Grammar Session #1

Reported Speech

Direct Speech

• Saying exactly what someone has said. • 2nd name: quoted speech• Give within quotations.. word-for-word

• He said, “You should sell your GGLC stocks, they are about to plummet.”

Indirect Speech/Reported Speech

• Doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose the statement

• Not word for word• Does change tense!!

• Direct speech• "I'm going to the cinema", he said.

• Indirect speech• He said he was going to the cinema

• 1. Present - past• "I never understand you," she told me. - She

told me she never understood me. • "We are doing exercises," he explained. - He

explained that they were doing exercises.

2. Present perfect - past perfect• "I have broken the window," he admitted. - He

admitted that he had broken the window.• "I have been waiting since the morning," he

complained. - He complained that he had been waiting since the morning.

3. Past - past perfect• "She went to Rome," I thought. - I thought that

she had gone to Rome.• "He was thinking of buying a new car," she

said. - She said he had been thinking of buying a new car.

4. Will - conditional• Will changes into the conditional.• "I will come on Sunday," he reminded me. - He

reminded me that he would come on Sunday.• Shall becomes would• Should (we should) becomes would• May becomes might

• this (evening) that (evening)• Today yesterday ...• these (days) those (days)• Now then• (a week) ago (a week) before• last weekend the weekend before last / the

previous weekend• Here there• next (week) the following (week)• Tomorrow the next/following day

Pronouns

• Make sure you change the pronoun..Example:

“We are the best students,” he said. He said they were the best students. “They called us,” he said. He said they called them.

• Present continuous• Present simple• Present perfect• Past perfect• Past simple• Past continuous• Shall/will• Can• Could• Must• Should• Ought to• May • Imperative

• Past continuous• Past simple• Past perfect• No change• Past perfect• No change (usually)• Would• Could• No change• Had to or No change• No change• No change• Might• Infinitive

* "We have moved into our new flat", said my friend.

* "Japan is a densely populated city", the teacher said.

* "You have got my coat", I said crossly.

* "I know exactly what she did", the private detective explained to his client.

* He said : "My wife wants to take a job".

* "If you saw my brother, you'd recognize him at once", Mary said.

* "I don't know what your father will say when he sees your school report", she said.

* "I'll help you with those exercises", Tony said

• He said that they had moved into their new flat. • They said that Japan was a densely populated city. • You crossly said that you had gotten your coat. • He explained to him that he knew exactly what she did. • He said his wife wanted to take a job. • She said that if we had seen her brother then we’d have

recognized him at once. • She said that she didn’t know what my father would say

when he saw my school report.• He said that he’d help me with those exercises.

• My name is Arthur Tann. I was born in 1952 and educated at Wallingford Grammar School, where I passed five O-levels. I left school in 1970 and went to work for an insurance company. Then I came to live in Middleford and got a job at the library. I've been there for about three years but I don't think I'll stay there much longer.At the moment I'm living in Gladstone Avenue but I may leave soon. I want to do a Management course but I can't do it until I've passed some A-levels.

• He said his name was Arthur Tann. He was born in 1952 and he was educated at Wallingford Grammar School, where he had passed five O-levels. I had left the school in 1970 and had gone to work for an insurance company. He then had come to live in Middleford and had gotten a job at the library. He had been there for about three years but He didn’t think he’d stay there much longer. At the time, he was living on Gladstone Avenue but he might leave soon. He said he wanted to do a Management course but he won’t be able to do it until he had passed some A-levels.