k-greir

k-greik

k-grer

k-grein

12.1 Let's, If only, Have to

:

gnank:

Let's go.

:

i?nch anenk:

What should we do?

: We have to go tomorrow.


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piti gnank vagh:

:

togh gna:

Let her go.

:

khntrets vor gnank:

He asked that we go.

:

yerani hayrenikum abrei.

If only I lived in thehomeland.

These are all wishes or indirect commands,usually called the subjunctive. In Armenian, theseforms are based on the simple present andimperfect forms, which you learned long ago. Thisis simply a new way to use an old form.

Negatives are formed by prefixing - ch-don't tothe verb.

:

chgnank?

Shouldn't we go?

:

ban chases:

Don't say anything.

:

chpiti anenk:

We shouldn't do it.

:

yerani chgnayink:

If only we hadn't gone.


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piti can be replaced by petk e,as in:

Petk e (vor) knam:It is necessary that I go.

Style note

The negative subjunctive is often used as a mildwarning. ch-moranasdon't forget.Also, yeraniif only is most frequently usedas a hypothethical wish with the past tense.12.2 Verbs and Sentences as Adjectives and

Nouns

khorovats barbeque - everyone'sfavorite past participle

As in English, we can use verbs and sentences

as adjectives and nouns. For example,

tapakats mis

fried meat

kotrvats ator

the broken chair

paroghner

the dancers (people whoare dancing)

what's left


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mnatsats

anelik

things to do

When we use verbs ad adjectives, we usuallyuse one of three endings:

ats past -ed, en

ogh

present -ing

ik

future things toX

For GrammariansAlthough participles are not that hard to form, it isprobably best just to treat them as a special kind ofverbal adjective or noun. The rules for formationare as follows:

-

-ats

past

-ed, -en

past stem + -ats -

- present el=> ogh


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-ogh -ing =>

al => atsogh

=>

-

-ik

future

things to X

infinitive + ik

+

12.3 Sentences as adjectives and nouns

I want to go :uzum em gnal:

I want that you should go(I want you to go)

, :

uzum em vor gnas:

We know your house. :

dzer tun gitenk:We know that you are athome.

, :

gitenk, vor tann ek:

This fruit is very tasty :

ays mirk shat hamov e

The fruit that we ateyesterday was tastier.

, , :

mirk vor yerek gerankaveli hamov er

In Armenian, as in English, sometimes we needa more specific noun or adjective than exists as a

single word. As shown above, sentences can be


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used as nouns or adjectives. In English we link thesubordinate sentence to the main sentence with thewords that, who or which. In Armenian, we use theword, vor which/that.

For now, it is enough to be able to understandthese. You can acquire an active command of thislinguistic feature through practice.

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