Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language - … · grammar of the japanese spoken language w. g. a s...
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Transcript of Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language - … · grammar of the japanese spoken language w. g. a s...
GRAMMAR
OF THE
JAPANESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
W. G . A S T O N , D . L I L ,
JAPANESE SECRETARY , H . B. M .
’S L EGATION , TOKIO , JAPAN .
FO URTH ED I TION .
oobamaFOR SAL E BY LANE , CRAWFORD Co.
, PUBL ISHERS.
KEL L Y WAL SH , L IM ITED .
250311)
THE HAKUBUNSHA.
ionmmTRiiBNER Co. , LUDGATE H IL L .
i888 .
PREFACE
TO THE
F O U R T H E D I T I O N .
TH IS Edition ha s b e e n thoroughly rewritten . It is
a lsom uch e n la rge d , a nd is a lmost com pletely a n ew
work .
More ex c l u sive a ttention ha s b e en paid in it totheTokio dia l e ct , which now bid s fair to b e com e thela ngu age of the u p p e r c la s s e s ofJ a pa n ge n e ra l ly .
At the sugge stion of a frie n d , a lite ra l in te r lin ea r
t ra n s l a tion of the exam p l es ha s b ee n a d d e d . No
t ra n s l a tion , howeve r , ha s or din a rily b e en give n of the
pa rtic l es whic h oc c u r in th em . Th eir m ea ning can b e
fou nd in the c h a p te r on pa rtic l e s .
Th e a uthor takes this op port u nity of a cknowl e dgingthe a s sista n ce whic h h e ha s d e rived from the writings
of MR . E . M . SATOW a nd MR . B . H . CHAMBERL A IN .
H e is a l soin deb ted for som e hin t s toDR . IMBRIE’
S
Japan e se Etymology .
TOK IO , NOVEMBER , 1 888 .
TAB L E OF CONTENTS.
I . Sy l lab ary—Pronuncia tion .
I I . Parts ofspeech .
I I I .IV. Pronoun .
V. Num era l.VI . Verb .
VI I . Adjec tive .
V I I I . Auxiliary words.
IX. Partic les.
X. Adverb s, Conjunc tions , Preposition s a nd In terjec tion s.
X I . English in toJapanese .
X I I . Honorific a nd Hum b le form s.
X I I I . Syn tax .
X IV. Tim e , money , weigh ts and m easures. .
XV. Errors in spea king Japanese .
XVI . Extrac ts.
A GRAMMAR
T H E
JAPANESESPOKENLANGUAGE.
M \
CHAPTER I .
THE SYLLABARY—PRONUNC IAT ION .
§ L IN J apa nese , every sy l lab le is supposed toend in a
vowe l , a n d genera l ly does so, e .g. sa -
yo'
de go-za -ri-m a -sfi .
The exception s occu r most ly in foreign word s , or a re owing
to con tra ction s . There being no fi n a l con son a n ts , the
num ber of sy l la b les is neces sa rily sm a l l , a nd is reckoned bythe J a pa nese a t forty - seven a ccording toone a rra ngem en t ,a nd b y a nother , a t fifty . There a re , however, modifica tion s
of som e of them , b y which the num be r is in crea sed to
seven ty -five .
There a re in J a pa nese nom ea n s of writing sepa ra te
letters a s in Eu ropea n l a ngu ages , a nd ea ch sy l la b le is
therefore represented by a sing le cha ra cter, n fi na l , which
ha s a ch a ra cte r toitse l f, being a n exception . But n is
supposed torepresen t a n older m u .
The fol lowing ta b le shows the sy l la b le s of the J a pa nesel a ngu age a rra nged a ccording towha t is ca l led the Go-jz
’
u -ou,or fifty sound s .
JAPANESE SYL L ABARY.
PRONUNC IAT ION . 3
It wil l be seen tha t there a re a num ber ofirregu la rities
a nd repetition s in the a bove‘Ta b le . These a re owing tothecircum sta n ce tha t there a re ce rtain sounds which a J a pa nese
ca nnot , or a t a ny ra te , doe s not pronoun ce . For sz’
, he say s
ski, for lzu,fu, fory z'
, tan a nd we, i, z'
,u a nd y e, a nd so
on . These irregu la rities p lay a n im porta n t pa rt in the con
j uga tion of verbs , a nd ough t therefore tob e ca refu l ly noted .
2 . a is pronoun ced like a in fa t , fa ther.e ay in say .
i ea in m eet .
0 o in more .
it 0 0 in fool .
a lmost ina udib le . I n su ch ca ses theyhave been written i, i
‘i. Thu s , shim,
‘be low,
’
is pronounced
very nea r ly shta ; ta tsEZ,‘a d ragon ,
’
a lmost ta ts . Long or
doub le vowe l s a re distinguished b y a line d rawn a bove them
thu s, 5 , 6, 22. The distinction between ia n d i, 6 a nd 0 , 27.
a nd u, m u st b e ca refu l ly a ttended to, a s the m ea ning often
depends upon it . K OShifor in sta nce m ea ns a n am ba ssa dor,’
while [cos/tim ea n s ‘the loin s . ’ Séto‘
m ea n s ‘suita b le ,’
b ut
soto, ‘ou tside kaki,‘the a tmosphere,
’
kuki,‘the stem of a
p la n t . ’
§ 3. The consona n ts a re pronounced a s in Eng lish ,except r , h , f, n , d , t , a nd g , which differ som ewha t from
the corresponding Eng lish sounds . The true pronun
cia tion of these letters m u st b e lea rnt from a J a pa n ese ,b ut the fol lowing hin ts m ay b e found u sefu l .
R before iis the mos t diffi cu l t ofJapa nese sound s for a
Eu ropea n toreproduce correct ly . It is then pronoun cednea rly like d , except tha t the tip of the tongue touches the
roof of the mou th fa rthe r ba ck . Som e J a pa nese m ake it
nea rly j in this position . Before other vowe l s the J a pa nese
7 more resem b les the Eng lish sound . The re is neve r a nything in J a pa nese like the rough pronuncia tion given this
4 PRONUN C IAT ION .
letter in F rench a nd I ta lia n . R isoftenomitted before iin the
word s goza im a siz,n a sa z
’
m a sfi, for gosa rz'
m a sfi, n a sa rzm a sw.
H a nd f a re considered the sam e letter in J a pa nese a nd
their p ronuncia tion is not very differen t . The under lipdoes not touch the teeth in pronoun cing f ; it on ly a pproa
ches them a s in pronouncing wh in which . I n the vu lga r
Tokiodia lect the sy l la b le hiis u ndistinguisha b le from shi.
In pronoun cing the J a pa nese (I a nd t the tip of the tongue
is pressed forwa rd again st the teeth instea d ofon ly touching
the gum a s in Eng lish . Litt le or nodistin ction is m a de
b y most J a pa nese b etween dzu a nd zu .
G a t the beginning of a word is pronounced like the
Eng lish g ha rd ; in a ny othe r position like the Germ a n (notthe Eng lish) ng in
‘finger . ’
In the sy l la b le W: the y is in most word s silen t , or nea rlyso, a nd is often om itted in rom a nized J a pa nese .
In the ca se of doub le con son a n ts , both m u st.
b e sounded .
Thus amm a ,
‘a sham pooer ,
’
m u st b e pronounced different lyfrom ( mm
, a fisherwom a n ka tta , bough t ,’ from ham,
‘side .
’
§ 4 . The nigori.
The sy l la b les ga , gi, gu , ge, go, zu, jz
'
,zu
, ze , 3 0 etc . ,
p rinted in sm a l l ita lic type in the a bove ta b le , a ll begin with
soft con sona n ts a nd a re con sidered b y the J a pa nese not a s
different sy l la b les b ut sim p ly a s modifi ca tion s of the sy l la b les
beginning with ha rd con son a n ts in the lines im m edia te lya bove them . This distinction is indica ted in writing by a
sm a l l m a rk , which is often omitted . K a for in sta n ce with
a dia critic m a rk is rea d ga , shi, jia nd soon .
The form a tion of com pound s a nd deriva tives is often a ccom pa nied by the modifi ca tion ofa ha rd in tothe corresponding soft con son a n t , sotha t it is im porta n t totake note ofthis cha nge , which , with the m a rk by which it is indica ted ,is ca l led in J a pa nese nigorz
'
, or ‘im pu rity .
’
CHAPTER I I .
PARTS OF SPEECH .
5 . The word s Noun ,’ ‘Adjective ’
a nd ‘Verb ’ have twom ea nings in ordin a ry gram m a rs of Eu ropea n la ngua ges .
The te rm ‘noun ’ is som etim e s a pp lied toa c la s s of word s
inflected in a pa rticu la r way , with ca ses a nd num ber,a nd it a l som ea n s a nything ca pa b le of being m a de the
subject of a proposition . In oth’
er word s it m ea n s one
thing for etymologica l pu rposes a nd a nothe r in syn ta x , one
thing in respect tocha nges within itse l f, a nother in its re
la tion s toother word s . ‘Verb ’ a nd ‘Adjective ’ h ave doub le
significa tion s of a sim ila r kind . This mode of c la ssifying
word s a ccording totwodistin ct prin cip les viz . ( I ) the form
of inflection a nd (2 ) theirsyn ta ctica l re la tion s , is not with
out inconvenience even in Europea n gramm a rs, where it ha s
led tothe introduction of the awkwa rd term ‘pa rticip le ,’
m ea ning a word which is pa rtly a verb a nd pa rt ly a n
a dj ective or noun . But su ch form s a re a fte r a ll the ex
ception in Eu ropea n la ngua ges , where it is the genera l ru letha t word s which a s rega rd s their dec len sion or conj uga tion
a re noun s , a dj ective s or verbs a re a l sonoun s , a djective s or
verbs for purposes of syn ta x . In J a pa nese , however, this
is by nom ea n s the ca se . Here it is ra the r the ru le tha n
the exception th a t a word with or even withou t a cha nge of
inflection ca n b e converted a t p lea sure in toa verb,a n a d
jective or a noun . 1 1 m,‘togo,
’
for in sta nce , looking toits
conj uga tion is a verb , b ut ifwe con sider its position in such
sen ten ces a s sugu uiiku, he goes a t on ce ,
’
{kn ga yoroshi,
6 PART S OF SpEEcH .
‘the going is good ,’
i.e . he had better go,’
iku hitoga am ,
‘a going pe rson is ,
’
i.e .
‘there is som ebody going ,’
it is
on ly in the fi rst ca se tha t it p lay s the pa rt of a ve rb in the
s en ten ce , in the second it is a noun , a nd in the third a n
a djective .
The J a pa nese gfam m a ria n s have a voided this am biguityb y c la s sifying word s a s noor ‘nam e s ,
’
i.e .
‘uninflected
word s ,’
hotob a or ha ta m ki-kotob a ,
‘word s ’ or ‘inflectedword s ,
’
inc luding the verb a nd a djective , a nd teniwoha
or‘pa rtic les . ’ But this is not the p la ce toa ttem pt toin tro
duce a more scien tific E ng lish terminology . It wil l b e
suflicien t toretain the fam ilia r word s , noun , verb a nd a djec
tive , taking ca re touse them in such a way a s topreven t
con fusion between these twosignifica tion s .
6. The noun is uninfl ected . All Chine se word s in the
J a pa nese la nguage a re uninflected , a nd a re therefore strict lys pea king noun s , b ut most of them , b y the he lp ofJa panese
termina tion s a re m a de tododu ty a s verbs , a djectives , or
a dve rbs .
A long with the noun or uninflected word a re c la ssed the
pronou n a nd n um era l a djective, which in J a pa nese have no
infle ction . They have som e pecu lia ritie s however which
m a ke it convenien t tocon sider them sepa ra te ly .
There is noa rtic le . Preposition s a nd conj un ction s a re
in c luded m ain ly u nde r the hea d of pa rtic les . Adverbs do
not form a sepa ra te c la s s of word s . A pa rticu la r form of
the a djective does duty a s a n a dverb , a ndother word s which
m u st b e rendered a s a dve rbs in Eng lish a re in J a pa nese
noun s , or pa rt s ofverbs .
The ve rb a nd a djec tive have a substa n tia l ly simila r mode
of inflection in J a pa ne se a nd shou ld b e con side red a s rea l lyforming on ly one pa rt of speech .
CHAPTER I I I .
THE NOUN.
7 . In J a pa nese noun s have noinflection s todistinguishm a scu line from fem inine or neu ter , singu la r from p lu ra l , or
on e ca se from a nothe r,b ut they a re preceded or fol lowed b y
pa rtic les which serve these a nd other pu rposes .
8 . Gender .—VVith the exception of a few com mon
word s such a s m ush/co, son m usz’
Zm e, da ughter chiehi,
fa ther; ha ha ,
‘mothe r ,’‘
nodistin ction is ordina rily m a de
between the m a scu line a nd fem inine . Thu s a sht’
is eithe r
bu l l ’ or‘cow m am a is either horse or m a re .
’
When n ecessa ry , gender is distinguished by prefixing Q or
fi t for the m a scu line , we or men for the fem inine . Thu s
0 ushiis ‘a bu l l m e ushi,‘a cow ;
’ on dori,’
a cock ;’
m en
dorz’
,
‘a hen .
’ These a re rea l ly com poun d noun s . S uch
ph ra ses a s otokonoho, ‘a m a le child ;’
0mm 120 ho, ‘a fem a le
child ’
a re a l soin use , otoko m ea ning ‘m a n’
a nd 0mm
‘wom a n .
’
§ 9 . Num b er . As a genera l ru le the p lu ra l is not dis
tinguished from the singu la r , b ut a p lura l idea ca n b e expre s
sed whenever neces sa ry by the a ddition of one of the
pa rtic les m a ahz'
, or shin , which wil l be foun d
mor IX.
8 NOUN .
Exam p l e s .
Ya kzm in ga ta .
Ninsoku domo.
Kodomom or
Kodomoshin . Child ren .
N ekodomo. Ca ts .
Som e nouns have a kind of p lura l form ed b y redup lica tion . But theseform s correspond ra ther tothe noun preceded b y ‘every
’ than totheordin a ry p lura l . Thus shim : is ‘a n a rtic le , ’ shin a jinn,
‘a ll sorts of
a rtic les ; kzmi, a coun try ,
’ kunigzmi, every coun try ; tokoro a p la ce ,
’
tokorodokoro, ‘difleren t p la ces.
’The first le tter of the second ha l fof
these form s a lmost inva ria b ly ta kes the m'
gori. (See
I O . Ca se. Properly speaking , J a pa nese noun s have
noca se s , b ut a dec len sion ca n be m a de out for them by the
he lp of certain pa rtic les , a s fol lows
TORI , ‘A B IRD .
’
Nomin a tive . Torior toriga , a bird .
Genitive . Torinoor torigg , of a bird or a bird’s .
Da tive . Torih ior tony/e, toa bird .
Accu sa tive . Torior tori1 00 , a bird .
Voca tive . Torior tor/£1 04 O birdAb la tive . Toriham or torivori, from a bird .
Loca tive . Toriui, a t , toor in a bird .
I n strum enta l . Toride, with or by m ea n s of a bird .
The p lu ra l te rmin a tion s com e between these pa rtic le s a nd
the noun , a s
Ya kum'
n ga la m’
mea wo I showed my passport totheOffi cia l to pa ssport officia ls.
misem a shita .
showedThe studen t is referred toChapter IX for an accoun t of these
partic les.
I I . Compound nouns. Com pound noun s a re form ed
rst—From twonoun s . Ex . K a zagurum a a wind -mil l ,’
THE NOUN . 9
from ka ze,‘wind , ’ and knrum a ,
‘a whee l ha na zono, a
flower-ga rden ,’ from ha na , a flower ,
’
a nd sono, a ga rden
hob une , a boa t ,’ from ko, a child ,
’ ‘som ething sm a l l ,’
a nd
fn ne,‘a boa t honj
'a,a book - se l ler,
’ from hon ,
‘a book,
’
a nd
y a ,
‘a hou se .
zud—From the stem of a n a djective a nd a noun . Ex .
Akaga ne, copper ,’ from a ka , stem of a /mi, ‘red,
’
a nd ka ne ,
m eta l Naga sa ki,‘long ca pe ,
’
the n am e of a p la ce , from
n aga ,stem ofn aga i,
‘long,’
a nd sa ki a
3rd—From a noun a nd the stem of a verb . Ex . Mono
shz'
rz'
,a lea rned m a n ,
from mono, ‘a thing,
a nd shz'
rz'
,
stern of shirn,
‘toknow ’
; z'
z'
lziki,‘a dictionary ,
’ from ji,‘a
cha ra cte r,’
a nd hiki, stern ofhiku , tod raw.
’
4th—From the stem of a verb a nd a noun . Ex .
Urim nno,
a thing for sa le ,’ from uri, s tem ofurn ,
‘tose l l ,’
a nd mono,
’
a thing .
’
5 th—From the stem of a n a djective a n d the s tem of a
ve rb,a s Serpensnm nom a m -nomi, a m a n whoswa l lows
Herb e rt Spencer whole ,’
where m am is the stem ofm a rm'
,
round ,’
a nd nom z'
, the stem of uom a,
‘toswa l low .
’
6th —From twoverba l stem s , a s hilaida shz'
,
‘a drawer ,
’
(lit .,
‘a pu l l -out ’
) from lzz'
lci, stem of hilcn ,
‘topu l l ,
’
a n d
da shi,’ stem of dam ,
‘tobring out ;’
higaj'e , a cha nge of
c lothing ,’ from hi
, stem of him ,
‘towea r ,’
a nd kaj’e , stem of
kay ern ,
‘toch a nge . ’
The fi rst letter of the second pa rt of a com pound noun
genera l ly takes the nigorz'
. (See Thu s the kof ha neis cha nged in tog in the com poun d a haga ne, the f offunein to6 in kob une .
The fina l vowe l of the fi rst pa rt of a com pou nd is often
modified , the most common cha nge being from e to ( 1 .
Thu s from sa ke ,‘J a pa nese rice -beer ’ a nd te,
‘ha nd,
’
is
1 0 THE NOUN .
form ed sa ka te, ‘drink money from shiro, the stem ofshiroi,‘white ,
’
a nd he, hair,’
is form ed shiraga ,grey hairs .
’
The prefixes denoting gender an d the honorific prefixes 0 , mia nd go
(for which see Cha p . XII) m ust b e considered as form ing com poundswith the nouns towhich they b elong.
1 2 . Deriva tive nouns . Abstra ct noun s a re form ed from
a djectives by a dding sa tothe stem , a s ta ka sa height from
ta kai,‘high .
’
It is occa siona l ly a dded toword s of Chinese
deriva tion a sfn binsa ,pitia b leness . ’ The a djective fol low
ed by koto,‘thing ,
’
is a l sou sed in a nea rly Simila r significa
tion , a s in the fol lowing exam p les . I t denotes however
ra the r the degree of a qua lity tha n the a bstra ct qua lityitse l f.
Ta ka sa wa ilzu-ken How m any ken is it
heigh t how m a ny ken in heigh t ?Ta kaikoto domo! .
ohigh thing som e how
Wha t a heigh t
I m a no wa ka sa ni. At your young tim epresen t youthfulness a t of life .
Ma ny noun s a re sim p ly the stem s ofverbs withou t a nych a ngeof form ,
a s nokori, rem ainder,’ stern ofnokorn ,
‘to
b e leftover ;’
ka kushi,‘pocket ,
’ stem ofka knsu , ‘toconcea l
ma ta shi, fe rry ,’ stem of ma ta su ,
‘tom ake toc ros s over . ’
A few stem s of a dj ectives a re u sed in the sam e way , a s
shiro, white ,’
a dog’ s n am e , stem ofshiroi, ‘white .
’ There
is here howeve r a s ligh t cha nge ofm ea ning , nokori, ka hnshi,ma ta shi, a nd shiro ha ving a more concrete significa tion
tha n the verbs or a djective from which they a re taken .
I t wil l b e seen later tha t for purpose s of syn ta x , cer
tain pa rt s of the verb a nd a dj ective m u st be con sidered
a s noun s .
1 2 THE PRONOUN .
Na nda ore g a yotteru Wha t l l drunk ? Not a
wha t is I b eing drunk ofit.(for yotte irn) monoka .
thing
Wa ta knshi wa go doye I t is just the sam e with m e .
I (hon .) sam edesh .
is
Wa ta kiishiwa sore wosnkn I like them , b ut I am a fraidI them hke they won t fi t m e .
keredomo, domo wa ta kashi
a l though som ehow m e
nima aim a sn m ai.
to fi t (polite) wil l not
Wa ta knshi wa Tekurada I am Tekura da Putoshi. I ha veI
the honourofm ee tino on for theFn toshz de goza rtm a su
y
first tim e .
0 m e m
for the first tim e (hon .) eyes on
ka ka rim ashita .
have hung
Sennen z'
ro-iro go In form er tim es I was m uchform er year a ll kinds (hon .) indeb ted for your kindness.
lea-ou nia dzuka rim a shita .
grea t fa vours have experien ced
Iy e . wa ta kushi koso. On the con trary , it was INo, I (em ph. pa rt.)Okiku na tta ra I too, when I grow big, in tendbig when I have b ecom e
tob e a n ava l officer.
boku mokaigun no shika n ui
I too n a vy oflicer
n a ru tsumoridesa .
b ecom e in ten tion is
L4 . The persona l pronoun of the second person difl'
ers
a ccording tothe ra nk of the person a ddressed .
Ana ta , for a noka ta ‘tha t side ,’
(p lu r. a na ta ga la ) is properly a pronoun of the third person b ut like the Ge rm a n Sie
ha s com e tob e u sed for the second . It is som etim e s a noun
a s in the ph ra se konoa na ta ‘this gent lem a n .
’
A na ta is
u sed when speaking tosuperiors or equa l s , orin fa ct , toa nyone whoha s a c laim tobe addre ssed with civility . Om aj
'e
THE PRONOUN . 1 3
(plura l om ay e ga ta )is familia r a nd condescending, a nd is theword u sed in a ddres sing serva nts , workm en , the m em bers
ofone ’s own family , etc. Om ay e sa n is a lmost the sam e a s
a na ta,b ut more familia r , a nd is u sed chiefly by wom en .
Kisam a a nd tem ay e a re u sed in a ddressing coolies a ndother
person s of the lowest c la s s in a fam ilia r way . Kimiism uch u sed among soldiers a nd students ; senseiin a ddress
ing m en of lea rning ; a serva nt says da nna (m a ster), da n na
sa n or da nna -sam a (ra re ly a na ta ) in a ddres sing his m a ster.
O ther word s for you’
a re hona ta (for konoka ta , this
sona ta , (for sonoha ta ,
‘tha t side ,’ fam ilia r) sono—hé.
(by m agistra tes toprisonersorwitnesses), sochi(toinferiors),nnshi m a ster’
,very con tem ptuou s),onnshi(very fam ilia r),
wa re (ru s tic), nnn (a bu sive), sokha (form a l). En tw and
away : wil l b e found enough for most Europea n s tot roub le
them se lve s with .
Exam p l e s .
An a ta nio ha na shi moshi There is som e thing I wan t toyou ta lk wish to te l l you .
tai koto ga goza rim a sfi.
thin g there is
Om ay e kokonim a tte a re Doyou wait here .
you here waiting rem ain
Kisam a wa are nonehi ai Wha t do you m ean ,
you m y house in to coming in tomy house ?haitte, dosurn ?
en tering how do
Da nna no0 mam a noshita Your horse is ready , Sir.m a ster ’
s horse prepaku ma yoroshin goza rim a sn.
ra tion good is
Kimiwa doko y e ikn ka . Where are you going ?you where to go
I 4. THE PRONOUN .
B aku wa g a kka y e kaeru I am on the way b a ck toI col lege tore turn col lege .
tokorod a .
p la ce am
A sensei wa Mw a Ah ! are you Mr. Minamoto? Iyou (l‘t e lder b rother) have a lready heard of your high
motoK a n de gozaim a sfi tM r. (predica te) a re
repu a tion .
ha .
’ Go kG-m ei wa ka ne(hon .) high n am e previ
te uketa m awa tte orim as fi .
ously having heard I rem ain
O nushidachi. You fe l lows !
Un a dorob é me. You thief !
Una uso zoo tsuku You are lying !fa l sehood stick
ze.
(emph . partic le)
A ! u kokoromochi d ’a tta Ah ! how p lea san t tha t wa s !
ah good sensa tion wa s Kisab uro, wil l you have a turn
Kisa b urokismna wa do da .
’ (M a ster, leaving b a th , toser
you how is ? va n t .)
1 5 . The p ronoun of the third person is a re (p lura l
a rera ). Are ha s nogender. I t is often rep la ced for person s
b y the more polite form a no hito,‘tha t m an
’ or ‘tha t
wom a n ;’
a nooka ta,
‘tha t gen t lem a n ’ or ‘la dy’ or a no
onna ,
‘tha t wom a n .
’ These word s a dd ga ta toform the
p lura l .
Aitsu ,a itsnra a re con tem ptuou s equiva len ts for a re, a rera .
Ka re (p lu ra l ka rera ) is som etim e s u sed in stea d of a re by
educa ted peop le , b ut it be longs ra ther tothe book la nguage
tha n tothe col loquia l . To-nin ‘the person in question ’ issom etim es u sed for‘he . ’ Ikhen is u sed when there is a sly
em pha sis on the pronoun , a s‘I khen ga hita ,
‘He ha s
com e .’
THE PRONOUN . 1 5
Exam p l e s .
Are wa moKobe nitsuki He (she or it) ha s prob a b lya lieady ha s
arrived in Kob e by this tim e .
m a shzta ro.
prob a b ly arrived
Anohitoma jnnsa de goza He is a policem an .
policem an
rzm a sfi.
is
Anook a ta Hiogonoa kindo I sn ’ t he a Hiogom erchan t ?m erchan t
7'
a naika
is not
1 6. The a bove a re by nom ea n s the on ly person a l
pronoun s in use , b ut they wil l b e fou nd sufficient for mostEu ropea n s toknow, a nd few person s wil l have occa sion to
use more tha n wa ta kicshi, wa ta kashidomo, for the fi rst
person , a na ta ,a na taga ta orom ay e, om ay ega ta for the second
a nd a re, an alifi oor M ata for the third . The gram m a r of
the pronoun s is the sam e a s tha t of noun s an d they affix thepa rtic les in Cha p . IX . in the sam e way a s noun s . With
the pronoun s of the fi rst a nd second person however the use
of the p lura l pa rtic les when twoor more person s a re in
tended is the ru le , instea d of being the exception a s it is in
the ca se of noun s . A J apa nese often say s‘we ’
(wa ta hnshidomo, waga hai) for I .
