GRAMMAR

TERMS OF

REFERENCE

I AND ME • When you talk about yourself with another person, it can be tricky to

know whether to use I or Me.

• You must remove the other person from the sentence to check it makes sense.

• Look at where I live.• Look at where me live.• Look at where Alfie and I live. (this is the correct version).

Infinitive form

Simple Present Present Progressive

Simple Past Past Progressive

to walk I walkyou walk

he/she/it walkswe walk

they walk

I am walkingyou are walking

he/she/it is walkingwe are walking

they are walking

I walkedyou walked

he/she/it walkedwe walked

they walked

I was walkingyou were walking

he/ she/ it was walkingwe were walking

they were walking

to talk I talkyou talk

he/she/it talkswe talk

they talk

I am talkingyou are talking

he/she/it is talkingwe are talking

they are talking

I talkedyou talked

he/she/it talkedwe talked

they talked

I was talkingyou were talking

he/ she/ it was talkingwe were talkingyou were talking

to sing I singyou sing

he/she/it singswe sing

they sing

I am singingyou are singing

he/she/it is singingwe are singing

they are singing

I sangyou sang

he/she/it sangwe sang

they sang

I was singingyou were singing

he/ she/ it was singingwe were singingyou were singing

Determiners Articles Demonstratives Possessive Quantifier

There are two kinds of articles: There are four demonstratives:

possessive determiners can be confused with pronouns

Numbers before a noun are quantifier determiner. Others include:

the definite article (the)the indefinite article (a or an). If the word after it begins with a vowel sound (a e i o or u) then its ‘an’ (for example an elephant or an apple). If the word after begins with a consonant, it’s ‘a’. For example a teddy or a ball

this, that, these and those

My, your, his, her, its, our and their

Some, many, more, less, no, little, both, each, all, enough, half, whole, every, any, much, few, several, plenty, lots, a lot and ample

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs, on their own, are pronouns not determiners.

Nouns can be found with or without articles

Demonstrative, possessive and quantifier determiners must come before a noun.• Although some cases determiners can be used with pronouns. (All of

them were wrong. I would like that one. I will eat lots of those. She squashed five of these. The one I really wanted was lost.

Phrases do not include a verb and add extra information to a sentence.

Clauses include a verb

The knight fought his way through the forest.

Mrs Patterson, who is a keen mathematician, solved the problem.

For four days, the child had a terrible hacking cough.

The doctor monitored the patient for at least a week.

There are a huge number of people living in the Borough of Barnet.

Above the castle lurked a menacing monster.

All through the night, the rain fell. She danced.I’d like to go to Disneyland for my dream holiday next summer.

Next Saturday evening, we’re having pizza and chips.

Apostrophe for Possession/ Possessive form/ to show ownership

Apostrophe for Contraction/ Contracted form

Brian’s brain was about to explode. I’ll (I will) take the book back to the library tomorrow.

The children’s work was exceptional. They’ve (They have) eaten all the ice cream!James’ shoes were too small for him. You shouldn’t (should not) touch the flames.The ladies’ toilets were very busy. He won’t(will not) peek before Christmas day.The dog’s dinner was in a silver bowl. Who’s (Who is) coming to the party?The dogs’ dinner was in a silver bowl. I shan’t(shall not) get upset by actions.The women’s coats were hung in the hallway.

It’ll (It will) not work in this school

singular

plural

The Subjunctive mood is used to offer advice, emphasise urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions

You can use the imperative form to give an order, to give a warning and (if you use "please") to make a request.

Indicative forms states an actuality or fact.

If I were you, I wouldn’t go near that dog.

Don’t touch that! We will go to see a movie this Sunday. Did you like it?

Olivia recommended that Sam sign up for the school basketball team.

Look over here! I will follow you. Is that a whelk?

You ought to listen to the teacher and not answer back.

Let’s go for a swim. Jack sings every Friday. The sky is clear tonight.

We suggest that he start the test after break.

Please leave me alone. I'm trying to learn English!"

The aliens will be unable to breathe our air.

I wish I were able to come to your party.

Watch out! She stopped during the third lap. That was tasty.

Using a semi-colonMerge Two Sentences with a

Semi-colonSemi-colons Can Replace

ConjunctionsNo one was seriously hurt in the accident; one man suffered a broken finger.

Mary went to the market; (and) she bought fresh peaches.

John calls it football; Sam calls it soccer.

Eat oranges throughout the journey; (because) you may catch scurvy.

The girls went to the supermarket; they bought lots of clothes.

I switched off the alarm clock; (as) it was time to get up.

Bill was going bald; his hair was falling out.

I heard the news; (but) I refused to believe them.

Using a coloncolon ( : ) is used

before an explanationabout something or to

introduce a list.I have one goal: to find her. To make the perfect jam sandwich

you need three things: some bread, butter and strawberry jam.

Conjunction: a word used to join two parts of a sentence.

He’d lost everything: his friends, his happiness and his pride.

He was very cold: the temperature in the room was below zero.

Mr Daly had a clear set of demands: a giant super-computer, a brand

new Ferrari and sack of gold coins.

Relative ClauseRelative clauses use relative pronouns are who, which, and that; who also has the derived forms whom and whose. In some cases the relative pronoun may be omitted and merely impliedThis is the putter (that) he wins withThis is the man [that] I sawIt is the customer who pays the wagesMy mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.