’
The use of persona l pronoun s is m uch more lim ited in
J a pa nese tha n in Eng lish . They a re not em p loyed except
in ca ses where their om ission wou ld ca u se am biguity , or
where there is a n em pha sis upon them . Thu s,
‘I am going
toTokioto-morrow,
’
wil l b e MidnichiTokioy e m airim a sa ,
except where it is doubtfu l whether the speaker refers tohim sel for toanother person , when wa ta kfishiis a dded . I f
there is a n em pha sis on the pronoun , a s in the ph ra se , ‘Idon ’t know wha t you m ay do, b ut I sh a l l gotoTokioto
1 6 THE PRONOUN .
morrow ,
’
it m u st not b e omitted . J a pa nese genera l ly prefer
toindica te person b y som e of the honorific or hum b le
modes of expression de scribed in Cha p . XI I .
The indiscrim in a te use of pronoun s is a ve ry com mon
fa u lt com mitted b y Eu ropea n s in speaking J a pa nese , a nd
even disfigures som e m a nua l s of conversa tion which have
been pub lished . Not on e persona l p ronoun is u sed in
J a pa nese where there a re ten in English .
1 7 . Possessive Pronoun s a re in J a pa nese nothing more
t h a n persona l pronoun s , with the a ddition of the posses sive
pa rtic le noor ga .
Exam p l e s .
Ano hito no ij'e wa His house is a long way ofl .
tha t m an’
s house
yohodo toi.very m uch is far
W'a ta kiishiga y ubiwa ifa nde I have a pain in m y finger.
m y finger pain fu liru .
is
Om aj'e nohiukin wa iknra Wha t a re your wa ges
your wages how m uch
Mine,
’ ‘yours ,
’ ‘his,
’ hers ,’ ‘theirs ,
’
a re in
J a pa nese a l sotc'a z‘a lczishino, a na ia no
, a re noetc b u t theyca n ea sily b e distinguished from
‘my’ ‘you r
’
e tc . by the
pa rtic les which a ccom pa ny them or b y the con text .
Exam p l e s .
Kore a 'a a na ta no Isny e Is not this your stic k ?this your stickde ma goza z
’
ma
(sign Ofpred.) is
semi ka .’
not
THE PRONOUN . 1 7
Hei Wa ta kfishinodesi‘z. Yes, it is mine .
Yes m ine is
Wa ta knshinoda (for de a rn) I mistook it for mine .
m ine is
to amotte m a chigaim a shita .
tha t thinking .m istook
Wa ta knshinom a a ta ra shin Mine is new ; yours is old.
mine new
gozaim a szi; a na ta noma furi‘i
is your old
gozaim a sfi .
Anohitonode wa ikem a sen i‘z His won ’ t do I don ’ t like any
his with can gonot b ut my own .
Jib a n node n akn te wa kini
own withou t min d
irim a senii.
en ter not
Wa ta kz‘ishino200 o k a shi I wil l lend you m ine , sop lease
m ine (hon .) lend don ’ t hesita te (touse it .)mashim a sfi ka ra , go
(hum b le word) b ecam e (hon .)
y enrio na hn
ceremony without
An a ta ga ta noma hirotsu lea There were one or twoofyours.
your (p lura l) one or
futa tsn g a a rim a shita .
two there were
Are nowo ita daiz‘e mo May I accep t his ?his havin g a ccepted even
yoroshin goza rim a siika
good is it
Taiken tama ita Wha t a trem endous lot haveGrea t cha nge 0°11“t b een col lec ted ! How m a ny ofn ai l Kono nchi om ay e no these are ours ? Min e a re on l
(exc lam .) This amon g yoursy y
a few.
wa zhn tsn b a k a ri a rn
how m any amoun t a re
Tcm ay e nowa sakoshiholeaI little other
wa goza rb n aserii.are not
2 0 THE PRONOUN .
K a hado‘this m uch .
’
n ea rly iden tica l sen se .
K a kn , lea‘thu s . ’ Ka hn is the older a n d book form b ut
is stil l in use in certain ph ra ses , such a s tom a Ira /en mo‘even so, even thu s ,
’
i.e . howsoever ,’ ‘
a t a ll even ts . ’
Ka re hodois a l soin use in a
Exam p l e s ofkare, kono, etc .
Kare m a na nida 9
Kore wa tcppa de gozaim asn.
gun is
Kore wa iknraK ano lei.
Ka no ta kei.K a noa k a ta .
Kore wa N zhon gode n a n’
tothis Ja pan ese in , wha t
s him a sii 9
c a l l
Ana ta ni M in shimpai
you tothus ca l led a n xie tyka kete wa jitsn aism nim a
having hung truly does
sen 17 .
not finish
B aku te a kare de m a ga hum anI this even lea rn in g
wa shim ningen da .
done hum a n b ein g am
Da nna wa b achira de gom a ster here a bouts
za rim a sn ka P
is
K 6 in b a -ai
thus ca l led postureofaffairsda ka ra .
is b ecause
Karchan'a asa ra shika tta ka tathis m uch a fraid wa s thing
m a ga za rim a sen fi.
is not
Wha t is this ?
This is a gun .
How m uch is this ?
This tree .
This wa tch .
This gen tlem a n .
Wha tJ apa n ese ?
do you ca l l this in
I t is rea l ly inexcusa b le in m e
tohave caused you such a n xie ty .
a ll a m an who
ha s gone through a course oflearning.
I am a fter
Is the m aster anywhere herea bouts ?
is the posture
was so frightened
THE PRONO UN . 2 I
2 0 . Sa or so‘tha t .
’
Sore , sono. There is the sam e distinction be tween sore
a nd sonotha t there is between ha re a nd ha no. Sore s ta nd s
a lone , sono is‘joined to noun s . The rem a rks on the
word s in the fi rst colum n of the ta b le a l soa pp ly tothe
corresponding word s in this colum n a n d need not b e
repea ted here .
Exam p l e s ofsore, sonoetc .
Sore wa hinodohu na ha lode Tha t is a sa d thing.
tha t sad thin g
gozaim a sfi .
is
Doha de sonohnra woa hai Where did you b uy tha twhere tha t sadd le b uy sadd le ?
na sa tta 9
did
Sonna ra (for sorena ra )yorosh In th a t c a se it is a ll righ t.ifit b e tha t it is good
Soreja (for sore de ma ) ika. We l l then , le t us go!in tha t ca se wrll go
Saj'J n a ra ihim a sho. We l l then ! le t us go
thus ifit b e wil l go (more polite tha n la st).
Sore y a hare y a de o nhagai I ca l led on you partly for tha t ,tha t or this or for (hon .) ca l l part ly for this .
moshzta no desi‘i.
(hum b le word , pa st tense)is
$6 tom a SO toma Yes ! Yes !
sotha t even
Sa nn a (for sore na rn)mohutehi I f tha t is your ob ject the besttha t kind Of ob jec t p lan is togive it up.
n a ra yoshita [1 6 g a ii.
ifit is h ave given up side is b e t ter
Sore wa soto. L et tha t b e so—i.e. tochangetha t thus the sub jec t .
Shite,‘ha ving m a de ,
’
is u nderstood a t the end Of the
la st sen tence .
2 2 THE PRONOUN .
8 i she sohora (or sa koira ) de Wait a lit tle therea bouts.
a l it t le therea boutsm a tte a re .
waiting rem ain
Ya no na ha noha lowa min a Such is the way of the world.
world in terior thing a ll
son na mono so.
such thing (em ph . part .)8 0 da soya . 80 it would a ppear.
tha t is a ppeara n ce
Sore ui sono tohi hajimete In a ddition totha t , I then fortha t to tha t tim e “St
the first tim e lea rn t the truth .
hon tonohotowoshitta .
true thing lea rn t
Ana ta 10 a 5 6 asshaim a sfi You say so, Sir, b utyou so say
heredomob ut
Souna ni a a nji na sa ru There is no rea son for yoursom uch (hon .) a n xious do
ha to 20 a gazaim a sen fi .
thing there is not
b eing soa n xious .
Sa hada noha to de a m a m I thought it would not soverysom uch of thing (pred.) wil l
m ai to am a tta .
not b e though t
m uch signify .
Sa mona hereb a I f tha t is not even sosoeven if is not
SGshite (or soshite) [snide And won ’ t you ta ke the
thus having done opportunity opportunity of b uying m e a
ni miha n wosakoshi ha tte
a t orange a little bough thite huda saim asen ii ha ?
com e give (neg.)
few ora nges ?
Ai wa ita sa na ka tta sodesa. I t seem s they did not m ee t .m eet did not so is
Am e ga furisom a um . I t does not seem like ly torain .
rain fa l l even is not
ui na tte I t seem s they ha ve be com e m an
husb and a n d Wife havm g be com e and wife .
in t 5 6 n a .
rem ain is
THE PRONOUN . 2 3
Sara (for sore wa ) hisha ga There ! the train is starting.
there ! the trainderu .
is starting
Sore hada a rima shite wa Wha t wil l you dowith all tha ttha t quan tity
‘b eing quan tity
dosum 9
how do
Da re ga soiim a shita 9 WhoSaid so?who so said
Soho ga ha njin da . Tha t is the im portan t poin t .tha t p la ce im portan t is
2 1 . A ‘tha t . ’
Are a nd sore, a na a nd sonom u st not be u sed indis
crimin a tely J u st a s hare m ay b e ca l led the demon stra tive
pronoun of the fi rst person , sore is the demonstra tive pro
noun of the second a nd a re of the third person . Sore , sono
refer to som ething presen t before the speaker’s eye s or to
his m ind ; a re , a notosom ething a litt le way off or not in
sight . Sore, sono refer tothe im m edia te subject of con
versa tion ; a re, a noa re u sed when a fre sh subject is sta rted .
Sa na m iim a for insta nce m ea n s ‘th a t horse ’
i.e . the horse
you a re riding ,’ or ‘which you h ave bough t ,
’ or ‘ofwhich
we a re speaking a na m am a,
‘the horse you rode yesterday ,
’
etc . A na y a‘tha t world ’
m ea n s ‘the other world .
’
The
phra se ‘this tha t a nd the other is a fair tra n s la tion ofha re,
sore , a re .
Kore, ha noa re the I ta lia n gnesto; sore , sonoa re ca testa
a nd a n a,a re a re q nello.
A J a pa nese often b egin s a senten ce with a n a n a which
ha s nom ea ning wha teve r a nd which m ere ly serve s tod raw the a tten tion of the person a ddressed .
The three‘words ha na ta (for hona ha ta )
‘this side,
’
sona ta
(for sonoha ta )‘tha t side ,
’
a nd a na ta (for a na ha ta ‘tha tside ’
) shou ld when u sed a s pronoun s m ea n re spective ly
2 4. THE PRONOUN .
‘I ,’ ‘you
’
and ‘he ,’ ‘sh e ’ or ‘it ,
’
b ut cu riou s ly enough
they a re a ll u sed in the secon d person , though hona ta
m ay som etim es s ta nd for ‘I .’
Ana ta for‘you resem b le sthe Germ a n use of sie ‘they
’
a s a pronoun of the secondperson .
Asi‘zhois irregu la rly form ed . The regu la r form a ha is in
use in the wes tern dia lect .
Ayoa nd a hadoa re not found ; a noyo, a re hada a re
u sed in stead .
Exam p l es of a re, a no, etc .
Are wa n a n’
da 2 Wha t is tha t ?tha t wha t is
Ana daiku ma hita ha 9 Ha s tha t carpen ter com e ?
tha t carpen ter com e
Ara ! (for a re wa ) nia ta There ! you a re a t it again . (Didthere a ga in
a ny one ever hea r) such b ad
hajim a tta . Anna (for a re n a rn) 1have b egun such
anguage
hnehi nowa rni hoto wo.
’
mouth b ad thing
Omay e m a do shite haha How is it you are here ? Eh Ah
you how ha vin g done here Is it I (the use of mm here
uiiru ha 9 Ana—wa ta hnshiha 9 indica tes em b arra ssm en t .)a re I
Ano—I heda son . I say ! Mr. I keda .
B a hnfn m a a na yoni Sin ce the fa l l of the Shoguna te .
Shogun a te tha t m a n ner
na tte ham .
having b ecom e a fter
A in ha na shi n a I t is se ldom we hear a s torytha t way ca l led story of tha t kind .
m atta nihihima sen ii.
se ldom hea r
A in fazetsu wa a te ni One cannot depend on reportsreport dependen ce of tha t sort.
na ra n ai.
donot becom e
THE PRONOUN . 2 5
2 2 . K a,
‘tha t . ’
The word s in this colum n have the sam e m ea ning a s the
corre sponding word s in the previou s one b ut they a re m u ch
les s common ly used a n d on ly b y educa ted peop le . Theybe long properly tothe book la ngua ge . Ka noha s som e
tim e s the m ea ning a certain .
’
I n som e phra ses ha re is stil l in common u se .
Exam p l es.
Ka re hare hirn desii. I t is just a bout noon .
noon is
Ka re hare iwa zu toihe. None of your ob jec tions, b utnot saying go b e off with you.
Na nno (for n a ni no) ha nna He wen t on ta l king as m uch
(for ha re no) to m a he a s to say tha t he was not gob e b ea ten in tob e b ea ten .
a shzm z woztta .
g
re luc tance sa id
H ita wa ha re hare to tea Though peop le donot m a kepeop le tha t this
iwa nai heredom a.
not say a l though
a ny rem arks.
N a niy a ha y a . Any thing wha tever.
2 3. Da ,
‘who’
.
Da re, who,’
is theon ly word in this colum n , the p la cesofthe others being supp lied by the deriva tives ofdo which .
’
Da re (id2 Whois it ? whogoes there ?
is
Da re nomosen 2 Whose b lan ket ?
D a re ui ha ne wa y a tta P Towhom did he give thetomon ey gave money ?
D a re ga soiim a shita ? Who said so?who so said
Da re ha ta amot I wondered whoit wa s.
who (Sign Of indi'
)while
rect clause .
ta ra .
I thought
2 6
2 4. Do, ‘which .
’
THE PRONOUN .
Dore, ‘which .
’
An old form of da re is idznre which is
s til l in use in the sen se a t a ll even ts ,’
a t a ny ra te .
’
It is
here put short for idznre nim a , lit .‘in whichever
D ana ta , (for donoha ta , which side is u sed a s a polite
substitu te for da re, ‘who.
’
is dona ta sama .
A stil l more re spectfu l phra se
From do, how,
’
a re form ed dozo, som ehow orother,’
doha , som ehow,
’ both ofwhich word s have nea rly the force
ofour p lea se . ’
Exam p l es ofdare, etc.
Dore wa yoroshin goza riwhich good is
m a sit ?
Dona fnneP
Dona gnraiyoroshiu goza riwha t qua n tity good is
m a si2
Doha o negai
som ehow (hon .) b eg
moshim a sn .
(hum b le word.)
Do in ha na shi de
how ca l led ta lk (predica te)goza rima su ha
is
Dona ta de gozaim a sfi ?
who is
Donna ni ureshiha shirem a
how m uch joyful c annotsemi.
know
Do’
siiiyo9how sha l l do
Dore ! da re ! ha re desiha ?which which this is
Which doyou prefer ?
Which ship ?
How m uch doyou require ?
P lease do, I b egofyou.
Wha t is it a ll a bout ?
Whois there ?(polite .)
I cannot te l l youligh ted I am .
Wha t sha l l I do?
L et m e see ! let m e see ! is
it this one ?
2 8 THE PRONOUN .
Na nisliini hita ? Wha t have you com e todo?wha t do tohave com e wha t has b rough t you here ?
N a ni? sngnnim am a wa hii Wha t (nonsen se)! lead the horseWha t a t on ce horse having here a t on ce .
te hoi.led com e
N a nna ra (for na nina reba ) We l l then ! a s I have nothingb ecause it is wha t
todo have ou a n ob'
ection swa ta hnshimoIm na desi
‘iha ra ,
y y J
I leisure is b ecause tomy a ccom pa nyin g you ?a tonia wo ita shite
(hon .) a ccom pany ha ving donemo y arashin gozaim a sa ha 9
even good is
N a nishiro issha Suppose you goa long with m e .
Wha t do(im pera tive) toge ther~uiihi n a sai.
go(polite im pera tive)Bim boda na n
’to in hohoro Put ting away the fee ling tha t I
P°°t wha t ca l led heart was pooror a ny thing of tha t sort .wa haishite.
giving upa in -b a touishi-hom n toha Saying he was training it a s a
post-pigeon a s tra in tha t ? carrier pigeon or som e thing ofna ni to ha itte. tha t sort .som ething tha t sayin g
N a nnogo yo desn ha ? Wha t is your b usiness ?wha t (hon .) b usiness is
Na nitoha shiyo m a a ri Is there nothing which can
dom anner wil l b e done ?m a sa m aiha
not b e
Na ze hay a hn hanai? Why don’ t you com e quickly ?
why quickly not com e
N a ze toiy eba . Toexp lain the reason why .
why if say
Na ni, in the com bina tion n a n’
a’
esn ‘wha t is it ’
a nd
sim ila r phra ses , is con sta n t ly introduced by som e s peakers
in a m ea ning les s way , som ething like our‘don ’ t you
know.
’
THE PRONOUN .-2 9
§ 2 6. INDEF IN I TE PRONOUNs .—By the a ddition of the
pa rtic le s ha , mo, demo, za , interroga tive pronoun s becom e
indefinite pronouns .
Da re ha , som ebody .
’
Exam p l e .
D a re ha shita aim a tte arn Som ebody is waiting b e low.
b e low waiting rem ains
D a re mo, ‘a nybody ,’
is genera l ly u sed with a nega tive
verb .
Exam p l e s .
Da re ma shira nii. Nobody knows.
Da re y e m a iwa nai You don ’ t te l l anybody .
to even not say (im pera tive)y a .
(em ph. part .)
D a re de m a m ea n s a ny one wha tever .’
Exam p l e .
Da re de ma yorashiu goza n Anybody wha tever wil l do.
good is
m a sh .
D are mo, a ny one,’
dare de m a , a ny one wha tever ,’
a re
u sed in a sim ila r way toda re moa n d da re de m a .
Na niha , som ething ,’
a nything .
’
Exam p l es.
Kanoha honon aha uina ni I s there any thing in this box ?box in side
ha haitte irn ha ?
ha vin g en tered is
Koj ikininciniha oy a rina sa re. Give som ething tothe b eggar.
b egga r to give do
Na nim a, a nything a t a ll,
’
is u sed with nega tive verbs .
30 THE PRONOUN .
Exam p l e .
Na ni mogoza rima se nn. There is nothing a t a ll.
N a nide m a , a ny thing wha tever.’
Exam p l e s .
K anom ns l me wa na ni de m a This girl ea ts anythingwha tever.
ta beru.
ea ts
N a nide m a shitte irn . He knows every thin g.
Na niza , u sua l ly con tra cted in tona nza ,‘som ething or
a nother,’ ‘
a ny .
’
Exam p l e .
Na nzoamoshiraishim bun go H ave you not som e divertingdiverting news
news tote l l m e ?za rim a senn ha 9
is not
I n the sam e way inte rroga tive a dve rbs m ay becom e in
definite , a s daha ‘whe re ,’
dahka (for daho ha )‘som e
where ,’
dahadenzo a nywhere .
’
Exam p l e .
Doha ha de mita yo ai I thin k I have seen (him )seen m a nner
som ewhere.
omoim a su.
thin k
§ 2 7 . REFLEX IVE PRONOUN .—yib un ,
‘se l f,’
jib a n no,one ’ s own ,
’
is the com monest reflexive pronoun in the
J a pa nese spoken la nguage . It is som etim e s rep la ced by
jishin oronore. I/Vaga m ea n s on e ’ s own in the ph ra se s
waga ha ,‘one ’ s own child ,
’
waga hiddai,‘one ’ s own
brothers a nd sisters ,’
waga hnni,‘one ’ s own coun try ,
’
a nd
perha ps som e others .
THE PRONOUN . 3 1
Exam p l e s ofjibnn etc .
ha ra
b ecausedehinai
can ’ thnda sa re.
give
yibnn de
tetsada tte
lendin g hand
yib a n ga wa rui.
him sel f is b ad
Tegamiwa youi ta ta nai;le tter use stands not
s hin ni itte a ha na shin a sa re.
going spea k do
Go jib a n no tohi de
(hon .) own tim e a t
yoroshiu gaza rim a sn.
good it is
Yahei na 0 sewa
needless (hon .) troub le
s nn noa ta m a nohaiwoay e.
own head flies drive off
Sa m uhute, jib un note d a ha
b ein g cold own ha nd is
n a n’
da ha wa ha ra nn.
wha t is is not c lear
d a
it is
noinochiwo si'itete,
lifehitowota snhem a shita .
aided
Because I can ’ t doit b y my
se l f, help m e please.
I t is his own faul t .
A let ter is of nouse ; goand
ta l k tothe m an him se l f.
I t wil l doa t yourown tim e .
I don ’ t wan t your a ssistan ceb rush the flies from yourown head.
I t is so cold, I don ’ t knowwhether they are my own hands
or wha t they a re .
Throwin g away his own life ,a b andoning he aided others.
Ob serve the force ofhttoin this sen tence.
For ea ch other ,’ one a nother ,
’ J a pa nese use the a dverb
tagainiwhich m ea n s ‘m u tua l ly .
’
Exam p l e s .
Tagainimite arima shIta .
Tagainita snheru.
2 8 .
ha s nore la t'
ive pronoun s .
RELAT IVE PRONOUNs—The J a pa nese
Toexpres s the sam e idea , the
They looked a t one another.
They a ssist each other.
la nguage
verb of the re la tive c la u se is put before the word towhich
the rela tive pronoun refe rs . I n the ca se of pa ssive verbs a
32 THE PRONOUN .
simila r con struction is found in Eng lish . Thus , for ‘them a n whowa s m u rdered ,
’
we m ay say ,‘the m u rdered m a n ,
’
which correspond s exa ct ly tothe J a pa nese phra se , ha ra
sa reta hito.
Exam p l e s .
Ana ta ga ourina sa tta johisen . The steam er which you sold.
se l l did s team er
Sa hnj itsn ha tta hobune. The sailing vesse l which (we)yesterday bough t sailing-ship bough t yesterday .
H ay a hu susnmu fune. A ship which sails fast , or a
quick advan ce ship fast sailing ship .
Nihon go waha ra A m an whodoes not under
J apan language notstand Ja pa nese .
no hito.understand m an
In stea d ofharashita hita , ‘the m a n whokil led ,’
horasa re
ta hito, ‘the m a n whowa s kil led ,’
it is possib le tosay
harashita toharonohita , horosa reta tahara nohito, tahoro
m ea ning p la ce ,’
b ut this construction ca n ha rd ly b e said to
be long tothe col loquia l la nguage . Such ph ra ses , however,a s hiita toharoniy a tte,
‘a ccording towha t I have hea rd ,
’
a re not unfrequent .
2 9 . OTHER PRONOM INAL WORD S
Hita ‘m a n’
. Hitois u sed in a simila r way tothe Germ a n
m a n , the F rench an , a nd the Eng lish ‘one ’ or ‘peop le .
’
It m ay a l som ea n ‘other peop le .
’
Exam p l e s .
H tto wo b a ha ni shite, You should not m a ke fools ofpeop le fool tom a kin g peop le.
ihen ai.
can not go
H tta goin noni. According towha t peop le say.
say in
THE PRONOUN . 33
H ttonohodom a . O ther peop le ’s children .
children
Mina , ‘a ll,’
is u sed either a lone or a fter a noun .
Mina ha reta . They have a ll withered.
Kiga mina hareta . The trees have all withered.
Min a de ihntsa ? How m any in a ll ?
Mina sa n yohn ira sshai You are a ll we lcome , Gen tle.
a ll Mr. we l l (hon .)com e m en .
m a shita .
(pa st)
I ha ( root)‘how ’
ison ly found in a few com bina tion s such
a s iha nior ihaga ,
‘how,
’
iha hada ,‘how m uch .
’
Ihn ,
‘wh a t num be r,’
a ppea rs in the fol lowing com bin ation s—ihn ts fi, ‘how m a ny ,
’
ihnra ,
‘how m uch ,’
ihnnzai,‘how m a ny fl a t objects ,
’
ihnhan ,
‘how m a ny cy lindrica l
obj ects ,’
ihnha ,
‘how m a ny day s , ihnta rior ihnnin , how
m a ny m en ,
’
a nd other sim ila r ph ra ses .
I tsa ,
‘when ,’
is found a lone a nd in the com bin a tion s
itsnza , a t som e tim e or a nother,’
itsnha, on som e day or
a nother,’
itsa moor itsn demo, ‘a t a ny tim e a t a ll,
’
‘a lway s .
’
Rio-ho, lit . ‘both sides ,’
is u sed for ‘both ,’
b ut dachira
m a is commoner.
CHAPTER V
NUMERALS.
§ 3o. The J a pa nese la nguage ha s two se ries of
num era l s , one con sisting of origina l J a pa nese word s , the
othe r borrowed from the Chinese . The J a pa nese series
extend s no fu rther tha n the num be r ten , a fter which
C hinese num era l s on ly a re u sed .
List of Num era l s
36 NUMERAL s .
Exam p l e s .
Twomoun tains.
Four oranges.
5 . The num era l m ay s ta n d b y itsel f.
Exam p l e .
I ha tsa am 9 How m any are there ?
}’ia iehigaza rim a sz
‘i. There are eleven .
§ 32 . AuxiL IARY NUMERAL S . - It is com pa ra tive lyse ldom th a t the num era l is joined im m edia te ly to the
noun . Wha t m ay b e ca l led Auxilia ry Num era l s a re m uch
in use . They correspond to the Eng lish ph ra ses , ‘six
hea d of ca tt le ,’ ‘faur b ra ce of pa rtridges ,
’ ‘twa pair of
shoes]
Exam p l es .
Kamiichim ai. One shee t of paper.
H a himonoissohn (for ichisahu). O n e pair of shoes .
Ahindojiu iehinin . E leven m ercha n ts (lit. m er
cha n ts—e leven m en).
Mos t of these a uxilia ry n um era l s a re of Chinese origin ,a nd fa l l under Ru l e I of the preceding section . A few
a re J a pa nese word s , a nd fa l l under Ru le 2 a s hnra hita
tom ai, ‘one godown .
" They a re com mon ly p la ced a fte r
the noun , b ut a con struction simila r totha t described in
Ru le 3 is a l so a dmis sib le . Ex . Sa nnin noa kinda ,‘th ree
m erch a n ts . ’
These num era l s a re in daily u se , a nd a knowledge of
some of them is absolu te ly necessa ry.
NUMERALS . 37
The most common a re
FOR AN IMALS . FOR MEN . FOR B IRD S .
FOR LONG AND ROUND ART I CLE S , S U CH AS BOTTLE S ,PEN C ILS , TREE S , ETC.
Hon .
I . Ip pan . 2 . Nihon . 3 . Sam b an . 4 . Shihon .
5 . Gohon . 6. Rap pan . 7 . Shichihon . 8 . H a ehi hon .
9 . K n hon . I O . yip pan . (Se c.
FOR BROAD FLAT OBJE CT S , S U CH As DOLLAR S , S HEET S OFPAPER , CLOTH IN G , ET C .
M ai.
I . I chim a i. 2 . Nim ai. 3. Sam m ai. 4 . Yonzai.
5 . Gom ai. 6. Rahn m ai. 7 . Shichim ai 8 . Ha chim ai.
9 . K n m a i. 1 0 . yin m a i. (Sr
Shiis avoided in m any com b ina tions b ecause it a lsom ea ns dea th ,
’
a word of ill omen, and the Japanese numera l yoused instead b eforeChinesewords.
Nin .
I ehinin or hita ri.
Ninin orfiita ri.
Sa n nin .
Yotta riory a’i‘nin .
G 0 nin .
R ahn nin .
Shichinin .
H a chinin .
K n nin .
yin nin .
é’
v e.
38
FOR HOUSE S .
K en .
I . I h hen .
2 . Nihen .
3 . Sa n gen .
4 . Shihen .
5 . Gohen .
6. Ra h hen .
‘
7 . Shichihen8 . H a chihen
9 . K n hen .
I O yih hen .
I I . yin ih hen .
NUMERALS .
FOR S H IPS .GLA S SE S OFW INE ,CUPS OP TEA , ET C .
FOR j INRIK ISHA AND KAGO .
or D a i.
I t 6l [ Chidai.
N ieho Nida i.
Sa n eho Sa n da i.
Shicho’
Yoda i.
Go6 116 GO da i.
Rohn eho Rahn da i.
Shichieho Shichida i.
H a t eha H a ehida i.
K n cha‘
K n‘
dai.
ya eho yin da i.
SHOE S .
For ca rria ge s the num era l is ichi rio, ni rioetc . ; for
books (vols ) is sa tsn ,nisa tsn , (copies)ichib u , uib n etc .;for
m ats , ichijo, nijoetc.
NUMERALS . 39
§ 33. ORD INAL NuMBERs .—The ordina l s a re form ed by
prefixing the word daior a flixing b a n to the Chinesenum era l s .
I st . Daiiehi or
2 nd . D aia i
3rd . D aisa n
4th . Daishi
5 th . Daigo
éve.
The ordina l s precede the noun , the
being in troduced between .
Exam p l e s .
D aiiehinoy ahu. The first , or highest office.
Nib a n nofnne. The second ship.
D aiichi, ichi b a n m ea n litera l ly‘num ber one .
’
M e is
often a dded a fte r b a n , a s nib a n m e nofnne,‘the second
ship .
’
§ 34. FRACTION s .—Fra ctiona l qua n tities a re expresse d
in the fol lowing m a n ner : 2 I - Iooths is hia ka bnn noni
jin iehi, (lit . of one hundred pa rts twen ty one .) The
nois com mon ly om itted , a nd b n substituted for b nn .
Thu s for ‘on e third ’
the spea ker ha s a choice between
sa m b un no iehi a nd sam b n iehi. When there is
no denom ina tor expre ssed , it is understood tha t tenths
a re m ea n t .
Exam p l e s .
Ha ehibu. Eigh t ten ths .
Shiehi b n . sam b n ai wa he Divide it in to seven ten thshavm g and three ten ths.
te oha re.divided give
Ichib a n .
Nib a n .
Sam b a n .
Yob a n .
Gob a n .
(Sa c .
possessive pa rtic le
40 NuMERAL s.
One ha l f is ha n , or ham b un . One third a nd onefou rth a re som etim es nzitsi
’
iiehi a nd y a tsie iehi. These
pa rticu la r form s have been sa nctioned by u sage , b ut a s
a genera l ru le J a pa nese a nd Chinese n um era l s ca nnot
be com bined in this way .
35 . Exam p l es ofNum e ra l s .
Sana ha sa wa ihnra ? He ; How much is tha t um b re l la ?tha t um b re l la how m uch One is fi fty sen b ut if you b uy£1750 " 10“gOJ‘Sse” d" gaza ri three , I Wil l m ake them one yenone piece fi fty cen ts is
vtwen ty sen .
m a su ga ; sa m bon a ha t
three pieces (hon .) b uyna sa reb a ,
iehiy en n ijissen ni
. if do one twen ty cen ts toita shima sk6.
wil l m a ke
H tto tsutsumi ui hia hn There are one hundred (dolla rs,on e pa cka ge "1 hun dred
shirts, or other fla t ob jec ts.) inm a i dzn tsn ha itte zm a su.
ea ch pa ckage .
piece ea ch having en tered is
Sore wa fi‘ita tsiihi m ay e no Tha t is a thing of two
tha t twomon th b efore mon ths ago.
hoto da .
thing is
Mina de ihn tsi ? How m any a l together ?a l toge ther how m any
N a na tsi‘igoza rima sii. There a re seven .
Kan aichidam no sob a Have you heard wha t the
tooday dol la r ra te °t exra te of exchange for dol lars is
wo hiita ha ?to-day ?
change have heard
He, hia hu m ai ni hia hn Yes, it is 1 1 0 yen for 1 00
Yes , hun dred piece in hundred dol lars.1 m yen de goza rim a sii.ten are
Kore yorina n’ri hadoam ? How m any riis it from here ?
this from wha t quan tity is
N UMERAL S .
Shichiha ehirihoha (or shiha )seven eigh t other
ma goza rim a senii.
is not
Ni sa n gen .
twothree houses
Shigo.
nichi.
N a n’dohi desii.
’ or N a n’
J i
desii?
Ka re hare y OJ t degoza rima si'i.
tha t this
I hn zroa rim ae ha ?
how m any colours a re
Sotaide hahona ira gaza rim asii.
a ll in nine colours there are
Midzn wohita huchihnrero.Wa ter one mouth give
Hitotsfi nosama tage ga am
one ob sta c le there is
yin -nin to-iro.I O m en 1 0 colour
4 1
I t is not more than seven oreigh t ri.
Twoor three houses.
Four or five days.
Wha t o’c lock is it ?
I t is just a bout four o’c loc k .
How m any kinds are there ?
In all, there are nine kinds .
Give m e a mouthful Of wa ter.
There is one ob sta c le .
As m any m en , a s m any minds.
CHAPTER V I .
THE VERB.
§ 36. The verb in J a pa nese ha s no m ea n s of ex
pressing distinction s of num ber or, except indirect ly , of
person . K a sn, for in sta n ce , m ay m ea n , ‘I lend ,
’ ‘thoulendest ,
’ ‘he lend s ,’ ‘we , you , or they lend ,
’
a ccording
tocircum sta nces .‘
I n the spoken la ngua ge there a re twoconj uga tion s of
verbs . The fol lowing ta b le shows the termin a tion s of the
principa l pa rts in ea ch conjuga tion
CONJ . I . CON]. Ii.
StemBa se for Nega tive a nd Future form s
Presen t I ndica tiveBa se for Condition a l form s
I t is not a l toge ther a rb itra rily tha t these conjuga tions have b een
term ed the ‘first ’ and the ‘second.
’The grea t m ajority of underived
verb s a re conjuga ted a ccording tothe first conjuga tion ; a ll pa ssive a nd
most causa tive a ndother deriva tive verb s b e long tothe second .
37 . Ta b le showing the form a tion of the principa l pa rtsin differen t verbs
CONJUGATION I .
lend wa it b e pour readStem . ha s!” m a ch; a n tsa gi shim a i yom iNeg Ba se ka sa m am a ra tsuga shim awa yom aPres. Ind ie ha s“ m a tsn a ru tsng n shim a n yom uCon . Ba se ha s: m a te a re tsuge shim aye yom e
44
Pa st Particip lePa st TenseConditiona l of do.Hypothetica l ofdo.
Prob a b le Pa stAl tern a tive FormConcessive Pa s tDesidera tive AdjPolite Form
Nega tive Ba se
Neg. ofPres . Indie.
Nega tive Pa stNeg. Con dition a lNeg. Hypothe tica lNeg. Con cessiveNeg. Pa rticip leHypothe tica lNeg. Adjec tiveFuture
THE VERB .
CONJUGAT ION I .
Ka sa , tolend.
Ka shi, lend.
Ka sa .
Ka sa mi, (he) does not lend.
na nda , (he) did not lend.
neb a , if (he) doe s not lend.
zn b a , if (he) were not tolend.
nedo, though (he) does not lend.
de or zn , not lendin g.
b a , if (he) were tolend.
n ai, (he) does not lend .
Ka so, (he) wil l lend .
Ka sa , (he) lends.
Ka su n a , donot lend .
m ai, (he) wil l not lend.
Kase.
Ka se, lend.
b a , if (he) lend.
do, though (he) lend .
Ka shite, having len t or lending.
ta , (he) len t or ha s len t .ta reb a , ifor when (he) len t , or has len t .ta ra b a , if (he) had len t.ta ro
, (he) prob a b ly len t .ta ri
, a t one tim e lending.
ta redo, though ( he) len t .“
tai, (he) wishes tolend.
m asii, (he) lends.
Past Pa rticip lePa st Ten seConditiona l of do.
Hypothetica l of doProb a b le Pa stAl tern a tive FormCon cessive Pa stDesidera tive Adj.Polite FormIm pera tive
Nega tive Ba se
Neg. Pres. I ndic .Neg. Pa st I ndic .Neg. Conditiona lNeg. Hypothetica lN eg. Con cessiveNeg. Particip leHypothe tica lNeg. Adjec tiveNeg. FutureFuture
Presen t Indica tive
Neg. Im pera tive
Condition a l Ba se
THE VERB .
CONJUGAT ION I I .
Ta bern , toea t .
Ta b e, ea t.
Ta be.
Ta bern , (he) ea ts.
Ta bern no, donot ea t .
Ta bere.
45
ea ten .
Ta be te , havin g ea ten p r ea ting.ta , (he) a te .
ta reba , ifor when (he) a te , orta ra b a , if (he) had ea ten .
ta ro, (he) ha s prob a b ly ea ten .
ta ri, a t on e tim e ea tin g .
ta reda , though (he) a te .
tai, (he) wishes toea t.m a sh , (he) ea ts.
Ta be n ai, (he) does not ea t .
na nda , (he) did not ea t .
neb a , if (he) donot ea t .
z n b a , if ( he) were not toea t .
n edo, though ( he ) does not ea t.de or zu ,
not ea tin g.
b a , if (he) were toea t.n ai, (he) does not ea t .
m ai, (he) wil l not ea t .
yo, (he) wil l ea t .
46 THE VERB .
§ 4 I . The fol lowing exam p les show the letter-cha nges
which take p la ce when the stem s of verbs of the fi rst
conjuga tion ending in chi,ri, hi, gi, ip receded by a vowe l ,
m ior b i com e b efore the termin a tion s te, ta , ta reb a , ta ra ,
ta ra ba , ta ro, ta ri, a nd ta reda .
Ma chi-te becom es m a tte, m a chita m a tta , etc .
A ri-te. a tte.
Ka hi-te haite .
Tsagi-te. tsnide or tsnite.
Shim ai-te shim a tte.
Ombi-te amotte.
Yam i-te yonde .
Ya bi-te yonde .
Exception z—I hi-te (ihn‘togo becom es itte not iite .
42 . IRRE GULAR VERB S . K n rn‘tocom e ,
’
sum ‘todoa nd the polite a uxilia ry m a sii a re som ewha t irregu la r .
Their conjuga tion is given b e low.
For the futu re ofhnrn , hayois be st . Kiyo, which is a l so
u sed , is not sogood . Kois som etim e s hea rd in the ph ra se
itte hoha , having gone sha l l I com e .
’
I n stea d ofsho, the futu re ofsnrn ,
‘todo,’
seyois som etim es
hea rd , a nd for the nega tive futu re sem ai, som e peop le say
sum a ior shim ai. But these form s a re les s correct tha n
those given in the ta b les .
Ma sh ha s no desidera tive form . In stea d of ihim a
shita i, we m u st say ihitogoza im a sn ‘I wish to go.
’
Ma se (im pera tive) is often pronoun ced m a shi by ca re les s
speakers . M a sn rn is more form a l , a nd les s com mon tha n
ma sh .
Ma si’
i is not now in use a s a sepa ra te word , b ut on lycom bined with othe r ve rbs toform polite tenses .
Pa st Particip lePa st TenseCon dition a l ofdo.
Hypothe tica l of do.
Prob a b le Pa stAl terna tiveCon cessive of Pa st .Desidera tive Adj.Polite Form
Nega tive Ba se
Neg. of Pres. Indie .
Neg. of Pa st I ndic .Neg. of Condition a l .Neg. ofHypothe t .
Neg. ofCon cessive .
Neg. Particip leHypothe tica lNeg. Adjec tiveNeg . ofFutureFuture .
Im pera tive
Presen t Indica tive
Neg. Im pera tive
Condition a l Ba se
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
THE VERB .
K n rn , tocom e .
Knrn
Ka re
com e .
(he) does not com e .
(he) did not com e .
if (he) does not com e .
shou ld (he) not com e .
though (he) donot com e .
47
not coming,or without coming .
should (he) com e .
(he) does not com e .
(he) Wil l not com e .
(he) wil l com e .
com e !
(he) com es.
donot com e !
if( he) ccm es.
though (he) com es.
coming or havin g com e .
(he) cam e ,or (he) ha s com e .
ifor when ( he) cam e .
if (he) ha d com e .
(he) ha s prob a b ly com e .
a t one tim e comin g.
a l though (he) cam e .
(he) wishes tocom e .
( he) com es .
THE VERB .
Snrn , todo.
Shite
Pa s t Ten seCondition a lofdo.
Hypothe tica l of do.
Prob a b le Pa stAl terna tiveCon cessive Pa st
t
Desidera tive Adj.
Polite FormIm pera tive
Nega tive Ba se
Neg. ofPres . Indic . Se a n
Neg. ofPa st Indie . n a nda
Neg. ofCondition a l . neb a
Neg.ofHypothe tica l zn b a
Neg. of Con cessive .
Neg. Pa rticip leHypothe tica lNeg. FutureFuture
Pres. Indica tive
Neg. Im pera tive Snru n a
Condition a l Ba se
0 0 0 0 0 0
(he) does.
donot
if(he) does.
though (he) does.
doing or having done.( he) did or has done.
ifor sin ce (he) did.
if (he) had done .
(he) prob ab ly did .
a tone tim e doing.
though (he) did .
(he) Wishes todo.
(he) does.
do!
(he) does not or wil l not
(he) does not do.
( he) did not .
if (he) does not.
should (he) not do.
though (he) donot .
not doing, or without doing .
should (he) do.
(he) wil l not do.
( he) wil l do.
THE VERB .
Ma sii, tob e .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Past Pa rticip le Ma sh! tePa st Ten seCondition a l ofdo.Hypothetica l of do.
Prob ab le PastAl tern a tiveCon cessive PastDesidera tive Adj.Polite Form
Nega tive Base Ma se
Neg. of Pres . Indie .
Neg. of Pa st Indie .
Neg. ofCondition a l .Neg.ofHypothetica lNeg. of Con cessive .
Neg. Particip leHypothetica lNeg. Adjec tiveFutureIm pera tive
Presen t Indica tive . Ma siior m a surn (he) is.
Neg. Im pera tive donot b e !Neg. of Future (he) wil l not b e .
Condition a l Base Ma snre
49
b eing or having b een .
( he) was or ha s b een .
ifor sin ce ( he ) wa s.
if (he) had b een .
(he) prob a b ly wa s.
a t one tim e b eing.
though (he) wa s.
(he) is not .
( he) wa s not .if(he) is not.
shou ld (he) not b e .
though (he)is not.not b eing.
shou ld (he) b e .
(he ) wil l b e .
b e !
5 0 THE VERB .
§ 46. THE STEM“ OR INDE F IN I TE FORM . Ka shi, ta be.
I . As wil l have been seen from the a bove ta b les , thestem is u sed a s a ba se towhich som e of the termina tion sa re a dded .
2 . The stem is u sed toform com pound s with noun s ,a dj ectives , orothe r verbs .
Exam p l es .
Ka shiy a .‘A house tolet,
’ from ha shi, stemof ha sn ,
‘tolen d, ’ a nd y a ,
‘a
house .
’
Kimono. C lothes, ’ from hi, stem ofhim ,
‘toc lothe , ’ and mono, a thing.
’
Mignrnshi. Ugly , ’ from mi, stem of mirn , ‘tosee ,
’a nd hnrnshi, pain ful , dis
tressing.
’
Arig a tai. I t is diffi cul t tob e ( I am m uchob liged), from a ri, stem of am ,
‘tob e and ha tai, hard , dif
ficult .’
Buchiha rosn.
‘To b ea t todea th ,
’ from b nchi,
stem of b utsu,
‘tob ea t , ’ and
hora sn , tokil l . ’
Shiagern . Tofinish ,
’ from shi, stem of sum‘todo, ’ and agera ,
‘toraise.
’
Sara n a kawaile im a sa The sky is c louded ; it looksSky c louded is like rain .
ha ra , furi-sona a m baidesii.
b e ca use fa l l sta te
The form which in previous editions of this work wa s term ed the
Root is now ca l led the S tem or I ndefinite Form for rea sons which haveb een very convin cingly put b y Mr. B . H . Cham b erlain in a short pa pe rread b efore the Asia tic Socie ty ofJapan , towhich I am indeb ted for thisim provem en t . I t is possib le , however, tha t such stem s a s ha shia re a ftera ll rea l ly roots, the inot b eing a term in a tion b ut m ere ly a sound a dded
in order tocom p ly with the rule tha t in Ja panese every sy l la b le m us tend with a vowe l .
5 2 THE VERB .
a nd a re in very common use . Wa in this position is commou ly pronounced y a .
Exam p l es .
K ano mina to ni hahureta Are there nohidden rocks in
harbour hidden this harbouriwa a riwa (ory a ) shinaiha 9
rock is donot
M a ehim a (ory a ) shim a senzi. I won ’ t wait .wa it donot
D a rem a arim a ita shim a senii. There is nobody here .
a nyone rem ain does not
Kamaiy a shinai. I don ’ t care .
care don ’ t
M ada hi y a shima sz‘imai. He can
’ t have com e yet .
yet com e wil l not do
Shinima ita shim a siim ai. He wil l not die .
die wil l not do
4 . The Stem is the subj ect of a ru le of Syntax which is
very im porta nt in the written la nguage , a nd is oc ca sion
a l ly exem p lified in the spoken la nguage .
Rn le . When two or more con secutive c la u ses of a
sen tence con tain verbs in the sam e mood a nd ten se,the
la st verb on ly takes the distinctive termin a tion of the
mood a nd ten se , a nd a ll those which precede a re put in
the stem or indefinite form , so ca l led beca u se it ha s no
mood or ten se ofits own . I n the ca se of Nega tive Form s ,the indefinite form is the pa rticip le in zn .
This ru le is the cou n terpa rt for verbs of the ru le given
for Adj ectives in Cha p . V I I .
Exam p l es .
Mame wom a heba , m ame ga I f you sow b eans, b eans grow,
b eans if sow b eansa nd if you sow hem p seed,
hay e, a sa nota ne woma heb a . hem p growsgrow hem p seed if sow
a sa g a dehiru.
hem p b ecomes.
THE VERB . 5 3
Wa ta hiishi no yona bim bo A poor m an like m e b uysI sort Of poor when he ha s money , a nd does
n tn wa zeni noa rn tahinizoanot b uy when he has none .
m an cash is tim e
hai, nai tohi wa , hawa nai.
b uy not tim e donot b uy
Tokionohoy e a ide da toin There are peop le Who says‘de go say tha t he is going to Tokio, a nd
hztoma a ri, y appa ri nchi ni
peop le a re stil l hom e a t
oide da tomoin .
a lsosay
it is a lsosaid tha t he is goingtostay a t hom e .
Miredomo, miy ez n ; hikeda Though they look, they can
though see ca n ’ t see thoughnot see ; though they listen , they
m a hzhoy ena z. cannot hear.hea r cannot hear
The studen t shou ld not a ttem pt to imita te this con
s truction , which is not very common in ordin a ry conver
sa tion . I nstea d of haye, hai, it is bette r to say hay ern
ga , ha n ga . For a ri, a reb a is better, a nd for miy ezn ,
miy enai.
§ 47 . THE PAST PART I C IPLE . K a shite, ta hete.
The termina tion te of the pa st pa rticip le is rea l ly the
stem of a n obsolete verb tsnrn ‘to finish .
’ This a c
coun ts for its being occa siona l ly like other stem s u sed
a s a noun , a s in the phra se shiite no tori ‘a s you a re
awa re .
’
I t a l sofol lows th a t s uch phra ses a s m a tte arn ,
‘he is waiting ,’
a re rea l ly exam p les of the ru le of
syn ta x given in the preceding section , m a tte being the
I ndefinite Form .
The term Pa st Pa rticip le is not free from obj ection , a s
this is by nom ea n s the on ly use of this form . It m ust
som etim es b e rendered by the presen t pa rticip le , a nd it
som etim es ha s no reference to tim e , b ut describes them a n ner ofthe a ction of the verb which fol lows .
5 4 THE VERB .
Exam p l e s .
Doha y e iite hita .
’ Where ha s he b een to?where having gone has com e
Ma tte kite age I wil l b ring it for you.
having ta ken having com e Im a sho.Willoffer
Kamiwa hitte ma ra tta . I got my hair cut .
hair having cut received
Da re ha Yokoham a m a de I wan t som ebody to go tosom ebody as far as Yokoham a for m e .
itte moraitai.h aving gone I wish toreceive
Sa na kaga kitha t post~ca rd
n a n’
toitta ?
wha t said
wo yondehaving read
Mzim a nima notte mira hitohorse riding see m a n
sot te miro.
associa ting seeuiwa
Yoji g a a tte notagio.b usiness b eing journey
Taite mosnwa tte mo, neda nstanding sitting price
wa a najihoto.sam e thin g
0 fnro ai itte m a
b a th having gone
yorashin goza rim a siihagood is
H aitte mo d a ijihaving en tered
nai.
is not
grea t thing
I tie shim a tta .
having gone ha s finished
Ka shizoota bete shim a tta .
ca kes ea ting has finished
Wha t did he say when he
read tha t post -card ?
Try a horse b y riding him ;
try a m an b y a ssocia ting withhim .
A journey on b usiness.
I t is as sit ting a s
sta nding .
cheap
May I gotothe b a th ?
I t does even if
you com e (or go) in .
in n m enu ,
He has gone away .
He ha s ea ten a ll the ca kes.
THE VERB . 5 5
Am a ri ta bete wa bioki ai You wil l b ecom e ill if youtoO m uCh ‘11
eat toom uch .
720 7 11 .
b ecom e
The la st exam p le shows tha t the Pa st Pa rticip le with
wa a dded m ay b e u sed a s equiva len t tothe Conditiona l
Form in eb a . Te run is in the common Tokiodia lect
pronounced cha . Te n a ha s not a lway s the force of the
Condition a l .
Exam p l e .
Nete n a im asenn. He is not gone tob ed.
having lain down rem ains not
Note the diffe ren ce in m ea ning between ka shite ka ra ,
‘a fter lending
,
’
a nd ka shita ka ra ,
‘beca u se he lent .
’
§ 48 . THE PA ST TEN SE . Ka shita , ta b eta .
The ta of the pa st tense is a shortened form of ta rn ,
which is itse l f con tra cted for te-a rn , te being the termi
na tion of the pa st pa rticip le , a nd a rn the verb ‘tob e .
’
I n the written la nguage ta rn ha s a perfect significa
tion , the sim p le pa st ten se being indica ted by the pa rtic le
skior hi a dded to the stem . These la tter form s a re
obsolete in the spoken la nguage , where ta is oftener a
sim p le pa st tha n a perfect , a lthough the la tter use is
not unknown . Yokoham a y e itta m ay m ea n, either ‘he
went toYokoham a ,
’ or ‘he ha s gone toYokoham a .
’ I f
it is de sired to bring out the pe rfect signifi ca tion dis
tinctly , the pa st pa rticip le with orn Oi irn is em p loyed ,a s Yokoham a y e itte orn ,
itte irn or ittern ,
‘he h a s
gone toYokoham a ,’
lit . ‘ha ving gone toYokoham a he
rem ain s . ’
Like the other ten se s of the Indica tive Mood , the Pa st
Ten se m ay Sta nd toother word s in the re la tion of a
Verb, a s a na hita n ra kita ,‘he cam e or ha s com e ,
’
5 6 THE VERB .
of a n Adj ective ,* a s kita hito,
‘the cam e m a n’
i.e .
‘them a n whoha s com e ,
’ or of a Noun , a s kita nisoin ai‘there is nom istake a bout his having com e .
’
Exam p l e s of the Pa st Tense .
I . As a Verb .Kio kita . He came to-day.
to-day cam e
Doshima shz’
ta ? Wha t has happened tohim ?how ha s done
The pa st ten se is som etim e s u sed where in English
the present is preferred , a s wa ka rinza shita ‘I understa n d .
’
2 . As an Adjective .K ano aida ha shita ka ne. The money I len t somethis in terva l len t money days ago.
Kesa ta bem a shita n a shi. The pears I a te this morning .
this morning a te pea r
Kianen nofuy n wa takiishina The m an who cam e to m yla st year ‘t er m y p la ce in the Win ter of la st yea r.
ta kara nikita hito.p la ce cam e m a n
Ka ne wo tam eta ny e de He is going b a ck to his
money col lec ted “PO“ coun try after he has am a ssed
hun t n i kay ern .
som e money .
coun try returns
The pa st ten se , a s a n a dj ective , is frequent ly fol lowed
by the pa rtic le no.
Exam p l e s .Nita noyoriwa y a heta no I prefer roast toboiled .
boiled tha n roast
yoroshin ga za rim a sii.good is
Shinda noja naiha ? Is it not a dead one ?dead is not
Ima Jib a n m aitia no g a Am I wrong tohave comenow tim e cam e this tim e ?
wa rniha 2
is b ad
Cf. § 2 8 Re la tive Pronoun .
THE VERB .
Shim b nn no ha ta de I t seem s they have com en ewspa per thing
about the newspaper.
kim a shita sodesii.com e it is
3. As a Noun .
I tta g a yaha tta . I wish I had gone (‘I am glad I
the having gone wa s good wen t ’ would b e itta nowa yoka tta ).
M a heta ni ehigai There is nom ista ke a bout histhe b eing b ea ten mistake having b een b ea ten .
m a nai.
is not
Tari- a toshita wa mireb a . When I looked a t wha t heta ke dropped when saw. had dropped .
Hirai-totte knreta Wha t sort of a person was it
pick up having taken gave whopicked it up for m e ?
wa do in hitode a tta ?
how ca l led m an wa s
Ta khe, a contra ction for ta ri-kern of the written la n
gua ge , is som etim es em p loyed a s a sort of pa st term ina
tion . I t is howeve r u sed on ly a s a verb , a nd not a s a n
a dj ective or noun , a nd genera l ly indica tes th a t the speak
er is in doubt or t rying torem em ber .
Exam p l e s .
Ano otako n a n an’
to Wha t wa s tha t m an’
s nam e ?
tha t m an wha tmoshima shita kke ?
cah ed
fl ! sayodeshitakke ! Ah ! tha t is how it wa s !
ah ! thus it was
Cha tta .’ n a n
’toha zzm a shi I say ! wha t is this your
a little wha t ca l ledn am e is ? Sha l l I say 0 K a n e ?
ta kke ; m ashi0 Ka ne dan ha 9suppose
D an shows tha t it is a servan t whois addressed.
49 . THE COND I T ION AL AND THE HYPOTHET I CAL FORM SO F THE PA S T TEN SE . K a shita reb a ,
ta b eta reb a .
Ta reb a , tdra b a a re for te a reb a, te a ra b a . Ta reb a is
common ly stil l further contr a cted intota ra .
5 8 THE VERB .
There was origina l ly a distinc tion b etween ta reb a and ta ra b a , the
form er re la ting toa n even t which has a c tua l ly happened or is prob ab le , the use of the la tter im p lying tha t the even t ha s not ha ppened a t all, or is put a s a m ere supposition . But this distin c tion is now
lost and both form s are used indiscrimina te ly , there b eing a tenden cyfor ta ra ba tofa l l out of use.
K a shita reb a m ay m ea n not on ly ifhe lent ,’
b ut ‘ifhe‘i‘ha d
len t,’ ‘if he sha l l have lent ,
’ since he ha s lent ,’
when he
lent ,’
when he ha d lent ,’
when h e.
sha l l ha ve len t . ’
The com poun d ten se ka shita na ra is very genera l ly u sed
in m u ch the sam e sen se a s ka shita reb a . Na ra is he re for
na reb a , the Conditiona l Present ofna rn ,
‘tobe . ’
Exam p l es of ta reba , ta ra ba , ta ra a nd ta na ra .
Sore g a wa ha tta reb a , I f (or when) we have under
tha t when have understoodstood tha t , the rest is ea sy .
a to wa y a sni.
rest is ea sy
Tokio y e ihim a shita reba As soon a s I have gone towhen I have gone Tokio, I wil l order som e .
chi‘tma n shim a sho.
order Wil l do
Somoshima shita reb a , mina When I said so, they a ll flew
so when I said a ll in toa passion .
aha rim a shtta .
flew in toa passion
B en ten wa toota ra ha] : ga When I passed Ben ten a fire
when pa ssed fire b roke out .dchim a shita .
was m ade
I tta ra b a , hayo na hoto I f he had gone , nothing ofifha d gone this kind °t thin g this kind could ha ve ha ppened.
m a dehin ai ha dzu de
not b ecom e n ecessitya rim a shita .
wa s
I t m ay b e we l l torepea t here a rem a rk which ha s b een a lrea dym ade , viz . ,
tha t the Ja pa n ese Verb ha s noperson , a nd tha t where thepronoun ‘he ’
is in troduced in the English version , a ny other pronounwould doa s we l l .
60 THE VERB .
Do in wa ke de goza ri Wha t could have b een the
how ca l led reason Wil l havereason
m a shita ro9b een
Kim a shita roha ? Doyou thin k he ha s com e ?
B eta ro. He ha s prob ab ly gone out .
Sa za gotaihntsn de goza ri You m ust sure ly have foundsure ly ennui Wil l have
the tim e long .
m a shita ra’
.
b een
§ 5 I . THE ALTERNAT IVE FORM . K a shita ri, ta beta ri.
The term ina tion ta riof this form is a con tra ction forte a ri.
A Ve rb in this form is nea rly a lways a ccom pa nied b y
one or more other ve rbs in the sam e form .
Exam p l e s .
Oy a aikokoradznhaiha he He reform ed his unfilia l conpa ren ts a nxie ty hun g duc t in now giving an xie ty to
ta rt , ay a wa n a ka seta ri nofn his paren ts , a nd now m a kingm a ke weep un
them weep.
ko woa ra tam eta .
fi lia l conduc t reform ed
K anoam e ga fn tta riy a nda ri I don ’ t like this wea ther,this rain fa l ling stopping when it is a l tern a te ly raining
s nrn tenki wa he in ira na i.a nd leaving off.
dowea ther m ind not en ter
Tennguinitsn tsnnda rita moto Wrapping up som e in his
towe l W t aPn “P sleeve towe l a nd putting others in toy e ireta rishite. his s leeve .
put ting in doing
ya m ninega tta ri ha na tta ri Indeed it is a case of notruly b egging gra n ting
sooner a sked for than gran ted.
de goza rima sn.
is
Ana ta wa hita wa horoshita I f you have no wish toyou peop le l“n commit murder or rob b ery .
rizahn woha ta rahn kokorowarob b ery work hea rt
a rim a sen z’
i to.is not if
THE VERB . 61
M idzu wohunda ri na niha P lease draw wa ter for m e ,
wa ter drawin g som e thingand the like .
shite oha re.
doin g give
The term in a tion ta riorigin a l ly had noa lterna tive m ea n
ing , a nd in some of the a bove ph ra ses the a ltern a tive
force is not very eviden t .
5 2 . THE CONCE se E PA ST . K a shita reda , ta b eta reda .
This form is not m uch u sed , being rep la ced by ha shi
ta ta iy eda , lit .
‘though one say tha t (he) len t ,’ or more
com mon ly stil l , by ka shita kereda . M a‘even ’
is often
a dded toa ll these form s . Though ’
is the correct t ra n s
la tion of the conces sive term ina tions b ut it is u sua l ly more
convenien t torender them in Eng lish by p la cing‘b ut ’
a t
the beginning of the subsequen t c la u se .
Exam p l e .
Yahoda m ay e ni ka ne wo I len t him money a
m uch b efore money tim e ago, b ut he has
ka shita hereda , m a da hay eshi re turned itQ
e t .len t a l though yet returned y
m a sen h .
not
K a shite m a is a l so m uch u sed with nea rly the sam e
m ea ning , b ut it is of nospecia l ten se , a nd m ay b e either
presen t , pa s t or futu re .
§ 5 3 . DE S IDERAT IVE ADJE CT IVE . K a shitai, ta b eta i.
See Cha p . V I I .
§ 5 4 . THE POL I TE FORM . K a shim a sn , ta bem a sn . The
conj uga tion of this form is given in 45 . For its u se,
see Cha p . XI I .
§ 5 5 . THE‘ NE GAT IVE BASE . Ka sa , ta b e a re not in
use a s sepa ra te word s . This form ha s nom eaning‘by itse lf.
62 THE VERB .
§ 5 6. THE NE GAT IVE PRE SEN T IND I CAT IVE . K a sa n é,
ta bcn z‘z.
The.
fin a l u of this form is ina udib le , except when
very distinct pronu ncia tion is aim ed a t . The J a pa nesethem se lves often omit it in writing the spoken la nguage .
I n s tea d of this form , the Tokiodia lect genera l ly prefers
the Nega tive Adjective ka sa nai, ta b an d i. (See Cha p . VI I .)Like the othe r ten se s of the I ndica tive Mood , the Nega
tive Present m ay b e eithe r a ve rb , a n a djective or a noun .
(See rem a rks on the Pa st Ten se .)
Exam p l e s .
1 . AS a Verb .
Ka ne g a dckinz‘i to, 116 I f mon ey is not procured ,
money is not m ade if all
11 6 [ mm ka ketoriga 1 mm d ’a ra.
sides from dun com e Wil l
there wil l b e duns coming froma ll qua rters .
Shira n fi . I don ’ t know .
Are kiri (pron . a rekkiri) I have never seen him Sin ce .
tha t cut offa z'
m a scn fi .
not m ee t(The last exam p le shows tha t this form is som etim es used where we have a
past tenseSam ! wa rawa n fi, to m 6shi There! have you not laughedtha t ! “Qt laugh ha ving
a fter having said you wou ld not ?te, w am tta de u m nai1 m ?
said laughed (pred .) is not
(This exam ple illustra tes the principle tha t in J a pa n ese there are nospecia lform s for in direct n a rra tion . If a m a n says wa rawa nfi ‘I won't laugh 'the sam e
word wa rawa nfi is used in repea ting wha t he sa id , though in English we cha nge ‘wxllinto‘would .
’For wa rawa n}? a s a future see the section on the Future Form )
2 . As a n Adjective .
Shiram‘i kotowa goza rima He certain ly knows.
not -know thing is
senii.
not
Shira n fi. koto a ru mono Don ’ t te l l m e you don’ t k now.
not-know thing existing thingIan 9 (vulgarly mouka ).is ?
THE VERB . 63
D ckin fr tokiwa shika ta If it ca n ’ t b e done , there is nonot-can -do tim e do-m anner he lp for it .ga n ai.
is not
Shir/ a rm hito. A m an whom I don ’ t know.
(a lso, a m an whodoes not know .)‘
wakam n fi A m an whodoes not under
Eng lish words not-understand stand English .
hito.m an
I chi nen mo ta ta nii Before even a year had passed .
one year even not-standzlclzz
'
within
3 . As a Noun .
Skirim a sem’
idc gozaim a sfi. I don ’ t know (a very hum b lenot -know is form ofexpression used b y peop le
of the lower c la sses to theirsuperiors).
Damo skiy a shinai lea rn You n eedn’ t run away , I won
’ ta ny how do donot b ecause doany thing toyou.
nigcniz de moii.the not -running-away even is good.
0 lei m’
iram? wo Correc t wha t disp leases you(hon .) m ind not -en teromwshina sa re.
m end do
(in m e).
A n um ber of Com pound Ten ses a re form ed b y a d ding
de a ré , de a tta ,etc .
, tothe Nega tive Form (or the Ne d .
Adj.) taken a s a noun .
Exam p l es .
Shiramz d’a ra. He prob ab ly does not know.
not -knowing wil l b e
K am awam’
i d’a tta ra. He prob ab ly did not care.
not-caring prob ab ly wa s
5 7 . THE NE GAT IVE PA ST . K a sa na nda , ta b ena nda . This
form is u sua l ly rep la ced in the Tokiodia lect by ka sa na ka tta ,
ta b ena ka tta , the predica te form of the nega tive a djectives
64 THE VERB .
(ka sa na ku ta b enaku) com bined with the pa st ten se of a m ,
‘tob e ,’
the u fina l being e lided before the a of am .
K a sa n z“
: (or ka sun d i) de a tta m ay a l sob e u sed toexpres sthe sam e m ea ning .
Exam p l e s .
I kimasena nda . I did not go.
Souna niy a suku wa ura na nda I did not se l l it socheap as tha t.so cheap did-not-se l l
(or ura naka tta ).
Ha na shi m’
uka reie kiga I wa s sota ken up by the con ~
ta l k 0 " floa ted m ind versa tion tha t I did not notice it.tsuka na nda .
not-stick
A J a pa nese often u ses the nega tive of the present ten se
or the nega tive a djective where the pa st seem s tou s moresuita b le . Thus , in a n swer tothe question , Did you go?
0 ide na sa tta lea Pthe rep ly wil l very like ly b e , I kim a sen fi ,
for ‘I did not go.
’
This is pa rticu la rly t rue in the ca se of indirect c la u ses
or where the Nega tive Pa st, if u sed , wou ld b e a n a djective
or a noun .
Exam p l e s .
Chamon shim lea semi ka to They were discussing the quesorder d‘d do“ot tion ofwhe ther it had b een orders
zu koto wo ha na shiteed or not. (Note tha t the J a pa nese
ca l led thing ta l kingotta
prefers the Ac tive tothe Pa ssive
rem ained con struc tion).
Kiri m a de itom a wone’
ga ma Those whohave not resignedto-day un til leave not
up til l to-day .
n ai mono.
request person
From the Nega tive Pa st a re form ed a Nega tive Pa st AI
tern a tive , ka sa na nda ri, ta b ena nda ri, a Nega tive Pa st
Conditiona l , ka sa na nda reb a , ta b ennnda reb a ,a Nega tive
THE VERB . 65
Pa st Hypothetica l , ka sa na nda ra b a , ta bena nda ra b a , a Nega
tive Pa st Conces sive , ka sa na nda redo, ta b en a nda redo, a n d
a Nega tive Proba b le Pa st , ka suna nda rd,ta b ena nda rd .
These form s h a ve not b een in c luded in the schem e of con
j uga tion , a s most of them a re not very com mon , a n d their
form a tion is very Sim p le . Like othe r nega tive form s theya re frequen t ly rep la ced by com pound ten se s form ed with
the he lp of the Nega tive Adjective .
§ 5 8 . THE NE GAT IVE COND I T IONAL . K a sa neb a , ta be
neb a .
The se a re the nega tive form s corre sponding to the
positive form s ka seb a,ta b ereb a .
Exam p l e .
Mwm'chi m a de tsz
’
ikura neb a , If he does not m a ke it b y toto-morrow “m“If“Qt m a ke morrow I sha l l order it som e
hoka de a tsumy eru. where e lse .
e lsewhere order
This pa rt of the verb fol lowed by the nega tive of na ru,
‘tobecom e ,’ give s the force of the English a uxilia ry verb
m u st , a s in the fol lowing exam p le
M awam ncb a na ram’
i. I m us t goround .
ifnot goround does not b ecom e
Te woam wa ncb a n a rami. I m ust wa sh m y hands .
ha nd if not wa sh
The n a ra nz? is som etim es a l lowed tob e u nderstood , a s in
the fol lowing exam p le
I kam'b a . I m ust go.
The Nega tive Adjective fol lowed by te wa is u sed in the
sam e way , a nd is com moner. See Cha p . V I I .
The fina l b ar of the Nega tive Conditiona l is often pronoun ced y a .
For ‘if he‘does not lend ’ on e ca n a l sosay ka sa n a kereb a ,
ka sa n zi kereb a , ka sami toki wa ,ka sund i toki wa ,
ka scmzé
66 TRH VERB .
n a m , ka sa na i 1m m,ka sa n z
‘r to, k q sa n a i to, ka sa na ku te
a m or ka sund i de though som e s light dis tinction s
m igh t b e d rawn in the m ea ning a nd a pp lica tion of these
ph ra se s .
§ 5 9 . THE NE GAT IVE HYPOTHET I CAL . K a sa zu b a , ta b e
zub a .
K a suzub a , ta b ezub a a re the nega tive s corre sponding toka sa b a , ta b eb a . They ha ve som etim e s a n m in se rted for
euphony b efore the term in a tion b a . I n pra ctice they a re
con founded with the condition a l form s .
Exam p l es .
K a rm ic/Iia m e ga fum zub a , I wan t to go with you toto-day ram If not fa l l Tsukiji, if ' it does not rain
Tsukrji y e o tomo today .
a ccom pa nyin gita shita gozaim a sfi .
wish-to-do am
kinsa wotsukawa sa I t wil l b e n ecessary tospend a
a litt le mon ey if not spen d litt le mon ey .
zub a n a rim a sz’
im ai.
Wil l not b ecom e
60 . THE NE GAT IVE CON CE S S IVE . K a sa nedo,ta b en edo.
Exam p l e .
H a koda te y e itte minedo, Though I have not gon e togom g see "O t Ha koda te a n d seen for myse l f, I
J ’OhOdO sam m J’US" deam In form ed tha t It IS very coldvery cold seemthere .
gozm m a su.
IS
This form is not m uch u sed , being ordina rily rep la ced
b y the Nega tive Pre sen t or Nega tive Adjective fol lowed bykereda . For ka sa nedo, one nea rly a lway s hea rs ka sa n fi
kereda or ka sa na ikered a .
§ 6 1 . THE NE GAT IVE PART I C IPLE S . Kusa de, ka sa zu
ta bede, ta b ezu .
68 THE VERB .
Sonna koz‘owo iwa zu to, Don ’ t ta lk like tha t , b ut givesuch thing not sayin g him the money .
ka ne woy a re .
money give
K a sa n z‘t de, ka sa na ide a re m uch u sed a s substitute s for
ka susu .
As sta ted a bove the New. Pa rticip le in zu m ay
ha ve the force of the Indefinite Form .
Exam p l e .
H ajim e wa goku shim bia At first he wa s an exce l len tb eginn ing very a dm ira b le
serva n t , b ut he gradua l ly gotd a tta g“: 0‘0‘ “ Ch?
stuck up a n d wou ld not pay thewa s gradua l ly in crea sin g
v v
slightest a tten tion tom y orders ,shite , u tsukeru kotowa sa koshi
and in a ddition he is consta n t lydoing order thin g a litt lemo kika zu , sono uy e
tryin g todeceive m e b y te l lingEven not hea r tha t over a nd lies.
“5 0 mo tsuite 0 1rd wo (K ika zu here takes Its tense from da a t
a bove fa lsehood te l ling m e the end of the sen tence and is thereforea za m uku koto ta bi ta bi d a .
to b e tra n sla ted a s if it were kikam‘i,deceive thing frequen t ly is .
the Neg . Presen t In dica tive .)
62 . HYPOTHE T I CAL FORM . Ka sa b a , ta teb a .
This form is gra dua l ly fa l ling out of use . It ough t toim p ly a hypothe sis or ba re su pposition , b ut in speakin g
it is most ly con fou nded with the Conditiona l Form in b a .
There a re howeve r som e Iocution s where it is stil l pre
fe rred tothe Condition a l .
Exam p l e .
Anohitowa iwa b a He is , sotoSpea k , a n uppertha t m a n ifon e say c la ss Socie ty b uffoon .
j6t6 sha kainotaiko-mochifirst c la ss socie ty b ufi
’
oon
de gozaim a sfi .
O ther exa m p le s of the Hypothetica l Form .
I chida na ra b a ,m edzura shiku Ifit were on ce , there would be
one tim e ‘I were curiousnothing ex traordin ary a bout it .
mo n ai.
even is not .
THE VERB . 69
Teppo mota b a , uchi-korosu If I had a gun , I would shootgun ifhad hit kil l him .
nodesfi.
is
0 ram n a ra b a konotegamiwo I f he is not a t hom e , b rin ga b sen t if is this le tter b a ck this le tter.
motte k ay ere.
ta king com e b a ck .
The term ina tion b a of this form is iden tica l with the
pa rtic le wa describ ed in C ha pter IX , b ut it is doubtfu l
whether ka sa b a m ay not s ta nd for ka sa n (the old future)wa or perha ps ka sa n m
’
a m. It wil l b e rem em b ered tha t
b a is wa with the nigori. See 4 .
63 . THE NE GAT IVE ADJE CT IVE . K a sa na z'
,ta b enai.
This form is conjuga ted a s a n Adj ective . It is m u ch
u sed in va riou s com bina tion s a s a substitute for the
nega tive form s of the verb . See Cha p . V I I .
64 . THE FUTURE . Ka so, ta b eyo
‘
.
The form a tion of the Futu re pre sen ts som e diffi cu lty .
The w ritten la nguage form s the futu re of a ll verbs bya dding it (origina l ly m u
‘i‘) to the nega tive ba se , thu s ,
ka sa n , ta b en , dekin . In the spoken la nguage this 12 b e
com es it , which in the fi rst conj uga tion is con tra cted with
the pre ceding a in to thu s giving the form ka so. In
the sam e way ta b en a nd dekz’
n ough t to becom e ta byo
(e being con sidered equa l toi+a ), a’
ekiu ,a n d these form s
a re a ctu a l ly in use in som e dia lects , b ut the Tokiola ngua ge ,by a m ista ken a na logy ,
ha s a dopted the form s ta b eyo, dekiy é .
The fol lowing pra ctica l ru le for form ing the futu re m ay
b e found u sefu l .
Ru le —For the fi rst conj uga tion cha nge it of the P resent
Indica tive in to6 . For the second conj uga tion a dd yotothe stem .
I t m ay b e conjectured tha t m u con tain s the sam e root a s 1m m ,
‘tosee ,
’and tha t
the origina l m ea ningofka sa -m a or ka sa n wa s lend -seem .
”
7 0 THE VERB .
It is convenien t to ca l l 130 5 6 the Future a nd ka su the
Pre sen t,b u t in pra c tice the distin ction b etween these form s
is les s often on e of tim e tha n th a t ka soexpresses a n
opinion or a prob a bility (a s‘wil l ’ som etim es doe s in
Eng lish) a nd [ mm a fa ct . Ka som ay b e tra n s la ted ‘he
prob a b ly lend s ,’ ‘I think he lend s ,
’ or ‘he proba b ly will lend’
;
ka su is a positive a s sertion , a nd m ay b e rendered a ccord
ing to circum sta nce s ‘he Ien ds ,’ or ‘he wil l lend .
’ I f a
J a pa n ese say s iiziOnichim a irz’
m a sho’
,it m u s t not b e though t
tha t he is prom ising faithfu l ly tocom e to-morrow . He h a s
on ly said‘I sh a l l most p rob a b ly com e to-morrow .
’ I f he
intend s togive a definite prom ise , he wil l say , m z'om'chi
m airim a sfi.
The se rem a rks a l so a pp ly to the Nega tive Futu re a nd
Presen t , ka sum ai,ka sa n fe.
Exam p l e s of the Fu tu re .
1 . As a Noun . This ten se is not m u ch u sed a s a noun .
I tte miy J ja n ai
h a vin g gon e sha l l see is not Sha l l we not goa nd see it ?
ka P
P
2 . AS a n Adj ective , ka so’
doe s not often occu r , the P resent
I ndica tive being u sed in stea d . Thu s for ‘the Ship which
wil l a rrive the day a fter to-morrow ’
we say a sa tte cha ku sum
(not sho‘
)fm ze . The re a re howeve r certain ph ra se s where
the fu ture is u sed b efore noun s .
N a ro koton a ra b a . Ifit ca n b e done .
wil l b ecom e thin g if it ISShiyo koto g a not . There is nothin g which ca n b e
wil l do thing is not don e .
Shiro’ ha dzu wa n ai. He ca n ’ t possib ly know .
Wil l know n ecessity is not
3 . As a Ve rb .
N a n ’
d a n? 5’ Wha t ca n it b e ?wha t Wil l b e
THE VERB . 7 1
Gode mohaj tm ej'oka Sha l l we b egin a gam e of go
Kay e"
; mo shiren 17 . He m ay com e for augh t I know.
Wil l com e even ca n ’ t know
Sono l1 17s u m ta da shi His conduc t m ay very like ly b eTha t con duc t correc t correc t b ut
ka r t"
; g a
Wil l b e b ut
Yfi bin haita ts t‘i m
'
n mo He m ade tos trike the postm a n .
post distrib u tion m a n
u to toskim.
Strike (fut .) did
Konrei nosa ka dzukiwo5 116 Just when they were a bout toweddin g W lne cup do
excha nge the m a rria ge win e -cup.
to in tokoro.
ca l led p la ce
N aga sa kiui hony a am ka 9
book shop
Arim a sho.
Goz a rim a sz’
im ai.
Ha toba ni k ayoi- b m ze goon?je t ty ferry boa t
ka ?
Arim a sa tom a . Tob e sure there a re .
Jll z'a
'
chi sono m am a wo I sha ll prob ab ly b uy tha t horseto-morrow horse to-morrow .
kaim a sho.Wil l b uyI tsu shuppa n shim a sholea When is She like ly tosailwhen sa ilin g wil l do
M ionichijiu niJ iuishuppa n She sails a t twelve o’c lock to
sum .
65 . THE PRE SENT IND I CAT IVE . Ka sa,ta b eru .
The Form which is now used as a Presen t I ndica tive had form erlyin the ca se of verb s of the Secon d Conjuga tion the force of a n Adjec tiveor Noun on ly , a differen t form b ein g in use for the I ndica tive Mood .
Ta b eru (or ta b um , a s it wa s then pronoun ced , a n d stil l is pronoun ced inthe cen tra l a n d western provin ces) cou ld on ly b e used b efore a noun , a s
ta b um kita ,‘the m an whoea ts , ’ or a s a noun itse l f in the sen se of
Are there any bookshops in
Na ga sa ki?
I b e lieve there are .
I am a fraid not.
Do you thin k there a re any
ferry boa ts a t the je tty ?
7 2 THE VERB .
‘ea ting.
’ I t could not m ean‘he ea ts , ’ toexpress which there wa s a
distin c t form viz . ta b u . In the modern Spoken la ngua ge ta b u ha s fa l lenout of use a nd ta b uru (a l tered tota b eru in Tokio) a lon e is em p loyed forthe I ndica tive Mood a s we l l a s in its other ca pa cities a s a n Adjec tive orNoun . I suspec t tha t this cha nge ha d its origin in the ha b it which theJ a pa nese a re prone toof lea vm g their sen ten ces unfinished . Theyperha ps b ega n a sen ten ce b y sayin g konohitog a ta b eru wa this m a n
’
s
ea tin g —in ten din g toa dd words indica tin g tha t his ea ting is a fa c t , b utleavin g them u l tim a te ly un said. This b e com ing a gen era l pra c tice , kono11 710 g a ta b eru tea or konohitog a ta b eru cam e tom ea n this m an ea ts.
’
This exp la n a tion is confirm ed b y the fa c t tha t even in the moderncol loquia l we find such sen ten ces a s konokilog a ta beru wa (or wa e
, e
b eing a S light ly em pha tic partic le) here the m ea nin g is Sim p ly ‘thism a n ea ts.
’ I t is diffi cu l t tosee wha t b usin ess the m a has here , if som e
thin g ha s not b een om it ted .
In the Firs t Conjuga tion , the Presen t Indica tive a nd its Adjec tiveForm have a lways b een iden tica l , sotha t nocha n ge is a ppa ren t , b ut inthe Irregu la r Verb s am a n d n a ru , the In dica tives of which wereorigin a l ly a riand na ri, a nd in Adjec tives , a sim ilar a l tera tion ha s ta kenpla ce .
An in teresting consequen ce of this cha nge is tha t go, which in the
older la n gua ge w a s a possessive pa rtic le on ly , has in the moderncol loquia l b ecom e the Sign of the nom in a tive ca se . I f ta beru in the
sen ten ce konohitog a ta b eru no longer m ea n s‘ea tin g ’
b ut ‘ea ts , ’ itfol lows of n ecessity tha t g a m ust a lsocha nge its significa tion a nd tha tkonohitog a wil l m ea n not ‘this m a n
’
s ,’b ut this m a n .
’
Exam p l e s of the P re se n t I n dica tive .
I . As a Noun .
D am a tte oru g a i.
silen t rem aining 1 8 good
I ku ui chig ai n ai.
going m ista ke is not
I ku yori wa ika nai
goin g tha n not goinghr? g a yoroshi.side is good
Shinjiru to shinj m ai to A m an is a t liberty tob e lieve orb e lievin g not b e lieving
not tob e lieve .
wa hito no jzy a desii.
m a n liberty is
In doin g so.
You ha d b e t ter hold your
tongue .
There is nomista ke a bout hisgoing.
I t is b e t ter not togotha n to
go.
THE VERB . 73
Sore womim m’
. In looking a t it.tha t seeing
Rem em ber tha t m’
a fter the stern m eans in order to a s
Na niski m’ kita 9 Wha t have you com e todo?
wha t do tohave com e
Kasa wo ka ri m' I have com e to borrow a n
um b re l la borrowum b rel la .
m airim a shita .
have com e
2 . As a n Adjective .
Sa nkei sum hito The peop le whocome toworcom e -worship do m an
Ship are m a ny .
g a
are m any
Ta bem monog a n ai. I have got nothing toea t.ea t thing is not
Sosum him’
wa . On the day you dotha t . I f youso do day on dotha t.
Motoyori hikzloi ga ha ra I t is a m a tter of course when a
Of course liab llm es "Ct m an ca n ’ t pay his deb ts tha t hewa ren ai tokima tsuburem 1 20
shou ld sm a sh up .
ca n pay tim e sm a sh up
wa moehiron nokotodesa.
of course thing is
Mionichi yo-a ke m’
shut You m ust m a ke every thingto-morrow day b reak a t start~ quite ready soa s tostart a t day
ta tszi sum m'
cha n to b rea k tomorrow .
ing do m anner in perfec t lyshita k a woshina k a cha
prepara tion if not m akeikcnai.
does not do
3 . AS a Verb .
Da re lea soto de m a tsi. Som ebody is waiting outside.
som ebody outside waitsK a ga taisJ om . T here are a grea t m any m us
m usq uitom any a bideq uitoes.
Karmic/ii n ara (for nareb a ), I f today , it is in tim e.
to-dayma m
’
a n .
space m eets
7 4 THE VERB .
Ya g a a rcba , . te : wota ta ku. I f I have anything for you tob usiness if is hands strike do, I wil l cla p m y ha nds. (Ob serve
tha t the presen t is used here , not
the future , there b eing nodoub t .)
yiu ri n a ra , Izuwa zu m’ I f it were ten ri, I could (or
ten lf lt were not ea ting would) goeven without ea ting,de ma iku ga , hiaku ridesii b ut as it is 1 00 ri
could (orevenwould) go
1 0 0 is
ka rab ecause
Komu’
chi o ta ku y e ag a ru I would go toyour house toto-day (hon .) house to80 “P day , b ut a s I have a b ad leg,
nodesfi, g a , a shiga ita m z’
m a shi( I am a fraid I sha l l not b e a b le
is leg b ein g paintogo)
te, ( ika rema sfim ai) .ful (sha l l not b e a b le togo)
66. THE NE GAT IVE I MPERAT IVE . Ka sun a, ta b era na .
Exam p l es .
I kuna Don ’ t goiShochisuruua Don ’ t consen t !Sore wota berim a Don ’ t ea t tha t.
67 . THE NE GAT IVE FUTURE . K a sum a z’
,ta b em a z
’
.
The termina tion m aiof this ten se,is a tta ched to the
Presen t Indica tive in the First, a nd tothe Nega tive Ba se
in the Second conj uga tion .
The Nega tive Adjective fol lowed by a ro, futu re of am ,
‘tob e ,’
is som etim es u sed for this form a s , shira na k’
a rd ,
‘he proba b ly does not know,
’
for shira na z’
. Shira n i‘t a
’
a ro,
shira na ida roha ve a l sothe sam e m ea ning .
For the true m ea ning of the Futu re see 64 .
Exam p l es ofNega tive Fu tu re .
Mia'
chi m ade n aorim a He won ’ t b e b e tter b y totomorrow til l recover morrow.
s t’
im ai.
wil l not
76 THE VERB .
N a ni m’
shiro, wa rui koto Anyhow it is a b ad b usiness.wha t m a ke b ad thing
do.
it is
Shikka rishiro. Bear up ! (toa Sick person)firm ly do
steady !
O sok ’orohay ak’a re koin m
'
He wil l b e arrested sooner orb e it la te be it early a rrest la ter.
na rim a sh6.
Wil l b ecom e
69 . THE COND I T IONAL FORM . Ka seb a , ta b ereb a .
Properly speaking there is the sam e distin ction between
this form a nd the Hypothetica l Form ka seb a,ta beb a , tha t
the re is between the form s in ta reba a nd ta ra b a , i.e ., the
form er denotes a condition eith er rea lized , or looked upon
a s like ly tob e so, while the form s in a b a represent a m ere
hypothesis . But this distinction is a lmost whol ly neg lected
in pra ctice , a nd the form s in eb a a nd a b a a re u sed indis
crimin a tely . All the hypothetica l form s , however, seem to
b e gra dua l ly fa l ling out Of u se a nd a re not m uch em p loyed
except in pa rticu la r ph ra ses . A distin ction between these
form s is a lway s obse rved by correct writers .
Na reb a , the conditiona l Of na ru ‘tobe is n ea rly a lway s
contra cted in tona ra .
Exam p l es Of Conditiona l Form s .
Asi‘iko
, y e ikeb a , issho If I gothere , I sha l l have nothere to ifgo one life annoyance all my life'
koma ru kotona shi.
troub le thing is not
Wa rui koto sureba , wa rui I f you doevil , there is an evilb ad thing ifdo ‘
b adreward.
mukui ga am .
reward is
Moseba kay elte go I though t tha t if I were tote l lif tel l on the con trary (hon .) you, I should on the con trarykura woka keyotoomotta .
cause ou amuetanxiety hang though t y y
THE VERB . 7 7
Areb a u toamotte. Hoping (not a confiden t hope)if there are is good thin king there migh t b e som e .
Dorobotolea n a n’
tolea While he wou ld have b een
thief som ething justified in ca l ling him a thie f,iy eba yoi noui. h 0
if say is good whileor t e hke
7 0 . THE CON CE S S IVE FORM . K a sedo, ta b edo.
This Form is most ly superseded by the Present I ndica tive
fol lowed by keredoor, more ra re ly , by toiy edo. Both these
expres sion s m ay b e u sed with a ny ten se of the I ndica tive
Mood , thu s producing a series ofConcessive Ten ses . Theym ay a l sob e a dded toa dj ectives . K eredois the Conce s sive
Form Of keru , which is proba b ly the perfect ten se Ofkum’
tocom e ,
’
a nd iy eda , the Conces sive Form Of in ,
‘tosay
sotha t toiy edom ea n s litera l ly though on e say tha t .
’
Mo, even ,’
is frequent ly a dded toa llthe Concessive Form s .
Exam p l e s .
Tenki n a redo samm’
. Though fine , it is cold.
wea ther though it is is cold
Kusuri wo nomedo n a He wil l not recover, evenm edicine though drin k "Qt though he do(or does) ta ke m edi
a ra nui. cine.
recoversTonin wa say ) The m an him se l f m ay very
person m question thus like ly have said so, b ut I can
moshita de mo a rim a sho hardly b e lieve it.said even wil l b e
keredomo, sore wa domoa l though tha t som ehowchito shiiy
'
ira rem a scn i'i.
a litt le cannot b e lieve
Tadzunemashita keredomo, I inquired , but there was none .
inquired a l though
gozaim ascnfe.is not
Kite 10 Al though he has come .
having com e
though
7 8 THE VERB .
I n St Baking J a pa ne se , the student Shou ld not u se the
COHCb fi lV C Form sta nding by itse l f or the Form with to
iy edo. They occu r SO se ldom tha t M r . Sa tow’
s K wa z'
wa
H en,I be lieve , does not contain a sing le exam p le Of them .
The Indica tive Mood (or Attribu tive form Of Adjectives)fol lowed by keredoor keredomois better, or he m ay use
the pa st pa rticip le fol lowed by mo or the
a dverbia l form of the a djective fol lowed by temo(osokzI temo).
DER IVAT IVE VERBS.
7 I . TRAN S I T IVE AND INTRAN S IT IVE VERB S.
I n Eng lish , there a re se ldom distinct word s or form s for
the t ra n sitive a nd in tra n sitive a pp lica tion s Of the sam e
verba l root . Thu s the word s ride, sink, b rea k, b end a nd
m a ny others a re either t ra n sitive or intra n sitive a ccording
to circum sta n ce s . I n su ch ca ses , the J a pa nese la nguage
ha s u sua l ly twodistinct verbs con taining the sam e root .
NO ru le ca n b e given for form ing t ra n sitive or intra n sitive
verbs, b ut som e of the more common mode s of doing SOa re exem p lified be low
Intra n sitive .
Ta tsu ( I st : tosta nd .
Susumu ( I st .toa dva nce .
Yam u ( I st . tocea se .
I ru ( I st toen ter.
Saga rn ( I sttocom e down .
Tra n sitive .
Ta teru (and. to
set up .
Susum eru (2 nd. toen cou ra ge .
Yumeru (zud . tocea se .
I rem (2 nd . to
put in .
Sagem tolet down .
THE VERB . 9
Wa ku ( I st . to Wa ka sn ( I st Conj to
boil . m ake boil .
Cliz'
ru ( I st to Chira sn ( I st . to
sca tter. sca tter .
Nern (2 nd . to N eka su ( I st . to
s leep . put tos leep .
Orira (2 nd: to Orosu ( I st . to
descend . lower .
Deru (2 nd . to D a su ( I st . toput
goout . out .
The Intra n sitive Verbs il lu stra ted in the fol lowing ex
am p les form a sepa ra te c la ss . They h a ve u sua l ly a potentia l
force , b ut m u st not be confounded with the pa s sive form s
Of the sam e verbs .
Kirera ( 2 md . to Kira ( I st . tocut .
b e discon tinuou s .
Ureru (2 md . to Urn ( I st . tose l l .
b e sa lea b le, tose l l .
Miy eru (2 nd . Miru (2 nd tosee .
tob e visib le , tob e a b le
tosee .
Kikoy era (zud . Ki/ m ( I st . to
tob e a udib le , tobe a b le h ea r .
tohea r .
I keru (2 nd . to 1 1 m ( I st togo.
b e a b le togo.
The Fren ch se confer, se vendre correspond pretty a c
cura tely tokirera ,a rera . The exam p le ikeru shows tha t
these verbs m ay be form ed from in tra n sitive a s we l l a s fromt ra n sitive verbs . I keru is fam ilia r tou s in the nega tive
a djective form ikena z’
,
‘it is nogo‘it won ’t do
Note th a t while the termina tion em m ay belong either tothe tra n sitive or tothe intra n sitive form , verbs ending in su
80 THE VERB .
a re t ra n sitive on ly . Exception . Da su in com bina tion is
som etim e s in tra n sitive , a s , a nze ga furi-da shz‘ta ,‘it ha s
com e on torain tobi-da shz’
ta , he ru shed out’
I n the exam p les given b e low, we have pairs Of tra n sitive
ve rbs con taining the sam e root .
K a ra ( I st . to Ka su ( ist . tolend .
borrow.
Adzuka ru ( I st . Adzukeru (2 nd . Conj .) to
totake cha rge of. give in cha rge .
Kim (zud . to Kiseru ( 2 md . to
wea r. c lothe .
Mira ( 2 nd . to Misera (2 nd . to
see . show.
Exam p l e s Of T ran sitive and In tran sitive Ve rb s .
Yn g a waita lea Is the hot wa ter readyhot wa ter boiled
H e, im a wa ka shim a sz} de Yes, I am just ge tting it toboil .yes now m a ke boil
goza z’
m asii.
it is
H am ga ta tta . He got a ngry .
b e l ly arose
Umi-ta te notom ago. A new- laid egg.
lay se t up egg
Ta tena z’
. I cannot sta nd . I donot set up .
ca nnot stand
B J cha n woneka shite When you have put young m as(See Ch. XII .) having put ter tobed , you can gotoo.
ka ra , omoy e mo n ete
tob ed a fter you toohavingmo yoroslii.
gone tobed even is good
Betsada n him a ga torern There prob a b ly won’ t b e any
particula rly tim e can ta ke thing which wil l occupy a nyhodo nokotomoa rfm a si’im ai.
rea t tim e .
amoun t thing Wil l not beg
THE VERB . 8 1
Seken ye shirenai Before it b ecom es known toworld to not b ecom e known the world.
nehi125.
within
Kokoja ha na senai yo. We can’
t ta lk here .
here cannot ta l k (em ph .
part .)Hitori mo ka nnsera There is not a single fe l lowone m an even can ta lk worth ta l king to.
y a tsu wa n ai.
fe l low is not
Taiso 1 1 5 o kawa ri How very m uch changed youvery m uch (hon .) cha nge
a re ! enough tob e unrecogniza b len a sa tta no D a sha
"
nuke ui ifone m et you allof a sudden .
done a b rupt lya tta ra , mi-chig ay ern gurai
if m et see can m ista ke amoun t
do.
it is
7 2 . CAU SAT IVE V ERB s .
Ca u sa tive verbs a re form ed by a dding seru tothe Nega tiveBa seofverbs Of the fi rst conj uga tion , a s tsukura ‘tom ake
’
,
tsukura sern tocau se tom ake . ’ I n verbs of the second con
j uga tion sa seru is a dded tothe stem ,a s ta b eru ‘toea t ,
’
ta b esa seru ‘toca u se toea t . ’
The ca usa tive s Of the irregu la r verbs lea rn a nd sum a re
kosa seru a nd sa sern .
All ca u sa tive verbs be long tothe secon d conj uga tion .
Instea d Of the ca u sa tive verbs , su ch ph ra se s a s iku yonisuru ,
‘gO
-m a nner-m ake’
i.e .
‘tom ake him togO ,
’
a re m u ch
u sed .
The tra n sitive verbs in see ( I st . conj .) a nd the ca u sa tives
in seru a re con sta nt ly confounded , the sam e person
saying for exam p le a t one tim e kika shite a nd a t a nother
kika sete.
82 THE VERB .
Exam p l es Of Ca u sa tive Ve rb s .
Taiken ni odreadful ly (honorific)
ma ta se mashita .
m ade towait (respec tful)Mima uim ame wokuwa setahorse beans m ade ea t
lea ?
Mo ichz'do kika sete
more on ce having m ade hear
give
K ano ko nikega wosa setethis child wound cause
sum a na z’
.
not finish
yin ui shichi hachiwa
ten seven eigh tshJ chi ita sa seru kokorodea greem en t cause heart
goza rima sii.
is
Fnsokn na ra , mottoinsufficien t if is more
tora sey J .
wil l m a ke take
Hon tJ no c laim sa n ui
rea lity motherawa sete kuda sa tta .
having m ade m eet he gave
A. ill usume ui m uko wodaughter to husb and
tora sete ra kn wohaving m ade ta ke ease
stir? to in wa ke de mawil l m a ke ca l led reason
n ai. B . Wa ta kiishiwa dois not I how
shite mohaving done eventora sena z
’
.
donot m ake ta ke
I have kep t you waiting a n
awful tim e .
Did you give the horse his
b eans ?
P lease let me hearonce more.
I t won ’ t dotocause any hurt tothis child.
I'have an idea tha t it is sevenor eigh t chances out of ten tha t Isha l l m a ke him con sen t.
I f it is not enough , I wil l give
you more .
He was kind enough tocauseher tom ee t her rea l mother.
A. My rea son for giving m y
daugh ter a husb and is not tha t Iin tend toenjoy m y ea se. B . Iwil l not allow her tota ke ( a husb and) on any a ccoun t .
84
H aclujiu y en to in
eighty ca l led
taikin mo tora reta .
la rge money wa s ta ken
Ka ne wo tora rcyoa bou t tob e
nemo y ta kento shita .
m ade
Om ay a no0 kage de
you shadow’
b y
kinsa wo tora renai.mon ey not ta ken
Illorawa re y a ita shi-m a senii.
can a ccep t do not
yissai b a ka ri nootokonoten year amoun t m a le
[to ni te wo hika rete.
child hand being led
Shohez’ no,tam e ni kawa nob y river
fnkai tokoro ni ke
deep p la ce kickotosa reta .
knocked down
A. Sukka ri g a knmon mowhol ly learning
mi-kagitte shim a tta .
see -having limited finished
B. H a te ! nm a kn
we l l ! swee tlyittern ze
say rem ain (em ph . part.)g akumon uimi-kagira reta nolearning b y see-limitedd’a rb
‘.
wil l b e
I nn ui te wo kam a reta .
dog hand was bitten
THE VERB .
He had ta ken from him the
large sum of eighty y en .
I was nea rly losing my money .
Thanks toyou I was not rob b edOf my money .
I ca n ’ t a ccep t it.
L ed b y the han d b y a boy of
about ten years Old .
B . We l l tob e sure ! tha t is agoodone. I think it was a ca seof learning having bid adieu to
you.
He got hiS‘
O
ha nd b itten by a
dog. He was bitten on the hand
by a dog.
He was kicked down b y Shoheiin toa deep pa rtof the river. (Notame nifon a ccoun t O f ’ is a lsoused for ‘b y
’ with the pa ssivevoice , b ut it is stiffer a nd leSS
common).
A. I b id adieu tolearning com
pletely .
THE VERB . 85
In the termina tion s OfTra n sitive , I ntra n sitive , Ca u sa tive
a nd Pa ssive Verbs , it is ea sy todistinguish the verbs sum
‘todo,’
am ‘to b e ’
a nd em ‘toget .’
The term ina tion
a rera Of Pa s sive Verb s is nothing more tha n a m ‘tob e ’
a nd em ‘toget ,’
the litera l m ea ning Of mira rern ,
‘to b e
seen ,’ being ‘get -b e-see .
’
It is ea sy tosee why the sam e
form m ay a l sohave a poten tia l significa tion .
8 7 4 . OTHER DER IVAT IVE VERB S .
Verbs a re form ed from noun s by a dding va riou s te rmination s a s
Ya a’orn , tolodge , from y a do, a lodging .
Tsnka rizn , togra sp , from tsnka , a hilt .
Tsa naga , totie , from tsuna , a rope .
Uta n , tosing , from n ta , Song , poetry .
7 5 . M a ny Chinese a n d other uninfl ected word s (which
a re rea l ly noun s) do duty a s ve rbs with the he lp of the
J a pa nese verb sum ‘todo.
’ I n most ca ses Of this kind
sn rn rem ain s a distin ct word , a s shimpai sum ‘to b ea nxious ,
’
haisnrn toa bolish ,’
riokosn rn‘
totraV el,’
etc.
But with som e word s sum in this position suffers a con
sidera b le cha nge . The s takes the nigorz'
, a nd becom es j ,while the conjuga tion is a s simila ted totha t Of verbs Of the
secon d conj uga tion whose stem end s in i. Thu s kin ,a
Chinese word which m ea n s ‘prohibition ,’ form s with sn rn
a verb kinjirn which is not conj uga ted like snrn b ut like
dekirn .
7 6. Deriva tive verbs a re form ed from a dj ectives bya dding m u to the stem . These verbs a re intra n sitive ,The corresponding tra nsitive verbs add nzera to the
stem .
86 THE VERB .
Exam p l e s .
Ta kam u, to b ecome high , ta kameru, to m a ke high , fromta ka z
’
, high.
Hirawa , tob ecom e wide , hiromeru, tospread ab road, fromhiroi, Wide .
Fuj i" no chii too I thin k of raising the positionwom a n position of women.
ta kameyo toomon .
m a ke high think
7 7 . The schem e s Of conj uga tion given on pp . 44 to49a re in tended toShow the form a tion Of the sim p le mood s
a nd ten se s Of the verb , b ut there a re m a ny com poun d ex
p res sion s in u se a s their equiva lents . These a re so
num erou s tha t it is im pos sib le togive them a ll, b ut the
fol lowing ta b les , which com prise a se lection Of the more
common , m ay be u sefu l . The Auxilia ry Verbs u sed in
these com bina tion s a re t rea ted Of in Cha pter V I I I .
It m u st not b e suppose d tha t the form s a rra nged u nde r
the sam e hea ding a re u sed a ltogether indiscrim ina te ly .
There a re distin ction s between them , som e Of which a re
pointed out in these pages a nd others wil l be lea rn t byp ra ctice .
THE VERB .
CONJUGAT ION i.
K a sn , tolend.
IND ICAT IVE MOOD.
Tense Positive
Ka shz'ta
Ka shi’ ta nodesfe
K a shinzashita
Perfec t or Con ~ Ka shitoc mor irntinua tive“ K a shite z
'
m a sz’
i
Future
Prob ab le Pa st. Ka shita ro
Ka shita nodeshJ
Ka shim a shita rJ
See be low, 5 1 00 .
Nega tive
Ka sa ni
K a sa nai
K a sa nainodesii
K a sa nainoda
Ka shim a sen 17.
Ka sa na nda
Ka shita node n aiK a sa na ka tta nodesfe
Ka sa nainodeshitaKa shz
'
ma sena nda
K a shim a sen iz d’a tta
K a shtteora n a or {nai
K a slztte im a sen ii
K a snm ai
Ka sa nnid ’a ro
K a sa nainodesha
K a shz'ma sit
'mai
Ka sa na nda roK a sa na ka tta rJ
Ka sa na ka tta nodeshJ
Ka shim a sena nda ro
88
Tense
Presen t
Tense
Presen t
Perfec t or Continua tive
Future
THE VERB .
COND IT IONAL MOOD.
Positive Nega tive
Ka shita ra K a sa na nda ra
K a sa n a ka tta ra
K a shz'
ta na ra Ka sa na nda na ra
Ka sa naka tta na ra
Ka shinza shita ra Ka shiriza sena nda ra
K a shz'te z
'
rn n a ra Koshite in ain a ra .
CONCESS IVE MOOD .
Positive Nega tive
K a sedo
K a sn keredo
K am toiy edoKa sh?te moK a shima s a kcredo
KashttorodoKa shita kereda
Ka shitemoKa shzm a shita kcredo
Ka shiteorn keredo
Ka sa ni tomoKosozu tom a
K a sa neb a
K a sa n iz kerebaK a sa zub a
K a lliZ toK a sa n aitoK a sa n zZ n a ra
K a sa n z’
itokim aK a sa na kn te m a
K a shz'
m a sen z‘i to
K a sa nea’o
K a sa n a keredoKa sa niikeredaKa sa naikeredoK a sa n zi toiy edK a sa n fi. de m a
Kashim a sen iikeredo
K a sa na nd a redoKa sa n a nda kerea’oK a sa na ka tta IteredoK a sa nakiite moK a shirna sena nda keredo
K a shite z’ naiIteredo
THE VERB .
Nega tive
Ka se K a snna
0 ka shin a sa re O ka shin a sa rim a
K ashite knre K ashite knrernna
Kashina Ka shin a sa nna
Nega tive
K a shite
K a shz'
m a shite
ALTERNAT IVE FORM .
Positive Kashtta ri Nega tive Kasana nda ri.
DES IDERAT IVE ADJECT IVE .
Positive K a shz'
tai Nega tive Ka shita ku nai.
VERB.
Positive K a sa sern ; Nega tive K a sa seni’
i.
PASS IVE OR POTENT IAL VERB.
Positive Ka sa rern Nega tive Ka sa ren fi.
POTENT IAL VERB .
Positive Ka seru Nega tive Ka senit'.
90
Presen t
Perfec t or Con ~
tinua tive‘
Future
Tense
THE VERB .
CONJUGAT ION II .
Ta beru toea t.
IND ICAT IVE MOOD .
Positive
Ta bern
Ta bern nodesfi
Ta bern noda
Ta bem a sa
Ta beta
Ta beta nodesa
Ta bema sklta
Ta beteorn
Ta befe irnTa betc im a sx
‘i
Ta beyoTa beru d
’
a roTa bera nodesko
Ta benfi
Ta ben aiTa benainodesi
'i
Ta benainoda
Ta bem a senii
Ta bete ora nii
Ta b ete inai
Ta bete ima senit'
Ta bcm ai
Ta be naid’
a rJ
Ta benainodeshoTa bem a shJ Ta bem a sz
’
im ai
Prob ab le Pa st Ta beta ro Ta bena nda roTa bena ka tta ra
Ta beta nodeshJ Ta bena ka tta nodeshJ
Ta bem a shtta ro Ta bem asena nd’
a rJ
See be low, 5 too.
Ta bena ndaTa bena ka tta
Ta b eta nodonai
Ta ben aka tta nodesi
Ta ben ainodashitu
Ta bem a sena nda
Ta bema sem‘zd
’
a tta
9 2 THE VERB .
IMPERATIV E MOOD.
Positive N ega tive
Ta bero Ta bernna .
O ta be‘na sa re O ta be“ ua sa ra na .
Ta bete okure Ta bete knrernn a .
Ta be na Ta be na sa nna .
PART IC IPLE.
Positive Nega tive
Ta bete
Ta bernashite
0 ta be na sa re, ota b e na sa rnna are not used ; 0 aga rina sa re, o
ua sa ra na a re used instead. They a re Sim p ly given toShow the
form in other verb s Of this conjuga tion .
ALTERNAT IVE FORM .
Positive Ta beta ri Nega tive Ta bena nda ri.
DES IDERAT IVE ADJECT IVE .
Positive Ta betai Nega tive Ta beta /en nai.
CAUSAT IVE VERB.
Positive Ta besa seru Nega tive Ta besa senii.
PASS IVE’
OR POTENT IAL VERB.
Positive Ta bera rern Nega tive Ta bera rem’
t’
.
POTENT IAL VERB.
Wan ting.
CHAPTER V I I .
THE ADJECT IVE .
The Adjective is conj uga ted a s fol lows
H IROI W IDE
S tem Hiro Wide
Predica te , Adve rbor IndefiniteForm Wide ; wide ly
b eing wideif wideeven though wide
if it Should b e wideis not widewa s widewil l b e wide
Attribu tiveVe rba l Hiroi Wide (before a
noun) ; is wide
I f it b e wide
Though it is or b ewide
Abstra ct Noun Hirosa Width
A com parison of this conjuga tion with the conjuga tion Of verb s wil lShow tha t they are essen tia l ly iden tica l . The stern of the verb cor
responds tothe stem of the adjec tive , and the I ndefinite Form tothe
Adverbia l Form . The Nega tive Ba se is not in use in the case of theAdjec tive , for Nega tive Form s or for the Future , b ut the Hypothetica l Form is hirokn b a where the Adverbia l Form stands for the Neg.
Base . The Presen t Indica tive of the Verb corresponds tothe Verb a lForm of the Adjec tive , and the Condition al ,
and Con cessive Form s
con tain a Condition a l Base viz . hirokere.
Hirokn or hirokirok a te
hirokn te wa
hirokn te mo
hirokn b a
or
hirokum b a
lzirokn nai
hirok’a tta
hirok’a ro
THE ADJECT IVE .
8 1 . THE STEM . Hiro.
The Stem is u sed in forming com pounds .
Thu s from n aga the stem Of nagai,‘long ,
’
a nd sa ki,‘a
ca pe,
’
is derived Naga sa ki(the litera l significa tion Ofwhich
is ‘long ca pe from yothe stem Ofyoz'
, good ,’
a nd sugi’
ra,
‘toexceed ,’
we ha ve the com pound yosngirn ,
‘tob e toogood ’
; nsngnroi‘da rk-coloured ,
’
is form ed from n sn stem
ofnsnz’
,
‘thin ,’
a nd knroi, b la ck .
’
H a dznka shi-sona kawode. With a sham efa ced expressionshameful appearance fa ce With of coun tenan ce .
Tega ru -s6 ui in kereda . Though he ta l ks in an offhandhand ligh t
'
say a l though m anner.
fil edzura shi-soni mite am . He is looking a t it as if it werecurious looking is
a curious thing.
The stem occa siona l ly sta nds by itse l f a s a noun , a s in
the ph ra se m a kka ra nina tta ,‘it ha s becom e quite b la ck .
’
8 2 . THE PREDICA’
I‘E , ADVERB OR INDE FIN ITE FORM .
Hiroku or b ird .
By a dding kn tothe stem we get the predica te , or form
u sed where the verb ‘tob e ’ com es between the a djective
a nd the noun . The sam e form is a l sou sed a s a n a dverb .*
The contra cted fOim hire is Obtained by dropping the
k of kiroka a nd joining intoon e sy l la b le the la st vowe l
of the stem a nd the n Of the termina tion.I n this way ,
kiroka becom es fi rst hiroz‘ia nd then hiro
’
; kay a kn becom es
s uccessive ly hay an'
a nd hayo; skigekn ,
‘den se,’ loses fi rst
its k a nd becom e s shigen , which is then con tra cted in to
skigyo; fnrnkn becom es furzZ . Adjectives whose a dverbia lform end s in ikn lose '
the k b ut suffer nofu rther cha nge .
Thu s y a ka nza shikn ,
‘noisy ,’
is contra cted intoy a kam a
shin .
As in G erm an .
96 THE ADJE CT IVE .
Exam p l es.
Kumoknrokn , a ine hidoi. The c louds are b la ck and the
c louds b lack rain violen train is violen t .
Kamino ke ga kurokn , me A wom an with b lac k hair and
head hair b la ck eyes b lue eyes.
ga awoi onna .
b lue wom an
Utsukushiku chisuikodomo. A pre tty little child.
pre tty litt le child
Oy a mona ku kiodai He is a person whohas neitherparen ts “Ot b rothersor paren ts nor b rothers or sisters.
mo nai to in
Sisters even not ca l ledmono ( 10 .
person is
Dete kita noma sono The person who cam e forthhaving com eout tha t was a pparen t ly the woodcut ter’ssoma no71 1 0 5 0 tom iy ete, wife . She wa s twen ty seven orwoodcutter’s Wife seem in g
twen ty eigh t years of age , Withtoshggorowa n ij m shzchz hack;
fair com p lexion and a Straigh tage twen ty seven eigh t
de, iro shz'
rokn , ha na sujinose , and was a sty le of wom an
com p lexion white nose line not often found in moun tain huts.
tari, y amaga nima
wa s thorough moun tain hutsm a re na onna de gozaimasi.
rare wom an is
The la st sentence s hows tha t in this con stru ction the
a dverbia l form s of a djectives (shiroka ) a nd the stem s of
verbs (him) a re given the sam e synta ctica l va lue . In
ordina ry conversa tion som e other construction is genera l lypreferred .
§ 83 . Adverb with te. Hirokn te.
Te in this com bina tion m ay be ta ken a s the equiva lent
of a tte, ‘being .
’
Exam p l es .
Kura kiz te m z
'
y ema senzi. I t is sodark I cannot see.
dark b eing ca n not see
THE ADJE CT IVE .‘
97
Sa rnnkiz te tama rima senn. I t is socold I cannot endure
cold not endure
I soga shika te tsni go I have b een SO b usy tha t Ib usy ca sua l ly (hon .) have som ehow or a nother not
b nsa ta woita skznza shita . com e tosee you.
not givm g news did
Shiroki't te yoroshi. I ts b eing white is an advan t
b eing white is good age .
A tsnkz’
i te kiroi. I t is thick a nd wide .
§ 84 . Adverb with te wa . Hirokn te wa , common lycontra cted intoIzirokficha .
This form is a sort Of Conditiona l Mood . It is in verycommon use , especia l ly with the Adverbia l Form Of the
Nega tive Adjective .
Exam p l es .
H a tsaka yori osokn te tea I Sha l l b e in convenien ced if it2 0 th than la te is la ter tha n the twen tie th .
kom a rn .
am in convenien ced
Usnkiieka ikenai. I t won ’ t do for it to b e toothin does not do thin .
N a kz‘ieka na ra n a . I m ust have it.
ifnot does not b ecom e
Sngn ui kawa na kficha Som e must b e bough t a t once.
a t On ce not b uyingn a rz
’
m a senii.
does not do
84 . Adverb with te mo. Hirokz’
i te mo.
This is a Con cessive Form . It be longs tonopa rticu la r
ten se .
Donna ni kita na kfi, te mo I don ’ t care how dirty it is.
how m uch dirtykam awa nai.
don ’ t ca re
A buna ki te mo kam an Whocares even if it is danda ngerous b eing even care gerons ?
mono ka ?
person
98 THE ADJECT IV E .
Usukii te mo da zjob u desii. I t is quite sa fe , though it isthin sa fe is thin .
85 . Adverb with b a . Hirokub a or hirokum b a .
B a with the Adverb corresponds tothe Hypothetica l
Form Of the Verb , a nd like it is not m uch u sed .
§ 86. The Nega tive Of Adjectives is form ed with the
he lp Of the Nega tive Adjectives n ai‘is not,’
a nd the pa sta nd futu re b y a dding the pa st a nd future ofon e‘tob e ,
’
tothe Adverbia l form .
Exam p l es.
Omoshirok ’ a tta . I t was amusing.
M 6 osok ’ a ro. I t m ust be la te.
a lready la te wil l be
Aka kn n ainoma ira nai. I don ’ t wan t any tha t are
red not don ’ t wa n t not red .
87 . THE ATTR IBUT IVE FORM . Hirai.
This form m ay be Obtained by a dding itothe root . It is
rea l ly , however, a contra ction for a n older form in ki, the k
being om itted .
This form is u sed when the a djective imm edia tely p re
cedes the noun .
Exam p l es of Att rib u tive Form .
A good m an .
A b a d wom an .
Thick pa per.
A pa le fa ce.
How cold it is ! (lit. the cold
Fukaitokiwa fnne de wa ta ru. I f it is deep , I Sha l l cross indeep tim e boa t cross
a boa t .
The O lder form is not quite Ob solete . I t is re tained for exam p le inthe proverb ton na kisa tonokarnori, ‘the b a t of No-b ird - town ,
’a nd in
the termin a tion beki.
1 0 0 TH E ADJ E CT IVE .
Nag aimijikaimo iwa zu ui Ta ke receip t of the money'with~
long short not-saying out m a king any fuss a bout it .ka ne wouketore.
money receive
0 kay erin asa tta In? ga y aroshi I think you had b et ter goaway.
re turn did side gooddeshfi .
wil l b e
88 . THE VERBAL FORM . Hiroi.
The sam e form is u sed for the a djective com bined with
the substa ntive verb a s for the a ttribu tive form . The O lde r
a nd book la ngu age ha s a specia l form for this , viz . hiroshi,produced by a dding skitothe stem .
Exam p l es Of the Ve rb a l Form .
Am a rim utsuka shi. I t is toodifficul t .too is difficul t
K awa g a a saika ra da gob u do. I t is quite sa fe b ecause the
river sha l low sa fe river is Sha l low .
Tenkiwa y aroshi. The wea ther is good.
Mugiwo m aite, kome no I f we sow Whea t , we n everWhea t h avm g SOW“ “CC have a crop Of rice , a nd if we
dekita kotomona ku ; m am e ze'osow b eans we never have a crop
b e com e b ean sof hem
m a tte, a sa nohay eta kotomop
hem p grown thing a lsonai.
is not
Wa ruitowa iwa nai. I don ’ t say tha t it is b ad.
Osoitoikenai. I t won t dotob e la te.
§ 89 . THE COND IT IONAL FORM . Hirokereb a .
Kereba is often p ronoun ced kerey a or keria .
In som e phra ses the old form is stil l in use , a s shab u urshi‘thereis novic tory-defea t , ’ ‘neither side has won kidzukaina slii,
‘there isnocause for a larm yoshi, yoshi, lit .
‘is good , is good, ’ all right—nevermind I
THE ADJE CT IVE . I O I
Exam p l e s .
M ioniehi tenkiga yoroslzi I wil l com e to-morrow, if the
tomorrow wea ther if wea ther is good.kereb a
, m airim a su.
good com e
H ita ride n -nikukereb a , wa ta I f you find a difficul ty in te l la lone ifsay diffi cu l t 1 ing it a ll by yourse lf, I wil l go
kz’
ishiwa goissho ui ikiin a sho. with you.
a long with Wil l go
Mickinon uka ri go As the m ud of the road wa sroad m ud
som e thing awful.ha na ha da shikereba .
sin ce ex trem e
M zOnichi tsugo g a wa I f tomorrow is not convenien t ,tomorrow convenien ce if I wil l com e the day a fter.
rukereb a ,a sa tte ki
b a d day a fter tomorrow Wil lm a s/16.
com e
O ther Conditiona l expres sion s a re kiroi tokima , kiroka
(or hiro’
) goza rim a sureb a ,kiroito, kiroin a ra a nd kiroka te
m a . These h a ve nea rly the sam e m ea ning a s hirokereb a
a nd a re more com mon .
§ 9O . THE CON CE S S IVE FORM . Hirokeredo.
Hiroikeredoor kiroka te moa re genera l ly preferred tohirokeredo.
Exam p l e .
Wa rukeredo, (b e tter wa ruike Though b ad , it can ’ t b e helped.
redoor wa ruka te mo) shika tag a n ai.
§ 9 I . THE AB STRA CT NOUN . Hirosa .
See 1 2 .
DER IVAT IVE ADjECTIV ES .
92 . A num ber Of Deriva tive Adjective s a re form ed fromnoun s b y a dding ra shi, a termin a tion which corre spond s
to the Eng lish ‘ish ’ or ‘ly .
’ Exam p les . Kodomora shi,‘childish ,
’
b a ka ra ski,‘foolish .
’
1 0 2 THE ADJE CT IVE .
§ 93 . DE S IDERAT IVE ADJ E CT IVE S.
Adj ec tives m ay b e form ed from verbs by a dding tothe
s tem the termin a tion ta iwhich m ea n s ‘desirou s or desira b le .
’
The form s thu s Obtained a re u sed where we Shou ldem p loy such verbs a s wish or‘wa nt . ’
Exam p l e s .
Moraitai mono. A thing I should like toget areceive like thing presen t Of.
I kitai. I wan t togo.
Kaitaior k aitogozaima sz‘i. I wan t tob uy .
0 ha naskiwo(or go) shitai I have b een wan ting to ta lkta l k wish todo toyou.
toonzotte im a sii.
thin king rem ain
The Desidera tive Adjective m ay take either ga or zoob efore it , a s shown in the la st exam p le .
§ 94. NE GAT I VE ADJE CT IVE S.
An im porta n t c la s s Of a djectives is tha t which is form ed
from verbs b y a dding tothe n ega tive ba se the nega tive
a dje c tive n ai, not .
They a re form ed from a ll verbs , with a ve ry few excep
tion s , a nd a re consta ntly u sed to rep la ce the nega tive
form s of the verb p roper.
The Predica te a nd Adverb Of these a dj ective s is se ldomcontra cted , a nd the Abstra ct Noun is not in u se .
Exam p l es .
Wa ka ra nai. I don ’ t understand.
it is unin te l ligib le
Ukcawa n ai. I don ’ t guaran tee it .
Skira naihito. A m an I don ’ t know.
Ya ka n a kfi te moyaroshi. You need not roast it.not roa sting even is good
1 04 THE ADJE CT IVE .
however , beki, b eku rem ain in use , a s kosub eki Iza dzu do,lit thu s ought todoneces sity is ,
’
i.e . this is how it ought
tob e done , na rub eku , a s fa r a s pos sib le ,’
na rub eku wa ,
‘ifpossib le .
’ With verbs of the First Conj uga tion b ekia ccom
pa nics the Presen t I ndica tive , with verbs of the Secon dConjuga tion , the stem , b ut in the la tter ca se there is som e
confusion a nd the pra ctice of the written la nguage is som e
tim es fol lowed .
On the whole , the student m ay be recomm ended not to
t roub le him se lf a bou t beki.
§ 96. OTHER DER IVAT IVE ADJE CT IVE S .
Ka tai‘ha rd ,’
ya sui‘ea sy ,
’
nikui‘difficult ,’ ‘h a tefu l ,
’
a re a l so a dded to the stem s of verbs toform deriva tive
a dj ectives .
Exam p l e s .
Ari-ga tai. I t is diffi cul t tob e . (a phraseused tom ean
Ii-nikui. Difficul t tosay .
Mi-nikui. H a teful tolook a t ugly .
Kawa re-y a sui. Easy tob rea k , fragile.
Other exam p les of deriva tive a djectives form ed from verbs
a re isoga shi,‘bu sy ,
’ from isoga ,
‘tobe in a hurry’
;oso
roshi, drea dfu l , from osoreru , tofea r.
§ 97 . Uninflected word s u sed a s Adjectives .
There a re a num be r of noun s which doduty a s a djec
tives, a nd a re Often con sidered a s such . Like other noun s ,they a re properly speaking Uninflected , b ut with the aid
Of ce rtain pa rtic les , a conj uga tion m ay be m a de Out for
them corre sponding to the conj uga tion Of the a djective
proper, a s fol lows
THE'ADJECT IVE .
'
1 0 5
S tem
Predica te
Adverb
Attributive
Verba l Form
Conditiona l
Concessive
Abstra ct noun
Exam p l es .
Rippa na monoia n aika P Is it not grand ?
Ma kotouiorippa de gozai I t is rea l ly Sp lendid.
tru lym a s iz.
Hiwa a kiraka ui tern . The sun Shines b righ tly.
sun b right ly Shines
Kinodoku no no wa M ari The one whois tob e pitiedsorry is Mr. Mori.
Sa n 'da .
Bim boui n a tte iru ka ra Now tha t I have b ecome poor,poor b e com e b ecause I m ust practise economy .
keny a ku shina kiicka n a ri
econom y if—not-do does
m a senii.
not b ecom e
Are wa ga nko na He is one of the old schoolhe ob stina te prejudiced
an Old fossil.y a tsu desz
‘z.
fe l low
Tothis c la s s Ofword s be long rippa gra nd,
’ sp lendid
bim bo, ‘poor ka nemocki, ‘rich ;’
kirei,‘c lea n ,
’ ‘pretty ,’
a n d a m u ltitude ofwords of Chinese deriva tion .
Som e a djectives proper use the term ina tion noa dded tothe root a s we l l a s the regu la r a ttribu tive form . Thu s we
m ay say either chisuior chisa na ,‘sm a l l (Skior Okina ,
Akira ka , Brigt
Akira ka brigh t .
Akira ka d’
e bright .
Akira ka ui bright ly .
A kira ka n a brigh t (before a noun).
A kira ka n’
a is b righ t .
Akira ka n a reb'
a if bright .
Akira ka n a redo though bright .
Akira ka n a kotobrigh tnes s .
1 0 6 THE ADJ ECT IVE .
b ig ; okoshior aka shina , ‘ridicu lou s .’ English a dj ectives
m u st Often be tra n s la ted in J a pa nese by other pa rt s ofspeech . Sing le ’
for exam p le is kitoy e no, a noun with thepossessive pa rtic le no;‘J a pa nese
’
is Nippon no, lit . ‘OfJapa n ;’
‘fa t ’ is futotta ,the pa st ten se Of a verb fzitoru
‘togetfa t ;
’ ‘exp licit ’
is ka kkiri shita , a n a dverb fol lowed b y the
pa st ten se ofsum todo.
’
98 . DEGREE S OF COMPAR ISON .—The J a pa nese adjec
tive ha s nodegree sof com pa rison . The idea Of com pa ri
son is expressed in the fol lowing m a nne r —‘the wea theris finer today tha n yesterday is in J a pa nese , sa kujitsz
‘zyori
konnichi ma tenki ga yoroshi. This is litera l ly ,‘tha n
yesterday today the wea ther is good .
’
Exam p l es .
Wa ta kiishi yori a na ta 0 You are younger tha n I .I tha n you
wa kJ gozaima su.
young a re
I n s enten ces like this , the form er pa rt is Often omitted if
the m ea ning is c lea r without it , a s a na ta ma owa kogoza rim a sz
‘z,
‘you a re the younger ,
’ or a na ta nohe ga 0 wa ke
goza rz’
m a sz‘z, lit . you r side is young .
’
Sore m a n awoyoroskiu goza Tha t is stil l b e t ter.
tha t stil l good is
rim a sz‘i.
Mijikai hodo wa , yoroshi. The shorter the b etter.
Short amoun t is good
Ane hodoJ kiku wa nai. She is not sota l l a s her e ldere lder Sister big is not sister.
Omoi no hoka ka tai. I t is harder tha n I though t .though t ou tside ofis ha rd
I nstea d of a Superla tive Degree qua lifying a dverbs a re
u sed or the m ea ning is indica ted by the context .
CHAPTER V I I I .
A U X I L I A R Y W O R D S .
99 . Am ,
‘tob e ,’
I st . conj uga tion . With the present
indica tive fol lowed b y the pa rtic le de a nd the verb a rn , to
b e ,’
a re form ed a num be r of com poun d ten ses which a re
in ve ry common use . The present indica tive is in this con
struction a noun a nd de the sign of the p redica te . D e a m
is u sua l ly con tra cted intoda , de a roin tod ’
a ro’
, etc .
Exam p l e s .
I tsu iku d’
a ro2 When is he likely togowhen go wil l b e
Kore b a ka ridc ta ra nu This a lone won ’ t b e enough .
this a lone not sufficed
’
a ro.wil l be
Konii d’
a tta . He did not com e .
not come wa s
Yoroshiu a rim aseniid’
a tta . I t was not good .
good is not was
The la st senten ces show th a t the nega tive in this con
struction goes with the p rincipa l verb .
A simila r construction is in u se with a dj ectives .
Exam p l es .
Ka tai do. I t is hard.
A ta rashide a rim asenii. I t is not new.
The pa rtic le noOften com es between the verbor a djective
and da , d’
a ro, d ’
a tta etc.
AUXIL IARY WORDS . 1 09
Exam p l e s .
Konainod ’
a rJ . He is prob a b ly not coming .
I tsa iku nod ’a ro? When is he going ?
Mo cha kn skzma shita no He has prob a b ly arrived b y thisa lready arriva l did tim e .
d’a ro.wil l b e
When the‘verb a ru preceded by de, the Sign of the pre
dica te , is fol lowed by the polite term ina tion m a sn, a stil l
further con tra ction takes p la ce , which is con sta n t ly u sed
in fam ilia r conversa tion . D e a rinza sz‘z is cont ra cted in to
dem a su, a nd then in todesu, de a rim a shoin todem a sho‘
a nd
then intodesl ,de a rim a shz
’
ta intodeshita etc .
The shorter a nd more con tra cted the phra se , the less
polite it becom es . D esn is very m uch more familia r a nd
les s respectfu l tha n de goza rim a sn.
Exam p l e s .
Sodesu. I t is so.
D6 desiz ka .
’ How is it ?
Goza ru a nd goza rim a su (in the Tokiodia lect common lypronounced gozaim a su), the polite substitu tes for a ru , m ay
b e u sed in the sam e way . Goza ra is not Often hea rd in
ordina ry conversa tion .
Another series Of com pound ten ses is form ed by the pa st
pa rticip le fol lowed by a ru .
Exam p l e .
Kite gozaimasii. They have come.
The verbs a ru ,a rima su, goza rim a sn m ay a l sobe
tothe stern , a s
Doe/rim y e oide de Where are you going ?where go
goza rima sfi ka Pis
I I O AUX IL IARY WORDS .
I OO . Oru , iru ,
‘torem ain ,’
todwe l l . ’
With the va riou s ten se s Of the verbs or u ( I st . conj .) a n
‘
d
iru (zud . conj .) a nd the pa st pa rticip les of verb s a re form ed
a series Of tenses which in som e verbs correspond tothe
com pound ten ses form ed by the verb‘tob e ’
a nd the pre
sen t pa rticip le Of Eng lish verbs ; in others to the ten ses
form ed b y the verb‘tohave a nd the pa st pa rticip le .
I n other words this com bina tion ha s som etim es a Pe rfect ,som etim e s a Con tinu a tive Force .
For in sta nce , ha ta raite oru m ea n s he is working b ut
kite oru m ea n s not he is coming ,’
b ut ‘h e ha s com e .
’
I ru
ha s the sam e m ea ning a s am . It u sua l ly form s a con trac
tion with the verb , thu s—shitteru , for shitte irn ,
‘I knowlit . having lea rn t
,I rem ain .
’
The kite goza rim a su Of the
la st section is s ligh t ly different in m ea ning from kite orim a
$21 . The form er m ight b e expa nded into a s they have
com e , there now a re som e ;’
the la tter m ea n s ‘they havecom e , a nd stil l rem ain .
’ Na tu ra l ly the form with oru or
iru is more in u se in the ca se Of living beings.
Exam p l e s .
I ssa ku nen no na tsu ka ra I have been studying since the
b efore la st year summ er fromsumm erof the year before last .
keiko shite orirnas fi.
study having m ade rem ain
B a ka na kotowo itteru. You are talking nonsense.
foolish thing say rem ain
K ano ta biuia na ga aite These socks have got holes inthese socks hole Opened them .
oru .
rem ains
Dete orim a si’i. He has gone out.Ts uite orima sii. I t has arrived.
1 0 1 . Na ru ,
‘tob e .
’
The verb n a ru ,
‘tobe ,’
is extrem e ly frequen t in books .
I I 2‘ AUXIL IARY WORD 8 .
Exam p l e s .
fisa n s nrn . TO b ring.
Undosuru. TO ta ke exercise.
SJda n shima sho. I wil l consul t (about it).
Shim/misnruna . Don ’ t b e a nxious.
Yoj in shinai toiken ai. You m ust b e careful.
For the honorific verb na sa ru ,the polite verb nza siz a nd
the respectfu l verbs ita sn a nd m asu , see cha pte r XI I .
1 0 3 . I n ,
‘tosay ,’
a regu la r verb Of the fi rst conj uga
tion . It is u sed with other verbs in a way which wil l b e
understood from the fol lowing exam p les .
Aru toin to. I f one say tha t there are, i.e.
supposing tha t there are .
Aru toiy edomo. Though one say tha t there are ,
i.e . gran ted tha t there are , al
though there are .
I ku toin to. Ifwe say tha t we goi.e . ifwe go.
Tad a n a ku toin koto Whoever heardofanybody crySim p ly cry ca l led thing ing for nothing ?
a ru monoka .’
is
I n u sed in this way is Often a ltogethe r redunda nt .
1 0 4 . Keru , a n Old perfect Of kuru ,
‘tocom e ,’
is m uch
u sed in the Concessive Form keredowith the I ndica tive
Ten ses of verbs . I n these com bina tion s the m ea ning Of
the ten se Of the prin cipa l verb is not lost . I tta keren’a for
exam p le m ea n s ‘he wen t , b ut while ifon e say s ikedo,‘though go,
’ or ittezno, ‘even having gone ,’
nopa rticu la r
ten se is indica ted .
Kereda is a l sou sed with the Verba l Form of Adj ectives ,a s nigaikeren
’
a , though it is bitter. ’
It m ay b e u sefu l tonotice here som e noun s which for
wa nt ofa better nam e m ay be ca l led Auxilia ry Noun s .
AUX IL IARY WORDS . 1 1 3
1 0 5 . Hadzu .
‘necessity ,’ ‘
Ob liga tion , is m uch u sed toexpres s the idea contained in our a uxilia ry verbs ‘Ought ,
’
‘m u s t. ’
Exam p l es .
Kono shina ga m a kotoui These articles are rea l ly cheap .
this artic le trulyy a sui.
is chea p
Ha na hada wa ruikara , y a sui They ought tob e , for they are
very b ad cheap very b ad.
hadzu da .
necessitySakujitsu iku hadzu de Heought tohave gone yesteryesterday go day .
a rim a shita .
wa s
D a nna wa konnickioide M aster ough t tocome (i.e . is
m a ster today expec ted) to-day .
na sa ru ha dzn deszI .
is
Skirt) hadzn ma nai.
wil l know
Sonna kotowoshira na ka tta yo.such did not know
Shira nai ha dzu da .
not know necessity is
Sa kuj itsu sono ka ne too I was tohave b een paid tha tyesterday tha t money money yesterday .
uketoru ha dzu deshita .
receive necessity was
Raigetsu ikn beki kadzu He is togonext mon th .
nex t mon th goough t necessitydest’i.
is
I ku ha dzu wil l doa s we l l a s ,or better than , ikn bekiha dzuin the la st sentence .
1 06. Koto, ‘a ction ,’‘thing, ’ is m uch u sed with a dj ectives
a nd the form s Of verbs which a re ca pab le of being m ade
There is no reason why he
Shou ld know. He can ’ t possib lyfindout .
I te l l you I knew nothingof thekind.
How could you know ?
AUXIL IARY WORDS.
a dj ectives in a way which wil l b e be st u nderstood from a
few exam p les
I ku koto.
I kan t’
i koto.
I tta koto.
I ku kotowa dekim a shogoing thing wil l b e possib le
ka 2
I ka nfi
not going thingkotowa a rum ai.
wil l not b e
Tokioy e itta koto a rim a sa
gone thing is
ha 2
Nippon nosa ke wonondaJ a pa n ese drun kkoto wa n ai.
thing is not
Noboru kotowa nobora rea scending thin g can
m a si‘z oriru kotowa
a scend com ing downm udznka shi.
is difficu l t
Tokioy e kita kotomacom e thin g
kimoshita .
IVa ta kzI shiwa mon agaikotoI lon g
m a a rumai.
Wil l not b e
Rippa na httoui n a ru toinSp lendid b ecom ekotowoshockishite iru .
know
The going.
The not going.
The having gone .
Wil l it be possib le togo?
He wil l sure ly go.
Has he ever gone toTokio
I have never drun k Japanesesa ke.
SO far a s ge tting up is con
cerned , I can get up ; it is the
coming down tha t is difficul t .
He has com e toTokio, SO far
as tha t goes.
I don ’ t thin k I have long tolive .
I know tha t he wil l turn out a
sp lendid fe l low.
In the la st sen tence , koto takes the p la ce Of the con
jun cfion‘tha h ’
J a pa nese .
The toin is superfluou s , a s it Often is in
I 1 6 AUXIL IARY WORDS.
A. Anotokoroy e ta b a ko A. I Ordered a tob a cco-pouchtha t p lace tob a cco from tha t p la ce : goa nd fe tch it.
i"? ” 0 “ts“my d " oita ; B . We l l considerin tha t it washolder having ordered put
gprom ised for the 1 2 th of nex t
a re 10 0 totte kt n a .
tha t havin g ta ken com emon th—(The sen ten ce is left
B. Are wa raigetsu jiu ui unfinished a s sooften happen s intha t nex t mon th Ja panese .)
nichinoy a ki’
isokn da monowoday promise
Kam a n monoka .’ Wha t doI ca re
ca re thing
Kom a tta monodo. I t is very annoying.
I kitai mon ’
desii keredo I should like togo, b utlike togo is a l though
1 0 8 . Tokoro, ‘p la ce .
’
The ordina ry mode Of rendering in J a pa nese the re la tive
c la u ses OfEu ropea n la ngua ges ha s been a l rea dy de scribed
in.
§ 2 8 , b ut in orde r tobring out the re la tive force more
distinct ly , the word tokorois som etim es in troduced , in
imita tion Of a Chinese idiom . Thu s in stea d Of iku hito,‘the m a n whogoes ,
’
it is pos sib le tosay iku tokoronohito,which m ea n s the sam e thing .
The re la tive force m ay be recognized in the fol lowingexam p les
Omoy e no hint? ha na shita By wha t you said yesterday .
you yesterday said
tokorode u m.
p lace by
Kampa ha ui tay enai I t is a thing for which I canadm ira tion do“Qt endure
not con tain my admira tion .
tokoroda .
Kagorosa n wa do sum Wha t did you see Mr. Kogorohow doing
(IO ?tokorowomi-nasa tta ?p la ce see did
Tokoroa fte r the indica tive ten se s of verbs ha s the force
ofour‘j u s t ,’
a s in the fol lowing exam p les
AUX IL IARY WORD S.
Ana ta nonwasa zooshite irureport
tokorod ’a tta .
N a n ’da ka kore ka ra yomu
read
tokoroda .
Tona ri no hana shi woneighbour ta l kkite iru tokoroda .
listenin g
1 1 7
We were just ta l king about you.
I am just going toread wha tit is.
We a re just listening towha tthey are saying nex t door.
O th e r exam p l e s Of tokoro.
Tokoroga , sonob a n ui
tha t nigh t
Yonde mita tokorog areading seen p la ce
Sayomoshim a shita tokoroga
A. Sa zooy a kama shiu gozasure ly noisy wil l
rim a shita ro. B . Ya ka rn a shi
have b een noisydokoroka 2p la ce
A . Wa taki’
ishinotokorom a
my p lace a s
de motte kitefa r a s having ta ken having com ekuda sa ru kotog a dekigive thing wil l b e pos
m a shoka 2 B . H ei! a riga tosib le than k you
gozarima sii sa shi agem a sti
send up
dokorode wa goza rim a sen i‘z.
p lace it is not
We l l then , on tha t night
Upon reading it
On my saying so
A. I am sure you m ust haveb een disturb ed b y our noise . B.
Far from it !
A. Would it b e possib le for
you to b ring it a s far a s my
p la ce ? B. Than k you ; we
wou ld dom uch more tha n send
it . (‘NO troub le a t a ll
’ we
Should say .)
CHAPTER IX .
PART ICLES .
1 0 9 . Pa rtic les h ave very va ried u ses in J a pa nese .
They serve in stea d Of ca se a nd p lu ra l termina tion s , a nd are
a l sou sed a s preposition si‘a nd conj u n ction s .
Ma ny of the pa rtic les de s cribed in this cha pter a re rea l lyiden tica l with som e Of the termina tion s of verbs a nd a djec
tives a lrea dy noticed .
They a re most ly found a fter nouns , b ut a re a l sou sed withthose pa rts Of the verb a nd a dj ective which a re noun s inSyntax , a nd a few a re joined toverbs in the indica tive mood
or toa dj ectives in the verba l form .
For convenien ce Of referen ce they have been a rra nged
a lpha betica l ly .
1 1 0 . D a no. D a nois a contra ction for de a m no. It is
u sed in enum era tion s , where it is desired tom ake ea ch
thing m entioned a s distinct a s pos sib le . It is u sua l ly t ra ns
la ted ‘a nd ’
, b ut this doe s not give the fu l l force Of this
pa rtic le . It resem b les not a litt le the a lterna tive form of
the verb, a nd like it is found in pairs .
Exam p l es .
Kio da no a su da no Saying tha t they were coming,to-day to-morrow now today , now tomorrow, they
m airu tote,1 kim a senii. have not com e.
com e com e “OI
As they com e a fter the noun , postpositions would b e the more correct term .
t For toitte.
1 2 0 PART I CLE S.
Ga kko de sonna kotowa They know nothing Of the kindcol lege a t Such
a t the col lege.ikko shira nii.
whol ly donot know ‘
Kore de mina desa ka 2 Is this all ?this with all is
D6 in shidaide 2 Under wha t circum stances ?wha t ca l led order
De a s the Sign of the Predica te . When twonoun s arejoined together by the verb ‘tobe ’ ( a ru , a rim a sii, goza ri
the la tter affi xes de.
Exam p l es .
Wa takiZshiwa kajiy a de I am the b lacksmith .
b lacksm ithgoza rim a sii.
K anom nshima tom bo desi’
i. This insec t is a dragon fly .
insect dragon fly
Usoda .
I ja naika 2
Tokio hen no y a tsu wa
quarter fe l low
J illj a ku de ( a tte) iken i'i .
ef’femin a te not go
Nera sau wa Igirisa nohtto Nelson was an Englishm an and
Ne lson En glishm ana n ava l hero.
de ( a tte) , kaig a n nogoketsi’
i
n a vy hero
Kore wa o hiob a n no He had a grea t reputa tion , and
He grea t report lived in AioiSt .monode ( a tte) , Aioi cho ui
streetorim ashita .
lived
De a s the m a rk Of the p redica te is m uch u sed in forming
the com pound ten ses of verbs and a dj ectives . See 99 .
I t is a lie .
IS it not good ? i.e. , are you notsa tisfied ?
The Tokiofe l lows are effemi
na te and therefore use less .
PART I CLE S. 1 2 1
Demo com bines the m ea ning Of de with tha t Of moeven ,
’
a l so.
Sayo demo gozaithus (pred.) even it wil l
m a sho' g a ,
b e b ut
Demogozaima shoga ,
Demo
Sore demo ikenai.
tha t with even it can ’ t go
Oka ta ta ki y e demoprob a b ly wa terfa l l to
m awa tta
gone roundnode goza rim a sho.
wil l b e
Ato demoyaroshi.
a fter even is good
Sore wa kodomodemowa kuru.
tha t child even is in
telligib le
Fiitotta nodemo, y aseta nofa t lean
demoy aroshi.is good
Seiyo no hito demowest ocean m a n
Shinajin demonai.Chin ese
It m ay genera l ly be tra ns la ted even ’ .
Tha t is prob ab ly even so, b ut
(Sam e a s last .)Yes , b ut
Even SO it won ’ t do.
He ha s prob ab ly gone round tothe wa terfa l l . (Demo here showstha t the rem ark is a m ere guess.)
I t wil l doa fterwards.
Even a child understands tha t .
Either fa tonesor lean ones wil ldo.
He is neither a European nor aChin am an .
I n the la st sen tence we ha ve a com bin a tion Ofde a s pre
dica te a nd mo, repea ted with twonoun s in the sense of
both .
’
For demowith In terroga tive P ronoun s see g 2 6.
g 1 1 2 . Dzutsu, ea ch ,
’
every ,’ ‘
a piece ’
.
Exam p l e s .
K ano kusurithis m edicin e one day
sa ndo dzu tsu nomu nothree tim es ea ch drink
desn.
IS
wa ichinichi This m edicine is ta ken threetim es every day .
1 2 2 PART I CLE S.
Hitori dzutsu lia z'rim a . They came in one a t a tim e .
one person a t a tim e en teredshita .
Toshininido gurai dzutsu Would it not b e possib le toyear twice amoun t “ Ch com e toTokiotwice every yearPTakiay e dete kuru wa ke nia m
out com e reasonikum ai lea P
wil l not go
Mina uifi'ita tsu dzutsu haitte There are twoin ea ch of them .
a ll two each
1 1 3 . Ga . Ga wa s origina l ly a pos se s sive pa rtic le,
a nd it stil l retain s this force in certain phra ses .
Exam p l e s .
Koma -
ga-ta ke. Col t ’s pea k (the nam e of a
moun tain).
yin nen ga aida . For the space of ten years .
ten year spa ce (jiu nen noaida is equa l ly gooda nd m uch more common .)
Ore ga m e nom aye de say e. Before my very eyes.
m y eyes b efore evenKore g a tam e m
'
. On this a ccoun t .Wag a kum
’
. O ne’
s coun try .
Wag a kiodai. One’
s own b rothers a nd sisters.
I t is better not touse goa s a pos sessive pa rtic le except
in phra ses for which the re is good p receden t .
By the process described in 65 ga ha s in the mode rn
col loquia l com e tob e chiefly u sed a s the sign of the nom i
n a tive ca se . This ca se is , however , not necessa rily a ccom
pa nied by go. It is om itted when wa or mofol lows the
noun a n d in m a ny other ca ses , a nd a nou n m ay b e in
the nomina tive ca se'without a ny pa rtic le a t a ll b eing a dded .
Ga is a lmost a lway s u sed before the ve rbs a rn tob e ,’
dekiru
‘tob ecom e ,
’ ‘tob e m a de ,’
a nd on e a nd in t ‘torem ain .
’
Exam p les ofgoa s sign of the nomina tive ca se .
1 2 4 PART I CLES.
The noun is often fol lowed by ga where we shou ld expecttofind a n a ccu sa tive ca se , a s in the fol lowing exam p les .
K a no m u g a wa ka rima I don ’ t understand the m eaningthis m ea ning is unintelligi of this .
send.
b le
Ha na ga osukidesi lea 2 Are you fond offlowersflower like is
Ka ne ga ukeloritai When you wan t toreceive themoney desira b le toreceive money .
toki ma .
tim e
H a nshonooto ga sum . There is the fireb ell.fire -b e l l sound doe s
I n the a bove sentences imi, ha na , ka ne, a nd oto a re
rega rded by the J a pa nese a s the subjects of the verb or
a djective which fol lows .
G a,a fter those pa rt s of a dj ectives a nd verbs which a re
u sed a s nou n s for pu rposes of syntax , ha s the sam e force
a s when it fol lows ordina ry nou n s .
Exam p l e s .
flan ga y aroshi. You had b e t ter go.
the going is good
I tta ga yok’
a tta . He wou ld have done be tter tohaving gone wa s good have gone .
Yenrio sezu ni You had be tter m a ke nocereceremony “ot dom g mony , b ut spea k out fra n kly .
uehi-a kete ha na shita g a
fra n kly the having spoken
y a roshi.is good
Ori-ai ga tsukim a sena. They don’ t hit it off together.
b end -m ee t not hit.
Sugu ni tsurete You should have b rough t hima t on ce a ccom panying here a ton ce .
kita ga ii.
the having com e wa s good.
PART I CLE S. 1 2 5
O ai g a n a kiZ te yoroshin You_need not m ee t him .
m ee t without good
goza z’
m a sfe.
G a a fter a verb in the indica tive mood or a n a djective in
the verba l form m ay genera l ly b e t ra n s la ted by b ut .
Som etim es a pa u se in speaking is a suffi cient equiva lent .
Exam p l e s .
Tori-naosu toomon g a , I wish toput it righ t , b ut I can’ t .
ta ke wil l m end thinktori-n aosenai.ta ke ca n not m end
Shinsetsn wa a rig a taiga , You are very kind, b ut I m ustkm dness than ks positively b e going (toan in ferior).zehi ika neb a n a ra nai.
positive ly if not go does not
b ecom e
Mom en de wa an’
m a si‘ig a , I t is true tha t they are cotton ,
cotton (Pred') ‘S b ut they have just b een washeda ra tte sbita te-naoshita b a ka riwa shed m ade up ren ewed on ly
a nd m ade up again .
desii.
a re
Senkaku n anika misern You said awhile agotha t youform er hour som ethin g show had som e thin g toshow m e—m ay
monoga am toosshaim a shlta I look a t it here ?thing is said
g a ,kokode haiken shitemohere see having done
yoi node goza rim a sr‘i lea ?
good is it
Ame g a u k ageni I f the rain would stop in rea sonrain good condition
ab le tim e , it would b e a good
$2553“ ga thing, b ut—(I don
’ t expec t it wil l).
After tokoro, ga ha s a som ewha t simila r force .
K a te mita tokorog a . Upon m aking inquiries—(ahaving heard seen p la ce pause )
Tokoroga or daga (for de m a ga ) a t the beginning of a
sentence m ea n s ‘this being so,’ upon this
,
’ ‘we l l then .
’
1 2 6 PART I CLE S.
1 1 4 . Gena is found a fter ve rbs in the sen se ‘it wou lda ppea r tha t ,
’ ‘I am told tha t ,’ ‘I understa nd tha t . ’
Exam p l e s .
Cham a n toy am de goza ri I am told tha t it is dropsy , ifdropsy ‘s tha t is the righ t n am e .
m a siigena .
Sa kujitsu kay erim a shita I understand tha t he cam e b a ckgena .
yesterday .
So‘
desiZ is com mone r in Tokiotha n gena , which is more
a Kiotoexpression , a nd ha s the sam e m ea ning. Ex . Sa ka
jitsu kay erz'
m a shita so“
desz’
l, I u ndersta nd tha t he retu rned
yesterday .
’
1 1 5 . K a a sks a question or intim a tes a doubt . it is
very a ccu ra te ly represen ted by the m a rk of interroga tion .
Exam p l e s .
Oke‘
fune ka Is it a large shipla rge ship
Wa ta kz’
rshika Is it I ?
Kita lea Ha s he com e ?
K a between twonoun s represen ts our conj unction or.
’
Exam p l e s .
Osa ka ka Nag a sa kinonchi He lives in one of the twoone or p la ces, Osa ka or N aga saki ( I
m orim a su . don ’ t know which).other lives
Ya ka tam a ni a ta tte He wa s kil led by an arrow orarrow b ul le t striking
a b ullet .
shinim ashita .
died
O tokoka onna lea Is it a m a le or a fem a le ?m a n ? wom an
I tta ka ika nai ka Has he gone , or not ?ha s gone does not go
1 2 8 PART I CLE S.
For lea with I nte rroga tive Pronoun s see 2 6.
1 1 6. Ka ra, (with noun s)
‘from ,
’ ‘since (with verbs)becau se ,
’
a fter . ’
Konnichika ra .
Kore ka ra ha ehiri.
Sa ki ka ra .
Doko ka ra ikim a sa lea P
where from go P
N aka senda ka ra ikim a szi. I am going b y the Nakasendo.
Ka na da ka ra seiyo‘
y e I thin k of goin g toEurope via
from west ocea n Canada .
ika tozonjim a sii.
wil l go thin kSore ka ra nokotoui' sho L et us take it a fter tha t .tha t a fter thing wil l m ake
y a naika ?
is not
Kore k a ra . Hen ceforth .
Omote nohe ka ra irete Don ’ t let him in by the fron t .fron t side from having let in
kurerun a .
don ’ t give
K a kushika ra ka ne wo Ta kin g money from his pocket.pocke t from mon ey
da shite.
ta king out
I ma ka ra sugn uikayeru . I am now going straight b a cknow from imm edia tely re turn again .
2 . \Vith Verbs .(a ). With Indica tives.
Oy a] ; g a na ku n a ri’
m a shita My fa ther is dead, soI wouldfa ther “Qt b ecam e
a sk you for twoor three days
ka ra ui sa n n z'
chioitom a leave.
b ecause two three day leavewon eg aim a szZ .
request
Exam p l e s .
1 . With noun s .From today.
Eigh t rifrom here .
From a while ago.
By which way doyou
PART I CLE S. 1 2 9
D a z’
jobu desi'e k ara , go You m ay m ake your mind a t
sa fe ‘5 b ecausecase ; it is quite sa fe .
a nshin
easy-mind
Kono uchi nom aye wa Rem em ber tha t I don ’ t a l lowth ls house b efore
jinrikshas tob e set down b efore[eurnma wookasenai ka ra , this house .
jinrikisha not-let -put b ecausesoomotte iro.sothin king rem ain
Im a a i b ay em kara , Te l l the driver I am going away
giosha ni $6 itte okure.
driver having said give
In the la st twosentence s lea rn is u sed where we m igh t
have expected to, the sign of quota tion .
Atsaika ra . Because it is hot.
(b ). With Past Particip le.
Mam a demo kutte I t wil l doafter you have hadboiled rice even havm g ea ten your rice (topersons m uch in
ka ra J ’ok “7 0 ° ferior in ran k).a fter wil l b e good
Mina a tsnm a tte k ara Won ’ t you wait til l they are all
a ll havm g a ssem b led a ftera ssem b led b efore doing it ?
m’
na sa rem a sen z‘i lea 2
not do
Hiru-m eshiwo ta befe I won ’ t gotil l a fter I have hadnoon m ea l having ea ten my midday m ea l .ka ra de n akzicha ikim a senfi .
a fter ifnot don ’ t go
1 1 7 . Kosois a very em pha tic pa rtic le . It form erlyhad the effect ofm a king the verb or a djective a t the end of
the sentence be put in the Conditiona l Ba se , and ra re ca ses
of the a pp lica tion of this ru le a re s til l m et with .
Exam p l es ofKoso.
Om ay a kosousotsukida . I t is you whoare the liar.you liar are
1 30 PART I CLE S.
Yokosooide nasa tta . You are most we lcome .
we l l com e
Wa ta k ashikosogo b asa ta I t is I whohave neglected ca l lI not -giving news ing on you.
Shinzureb a koso,gochiukokn I t is just because I b e lieve it ,SlnCC b e lieve advice tha t I offer you advice .
moshima sii.say (respec tful)Yaroshi; sore de kosokimi Righ t ! Tha t is like yourse lf.is good tha t with you
da .
is
1 1 8 . Ma de, from m a‘spa ce ’
a nd de ‘with ,’
m ea n s‘to
,
’ up to,’ ‘til l ,
’ ‘until ,’
a s fa r a s,’ ‘inc lu sive of. ’
Exam p l e s .
M[Onichim ade. Til l to-morrow.
Yokohama k a ra Tokiom ade. From Yokoham a toTokio.
H a chiép m ade donogurai How far is it toHachojiwha t quan tity
am 9
I a m ade mo n ai. I t is not worth m en tioning.
sayin g as fa r as even is not
Miogonichi m ade ui I t wil l be finished by the dayday a fter tomorrow b y a fter tomorrow.
deki-ag a rim a sii.
is finished
Kojiki 10 m ade ui na tta . He fe l l solow as tobecom e a
b eggar as far a s b ecam e b eggar.
N amaye m ade I even told you my n am e .
n am e as far as
oha na shimoskito.
told
Konnichinokita ui m a de. Even down tothe m en of thistoday m an down to day .
Sa kub a n osoku m a de He had not re turned up til l la tela st nigh t la te un til la st night .
kay era na nd a .
returned not
1 32 PART I CLES.
Shinka shinai kita moam . There are some who do notb e lief donot m en a l soare be lieve .
2 . With Verbs .
Kurn ka m a shira n fi . He m ay com e , for augh t I know.
com e even don ’ t know
This ph ra se im p lie s a s ligh t lea ning tothe opinion tha t
he wil l com e ; lea rn lea shz'ra nn is sim p ly a n expression of
ignora nce .
10 6 u m m a ta H ay aji I don ’ t know whether tha ttoday again fe l low Hayajim ay not com e again
me g a kayomo today .
(con tem p tuous) wil l com e eventerm ina tionshiren iI .
can ’ t know
Ta tay e na ni to iwa to Nom a t ter wha t he m ay say ,supposm g wha t W‘us ay the b est p la n is tota ke nonotice
mo, tori-a wa n ai nog a of him .
even ta ke-m ee t -notz'chz
'b a n da .
no. 1 is
Mina ta bena kz‘i te ma You need not ea t them all.
a ll not ea ting even
yorashz’
.
is good
Am kereda m a amay e I have some , b ut I won ’ t giveare a l though even you you any .
niwa y a ra nai.
to not give
1 2 0 . Naga ra ,‘whil st .’
I . With nouns .
Kage nagara . In my inmost heart .shade
Ga menda naga ra . I am sorry totroub le you, b uttroub le
Shikkei naga ra . I t is very rudeof me , b utim politeFn ta tsa naga ra . Both of them . The twooftwo
them .
PART I CLE S . 1 33
2 . With Verbs ( stem form ).
Uta re
b eing b ea tenwoshite.
nag a ra , ka nja
doing
Cha wonaminag a ra
tea drink whilstsha b ette arim a shita .
cha ttering rem ained
K insakn sfiin aga ra .
rest do
0 ka ta ba o dam a shi
words (hon . ) deceivea sab a sn ta shirinaga ra mo.condescend know even
Osare n aga ra .
fear
H a b akarinaga ra .
fea r
§ 1 2 1 . Ni.
a t ,’ ‘into,
’ on .
’
coun ting
your words
(highly respec tful).
With noun s ni u sua l ly m ea n s ‘to,
Going on with his coun ting a ll
the tim e he wa s b eing b ea ten .
They were cha t tering over theirtea .
While resting.
Even knowing all the tim e tha twere deceiving
With a ll due respect .
With all due respec t.
Q i‘in ,
Exam p l e s .
Keota aiiku.
togo
Kiota uiorimaszI .
Uehz'
niarima sfl.
within
D enshz’
nkyoku ni haitta .
te legraph oflice in toen tered
Yengawa ni da shite
verandah on having put outake.
put
ni m airi
waitin g a t tab le havem a shita .
com e
Hito wob a ka ui snrn .
person fool in tom a ke
He goes toKioto.
He lives in Kioto.
He is a t hom e.
He wen t in to the te legraphoffice .
Put it out on the verandah.
I have come towait at tab le.
Tom ake a fool ofa person .
PART I CLES .
O ther m ea nings ofni.
Da re a i kn ta 9 From whom did you hear itwhom from did hear
Wa kai taki, ha ha ui Separa ted from her'mother
youn g time mother from when youn g.
wa ka rete.
separa ted
Ta shi ni wa aki. He is b ig for his age.
year for is big
Anahita ui medz nra shi I t is very unusua l for him tobetha t m a n for rare
sola te.
chikakn desiI .
la te -hour is
Sore ni sai nai. There is nomistake about tha t.tha t about mista ke is not
Sore ni, m a ta And besides, when I wen t againtha t in addition toagain toseeiffe mireb a
having gone when I saw.
B ekon ni tamaga . Ba con and eggs.
b a con in addition to eggs.
Ta ke ni sa eume. Bam boos and sparrows (as a
b am boo Sparrowsub jec t of a pain ting).
Taisetsn n a knshi ka nzashi I t con tained c lothing besides
va luab le com b hairpin va luab le com b s and hairpins.
ni irni mp haitte
c lothing having en teredim ashita .
wa s
Yame ui ikitai. She wan ts toget m arried.
b ride a s wishes togo
Ni is often required in J a panese where there is nopreposition in Eng lish .
Examp l e s .
I ska ui sada n suru. Toconsul t a doc tor.
doc tor consul ta tion do
I sha ni mite m ara n . Toget a doc tor toexaminehaving seen receive one.
PART I CLES. 1 37
Ya.
moa ai ia’
sakiye As l have nothin g for you tob nsm ess
’
not Wh‘le first do, you m ay gotobed withou tam ba y ai.
if gotobed is goodwaitin g for m e.
Ni is frequently found a fte r na shi, the old verbal form
ofna i not ,’
a s y en riona shia i‘Without ce remony .
’ This
is an ungram m atica l constru ction b ut it ha s the sa n ction
of use .
(C) After S tems .
y a tta . He sen t the c lothes to be
N d a shixiy atta kc ?mended 2
Miniitte . He went tosee.
It is not every verb with which this con struction is usual
okiki m' irm asi. 1 will tell you (very respec tful).
(d) After Nega tive Particip les.
(Gaxen no) Atono ka tadzuke He wen t tobed without puttin g
wo se
en m'
paid the b ill after
1 2 2 . No‘of’ is the ordina ry sign of the
Exam ple s .
A man’s leg.
The key of the box.
Your clothes.
1 38 PART I CLES.
I ma no (itta koto) wanow of said thing
yo.
joke is (cm ph. part).
Sei no ta kaiheitai.growth of high soldier
kuni.num erous coun try
Yam a no ai
moun tain
Hi no a ru uchi ni.
sun’s being Within
Randa n ka ra no dempa.
London from te legram .
Kin nokahei.
.Miy a no shita ni
Shin totem p le of b e low
y a doy a ga niken am .
inn two there a re.
Ya ne no ay e ka ra tonderoof of a bove from flying
itte shim a tta .
going finished
M e no m ay e de.
eye of b e fore a t
Wha t I said just now was a
joke , I tell you.
A tall soldier.
A moun tainous coun try .
While there is stil l day ligh t.
A telegram from London .
Gold coins.
There are twoinns be low the
Shin totem p le .
I t flew away over the roof.
Before my eyes.
Nojoin s twoword s which re la te tothe sam e person orthing .
Dokushinsingle body
nowa ta kit s/ii.
Sag aminoknni.
Al e/tum no kojiki.eye
-dark of b eggar.
Betta noTsunekichi.
Sug u ni kai tonoa t on ce com e
kotodzuke.
m essa ge
I , whoam a single m an .
The provin ce of Sagam i.
A b lind beggar.
The horse boy Tsunekichi.
A m essage tha t he was tocom e
a t once.
N 0 is som etim e s u sed like da no(which is=da +na ) in
enum era tion s . H ere it m ay be rendered and or ‘or.
’
PART I CLE S.
How is it you have com e today ? I t is not Sa turday .
N a with verbs .
1 40
Kit) ma D ay abi de nainotoday Sa turday not
ni dashite o ide
whilst how having done com e
na sa tta 9
did
K eisa tsusho y e
police sta tion to
tsnrete iku nowa menda
a ccom pany going troub leda ka ra .
is b ecause
K 6 kaita a rima siino20 0thus written is
mite.
seeing
Omay a g a kawashita noka ?you b roke
K awa shita noma wa ta knshib roke I
de goza rima sen ft .is not
Kawa su nowomita yo.b rea k
Hisa shi koto y enzetsn ga
long thing speechn a ka tta no ui, kia run
wa s not whilst todayichi ui nin no jazz: noone twom en C levernamny a ga miy eru .
n am es are visib le
Wa ta kftshim a im a mita
I now lookedno ui n a ni mo inai.
when som e thing is not
Doko y e oide n a sa tta
where to go did
nodesha ? Im a m ade kakowil l b e now un til here
nia ide-na sa tta noni.
Bec ause it is toom uch troub leto goWith you to the policesta tion .
Seeing wha t was thus written .
Is it ofyour b rea king ? Was it
you whob roke it
I t wa s not I whob roke it.
I te l l you I saw you b rea k it.
There have b een no speechesfor a lon g tim e b ut one or twoc lever spea kers’ n am es a ppea r (onthe list for) today.
When I looked just now, therewas nothing there .
Where can he have gone to?
He wa s here til l a mom en t ago.
PART I CLE S. 1 4 1
1 2 3 . Ra is a p lura l pa rtic le .
With a dverbs of p la ce ra a dds va guenes s totheir m ea ning
like the Eng lish a bouts in the sam e position . Koko, for
exam p le,m ea n s here ,
’
kokara herea bouts . ’
When it is wished toshow respect ra is not u sed with
nou n s or pronoun s , b ut da c/iior ga ta .
Exam p l e s .
Sazashi ya tsn m da Wha t a noisy lot of fe l lows !noisy te l low (p lura l) is
Sore ra no koto wo I heard about (koto) thosetha t (p lura l) thing things from m y son .
sega re ka ra kikima shita .
son from heard
Go riakwa n m a Whereabouts a re your lodgtrave l -residen ce ings
dachira desfi.
whereabou ts is
1 2 4. Sa is found a fter noun s a t the end of a sen tence ,where it ha s the sam e m ea ning a s da ‘is ,
’
b ut is more
em pha tic .
Exam p l e s .
Ay a shim a ta ra nit’ There is not enough reason
think strange is not enough thin king it stran ge.
wa ke sa .
reason is
Go sada n mam I in tend toconsul t you.
consul ta tion dotsnm ari sa .
in ten tion is
Ya g a am tosa . He says there is som ething forb usm ess is
you todo.
Sngn ni tande iku no I tel l you it is said tha t it goesa t on ce flyin g 8° flying off a t on ce .
desi tosa .
is
1 42 PART I CLE S.
(A phra se used a s the equiva len tofour.
‘I say’in ca l lingone ’
s a t tention or b y way of remonstran ce .)
8 0t sa . Yes.
thus is
1 2 5 . Say e a fter noun s or the stem s of verbs m ea n s‘on ly .
’
Exam p l e s .
D a nna say e yorashikereba , I f m y m aster is on ly sa tisfied,‘m aster on ly if is good I don ’ t mind.
wa ta kishima dademoI a nyhow
y arashiu goza rim a sn.
good is
Yfldachi no m ay e ui I f they have on ly started be foreshower b efore the shower.
deka kete say e irebu.
having gone out if rem ain
yib nn ga karitsa woa kashi For my own part , solong as Ise l f 13W b rea k don ’ t b rea k the law, there is no
say e ‘seny a (for seneb a ) rea son why I shou ld b e the lea st
on ly ifnot doa fraid of the police .
na n t mo J a nsa no howa iany thin g police a fraidkoto ma nai hadzu sa .
thing not n ecessity
De som etim es com es between the noun a nd say e. I t
a dds nothing tothe m ea ning .
Sem/Ja de say e go shachi I f the other party on ly agrees.
other party consen tde gaza rim asn na ra .
is if
Chikasha de saye ma an wa The very b easts have a sense
b east favour of gra titude.
shim .
know
1 2 6. Shiis u sed with verbs in the in dica tive mood a s
a conj unction . It m ay b e rendered a nd,’
a nd a l so,’
not
on ly—b ut ,’
a nd so.
’
1 44 PART I CLES.
Exam p l e s .
I ma nofzgin daehi ga When we consider the pursuit"OW lady (PM ) of learnin g b y the ladies of the
g a human wo shite. im no presen t tim e .
learning doing rem ain
womin e to.
see if
Ma kinii taclzima m eshi Have you gen t lem en got tothea lready you “CC
rice (the la st part of a m ea l) ?ha ?
1 2 9 . To. Tobetween twonoun s m ea n s a nd .
’
It is
som etim es repea ted a fter the second .
Exam p l e s .
Wa ta ki'tshi to amay e run When you and I cam e from our
I and you provin ce.
kuni lea ra kita tahi.
provin ce from cam e tim e
Temay e no oknbia to Putting in the b a ckground youryou cowardice
cowardice a nd ignoran ce .
m uga kn towota na ni
ignoran ce she l f to
raising
Uehinoinn ta dakka no Our dog and another one havehom e dog som ewhere kil led my aun t ’s m uch-prized
inn toga oba sa n no daijina i eondog a un t ’s m uch -prized
p g
ha to zookarashita .
pigeon kil led
Note tha t in the last sen ten ce the whole phrase uchinoinn todokkanoinn tois the sub jec t of the sen tence and therefore ta kes ga a fter it a sthe Sign of the nomina tive case.
Hone tokawa toui n a tta . He has b ecome skin and bone.
bone skin has become
O ther u ses of towith noun s .
Shina -
J lfl ta kenkwa wo He had a quarre l with a ChinaChina m an with quarre l m an .
shita .
did
PART I CLE S . 1 45
Kim? ka tta tamniana They are the sam e a s the pieceyesterday bough t piece goods goods I bought yesterday .
to an aji mono desii.
a s sam e thing is
Sahnj ztsn ka tta kanakin They a re differen t from the
yesterday bough t shirtingsshirtings I bough t yesterday .
to chig ainia sii.
from differs .
Kanohita ‘ to issha Goa long with this m an .
this m an with sam e p la ce
uiike.
go
Are 20 0 tazakn to shite I fwe look on him a s a rob b er.him rob ber having m ade
miru takiwa .
see tim e
Rianin to m a . Both of them .
twom en a nd even
I tta shakika n to(or ni) He has b een m ade Firstfirst C lass secre ta ry Secretary.
na rim a shita .
ha s b ecom e
Towith som e uninflected word s is u sed toform a dverbs .
Shikka ri to. Firm ly .
Ta tsnzen to. Sudden ly .
Pan to. With a b ang.
B a ra ham to. With a ra t t ling noise .
O nom a topoetic word s like the two la st exam p les a re
exceeding ly common in J a pa nese , b ut they a re ra ther
ine lega nt .
Towith noun s som etim eS v correSponds to the inverted
com m a s u sed a s a Sign of quota tion .
Urashiwo toha in tokoro. A p la ce ca l led , if I rem em b erV ladivostock
righ t , ‘V ladivostock.
’
1 46 PART I CLES.
O n am ay e wa n a n’to in ? Wha t is your nam e ?
n am e wha t say
ll’a ta k fishi tea D enkichi to My n am e is Denkichi.’
Is him a sii.
ca l l
H an tJ tom a (itte ya roshi). Tob e sure it is true .
truth even saying is good
With ve rbs , to( like our conj unction tha t ’
) is the sign ofquota tion or of indirect s ta tem en t gen era l ly ,
a nd is used
a fte r su ch ve rbs a s‘tosay ,
’ ‘tothink ,
’ ‘topromis e ,’ ‘to
a dvise ,’
etc . etc . It m u st not b e omitted a s th a t often is
in English . It m u st som etim es b e rende red by to.
’
Scri-nriga m a shim aiui He said tha t the auc tion was
auc tion a lready finish over.n a tta to u nza shita .
b ecam e said .
I ke toin noda . I te l l you togoaway .
go(im p.) say is
Na n ’
d a toy e ? Wha t is it you say it is ?
wha t is it
Kakode a rm) toma I did not expec t tom eet youhere wil l m ee t here .
omowa na nd a .
did not thin k
Uta toshita . He m ade tostrike him .
wil l strike did
When tois u sed , there is often a n e l lip sis of som e pa rt
of one of the ve rb s in ‘to say ,’
nzirn ‘tosee ,’
amou ‘tothink ,
’
sum ‘todo,’
kikn ‘tohea r. ’
An a ta ui sada n I cam e toconsul t with you .
you with con sul ta tion( slit?) to (omotte) kinia shita .
wil l do thin king cam e
I am inclined toth ink tha t tois iden tica l With the root soof sore tha t , ’ a nd tha tfrom a demons t ra t ive . this partic le ha s be com e a conjunction . just like its Englishe q uiva len t In the phra se s tokaku ,
toma ka ku ma , its origina l demonstra tive force is
reta in ed .
1 48 PART I CLE S.
M eknra ta (for totea , which Whom doyou ca l l b lindb lin d
again is for toin te a ) da re nowhoof
koto d a ?
thin g is
Tegm nig a nai teba Have not I told you there is nole tter is not le tter
(for toieb a ).if I say
To a fter verbs m u st som etim e s b e t ra n s la ted ‘if ’ or‘when .
’
G ndzn gndz n sum to, lochin I f you loiter, it wil l b e da rk
de hi g a kufaru y a .
on sun goes down
Yoku -Jitsu ni now to. When the fol lowing daynex t day be com e when a rrived .
Sana ta ki no ka ta wa When I think of tha t tim e.
tha t tim e thingonion to.thin k
Knm to sug n ui. As soon as he com es (or cam e).com e when a t on ce
1 30 . Wa is a distinctive or sepa ra tive pa rtic le . It ha s
the force ofisola ting or singling out one obje ct from among
a num ber, ofopposing one thing toa nother, orof limiting
a sta tem en t strict ly tothe word which ma fol lows . Thuskore wa m ay m ea n ‘this one ou t of a n umbe r,
’ ‘this onenot tha t one ,
’ ‘this one a nd nothing e l se ,’ ‘this on e a t
lea st .
’
lV a is often found with the subject of a sentence , b ut it
m u st not b e taken for the Sign of the nomina tive ca se . It
is a l sofound com bined with the loca tive pa rtic les ui a nd
de, a nd even a fter toothe sign of the a ccusa tive ca se , when
it ta ke s the nigoria nd becom es b a .
PART I CLE S. 1 49
The Fren ch q ua n t a is perha ps the nea rest equiva len t to
met , b ut in Eu ropea n la ngua ge s the sam e idea is u sua l lyexpre ssed , not by a sepa ra te word , b ut by m ea n s of a grea t
er em pha sis on the noun . Wa ha s frequen t ly very litt le
m ea ning , a nd its presence or a b sence is often im m a teria l .
Wa m ay b e u sed a fter those pa rts of the verb or a dj ective
which a re noun s in syn tax .
Shiraikotowa shiroi. Sofa r a s whiteness goes , it iswhite .
Are wa wa rni; kore wa Tha t is b ad , this is good .
tha t is b a d this
yaroshi.is good
Kore de u m ikenai. This won ’ t do.this with cannot go
Wa ta kiishi no knni ui a m There a re no ea rthqua kes in
m y coun try my coun try .
yrs/tin ga nai.
earthqua ke is not
Kond a wa sonn a wa ke ja This tim e , there Wil l be nothingthis tim e such rea son of tha t kind.
(for dowa ) n ai.
is not
D 6 shitemo sa n No m a tter Wha t you do, Ihow ha ving done even three think it wil l ta ke a t lea s t threey a wa ka kam d
’
a ra.
h tnigh ts b e long Wil l b e
m g S
H a ka nonichi uia rim a shita I b rough t a ll tha t were in the
box m b‘de wa s box. (The wa im p lies tha t therenowa mina m a tte m airi were , or m ay have been , others
a ll havm g ta ken cam e
not in the box.)m a s/zita .
Tokaidono ninsa ku a m The Tokaidocoolies are ca l ledCOO I’e kilnzoshke.
kumositke toin .
ca l l
Kanosa ka na wa ta kaiha 2 Is this fish dear ?this fish dear
I'O PART I CLE S .
D
H itonomono1 0 a wagermono: Wha t is other peop le ’
s is m ine ,
m a n thing m y thing b ut wha t is m ine is not otherwaga monowa hztonomono peop le ’
s .
dc wa nai.
is not
Taisa ta na tte Ever sin ce he be cam e a colone l .colone l having becom e (The te a hin ts a con tra st with the
iru k a ra wa . tim e b efore he b ecam e a colon e l .)rem a in Sin ce
lV a ta kfishinob nnka ui a kai There is a red visiting card inm y desk red
m y desk : b rin g it tom e . (The b an a -fnda rchtm a r am : sore zoo
shows tha t the ca rd is tob e singledn am e ca rd one 1 8 tha t
out among the other thin gs in theb a {a tte ka l .
having ta ken com edesk .)
Saiwai na koto uiwa . Fortuna te ly .
fortun a te thin g in
Kawagishino dena ka tta wa Wha t a pity Kawagishiwa s not
za nnen d’
a tta .
disa ppoin tm en t wa s
N a rnbekn I f possib le .
b e com e cou ld
K aig nn ni irai slu na kii We m ust re ly upon the Navy .
n a vy re lia n ce not doin g
totea na ra nii.
in ca se doe s not be com e
IVa ta kiishino $62 6 a tam ka I dou't know whe ther m y idea9m y idea h“
is correc t , or not .ota ra a nika m a (or zoo) shira n a .
not hit
W'a withou t a ny a ppa ren t m ea ning a t the end of a sen
tence ha s been a l rea dy a d°
verted to in 65 . The Kioto
term in a tion s wa i n a , ma n a suggest th a t the ve rb n a m
tob e ’
m u st b e supp lied in this ca se , a s m a de: a ka woni
snkoshinlodem a sen z‘t wa ( na ra ) , lit . not yet comingout in
the lea st on your fa ce is (a‘it doe s not yet show
on you r fa ce in the lea s t .
’
1 5 2 PART ICLE S.
Sa za m a zoowa ta kflshido to He though t Sa zawa was I .I
omotta .
though t
IVois often found whe re we use a preposition in Eng lish .
Iy e zoo dem a shita . He le ft his house .
house from wen t out
K nm m a zoo an te. Ge t ting out of the jinrikisha .
jin rikisha from havin g got down
St'ny en no ka ne zoo He wa s rob b ed of one thou1 00 0 yen money of sand yen .
tora reta .
wa s rob b ed
Ka nza tsn zooha na reta tokoro. A p la ce removed from turmoil.turmoil from removed p la ce
For monozoosee mono, 1 0 7 . I n the fol lowing sen tence
zooha s a som ewh a t sim ila r m ea ning
TaikJ uimo n am tokoro I t had gone sofa r tha t he wa s“
expu lsion even b ecom e p la ce on the poin t of b ein g expe l leddc a tta zoo, da re I“ from col lege , when b y som e
wa s wherea s som ebodybody
’
s good officesshinsen
good offices ha vin g done
But ga is com mone r tha n zooin this con struction .
1 32 . Ya . Ya oscil la te s in m ea ning between the two
a nd‘ b eing som etim e s expre ssive of doubt ,a nd a t others a m ere exc lam a tion .
After noun s it is u sed ;
1 . As a Voca tive termina tion .
Ta ke y a Ta ke
2 . With the m ea ning or. ’
Nida y a sa ndo. Twoor three tim es.
twice three tim es
Ka ta y a samisen wa tai A modera te degree of profiJ ap . ha rp guita r pre t ty cie ncy on the kotoor samisen
tel dc zoa ii. is suflicien t.n early With is good
PART I CLES. 1 5 3
With Verbs .
K nu y a kawa zu na mi. A person with precarious meansea t or not ea t body of sub sisten ce .
Ana ta no b a sha ma miyem The mom en t your carriageyour carriage is visib le
com es in sigh t .y a inay a .
not ?
The la st idiom is ra ther bookish .
I ke y a ! L et us go!Wil l go
Por y a a s a corru ption of zoa , see a bove , 1 30 .
1 33. Yam . Ya ra is a contra ction for y a (see previous section) a nd a ra n , the old fu ture of am ,
‘tob e .
’
It
expres ses uncertainty .
Doko ni arimasii y am I don ’ t know Where he lives.where lives
zoa ta kftshinizoa wa ka rim a senii.
m e to is not known
Dakoye itta y am . I wonder where he has gone .
The la st sen ten ce is left in com p lete in the J a pa nese ver
sion . Som e su ch ph ra se a s the conc luding words of thepreviou s exam p le is tobe supp lied .
Am a kaota y a ra ye oide ui The year a fter you wen t toM 3 0 3 0 to wen t Ma cao, if tha t is the righ t nam e
n a n m a sht ta y akn nen . of the p la ce .
(respec tful) n ex t year
Ta naji tam (for toyara ) in A singing-girl ca l led Tan0ji, ifgeisha . I rem em b er righ tly .
Da re y a ra g a itta koto. Som e thing som ebody said.
who said thing
1 34 . Ye,‘towa rd s ,
’ ‘to.
’ The y in this pa rtic le is
pronounced very ,
light ly , a nd perha ps the student’ s sa fest
p l a n is toomit it a ltogether, a s m a ny J apa nese do.
I tsa a knni ye okaeri When do you return toyourwhen coun try to return
coun try ?na sam ka
do
51 5 4 PART I CLES.!
Ta bi y e ta ts u no wo c He put of? startingjourney starting journey.
nob ashita .
put off
Wa takiishino y ado Stay for the nightmy lodging lodgings.
tama rinasa re.
stay do
Achira ye m a te. Wait there .
Ye in the la st twosenten ces seem s tom ea n ‘a t ’ or ‘in ,
’
b ut perha p s a ide na sa tte or itte is tob e supp lied a fter it .
There is a y e (or e) which is a m ere interjection som e
thing like our ‘eh and m u st be distinguished from y e
‘towa rd s . ’
1 35 . Yo. Yois u sed with noun s in the voca tive ca se ,b ut it is som ething more tha n am ere voca tive pa rtic le . It
is em pha tic , a nd im p lie s p lea ding, remon stra n ce , a ppea l
or wa rning . I ndeed it often sta nds quite by itse l f a s a n
exc lam a tion with this force . It is difficu lt torender y a by
a ny Eng lish word , b ut‘I te l l you ,
’
wil l som etim es t ra n s la te
it p retty a ccu ra te ly . In the Kiotodia lect yois u sed with
the roots of verbs of the second conj uga tion toform the
im pera tive mood . Thu s for ta bero, the Kiotopeop le say
ta beyo. In the Tokiodia lect ,yowith the im pera tive is not a
m ere te rm ina tion , b ut ha s the em pha tic force described
a bove . It is a favourite pa rtic le with wom en .
Okka san yo. Mother !mother
0 aka y a ! a y uka ta ya ! Som e tea ! a b a th gown ! (fortea . b a th gown a guest).
Abnnai yo. I t is dangerous, I te l l you.
is dangerous
Shira naiy a . I tel l you I don’ t know.
1 5 6 PART I CLES.
Examp l es.
K eshite uchi ye irete You must positively not a l lowpositively
‘house in toadmit him in tothe house.
zoa n a ra nai so.in case not b ecome
K a ta ku n -tsfiketa ea . You have my strict orders.hard ordered
Kita ao. Here he is !
ha s come
Kiku hada monozoa I te l l you there is nothinghear quan tity thing worth listening to.n ai ze (for za y e).is not
CHAPTER X .
ADVERB S, PREPOSIT IONS, CONJUN CT IONS AND INTERJ E CT IONS.
ADVERBS.
1 38 . The true a dverb is in J a pa nese the form of the
a djective ending in the sy l la b le ku a s hay a ku ,‘quickly
a ta ra shika ,newly yoku , See 82 . Ma ny word s
u sed a s a dverbs a re rea l ly noun s or nou n s fol lowed bypa rtic les , a s a shita , tomorrow ;
’
sa kini,‘before b a ka ni,
‘foolish ly ;’
suguni‘a t once or pa rticip les of verbs , a s
sub ate,‘genera l ly ; sem ete,
‘a t lea st n akara zu ,
‘withoutexception .
’
The present in dica tive of verbs is som etim es redup lica ted
toform a n a dverb , a s miru-mirn , 5. vue d ’oe l l y uku-
yuku,
a s one goes a long .
’
1 39 . The fol lowing list contain s som e of the most
common ly u sed a dverbs
ADVERBS OF T IME
Ma, a l rea dy . Ma da , not yet .I tsa , when (interroga tive). I tsudemo, a lway s .
Taki, ditto. (re la tive). yikini, soon .
Mionichi, to-morrow. Metta ni, (with neg .) s e ldom .
Ashz’
ta , ditto. Ta daim a , imm edia te ly.
Konnichi, to-day . Mahay a , a l rea dy .
Kio, ditto. Sudeni, ditto.
Alsocontracted intohayo, a tarashiu, ya.
1 5 8 ADVERB S.
ADVERBS OF T IME .
Sa’
kuj ztsu, yesterday . Ta bita bi, severa l tim es .
Kino‘
,ditto. Iehidoor hita ta bi, once .
Senda tte, som e day s ago. Nidoorfit ta ta b i, twice .
Nochihodo, by a nd by . &c. &c.
ADVERB S OF PLACE .
Koko, here . Dochira , where , whither.
Kokani, here . Sachi, there , thithe r.Doko, where . Sachira , there , thither.
Daka ni, where . Achi, there , thither .
Soko, there . Achira , there , thither .
Sokoni, there . Sa kini, before .
Ashlea , the re . A tode, behind .
A sz’
ikoni, there . Sa ka som a
, upside down .
Kochi, here , hither. Yakani,a cros s .
Kochira ,here , hither . Uy eni, a bove .
Doc/ii, where , Whithe r. Shitoni, be low.
ADVERB S OF MANNER .
Do'
, how. Damo, howsoever.I kaga , how. H a na ha da , very .
K 6 , in this way . Na ze,why .
Kaya'
ni, in this way . Z ehi, positive ly .
So, in tha t way . yazu ui, C leverly .
Sayani, in tha t way . well .
ADVERB S
Ta kiisa n , taiso; m uch .
D anokztra i, how m uch .
yiubun , enough .
Siikoshi, litt le .
‘
I kutsu, how m a ny .
toom uch .
See also 1 8 to2 4.
QUANT ITY.
Ba ka ri, on ly .
I kura , how m uch .
Motto, more .
Am a ri
Yokein
1 60 INTERJECTICNS.
The Eng lish preposition s m u stoften be rendered in J a pa nese by diflerent pa rt s of spee ch . Thu s , for ‘between ,
’
we
ha ve noaida ui, lit .
‘in the spa ce of: for‘beside we m u stsay nosa b a ui
,lit . a t the side of; for ‘over,
’
koy ete, the
pa st pa rticip le ofkay ern , tocross . ’
CONJUN CT IONS.
1 42 . Conj u nction s in Eng lish are va rious ly rendered
in J a pa nese by Pa rtic les , Verba l or Adj ectiva l term ina tion s
etc. Som e have been a l rea dy noticed under the hea d of
Pa rtic les , a nd hin ts a s totra n s la ting them intoJ a pa nese
wil l a l sobe found in Cha pter XI .
INTERJE CT IONS.
1 43. A s in other la nguages Interj ection s a re m ere ly ex
clam a tions, a nd ca n sca rce ly be said tohave a ny gramm a r .
The p rincipa l a re
Oi, H a l loa !
Aita , Ah !of pain .
Oy a , Oh !of su rprise—u sed chiefly by wom en .
He, (rising a ccen t)of su rprise and a dmira tion .
Yai, of terror .
D akkai, when lifting a hea vy weight , or othe rwise
exerting onese l f.
Sci, ofinciting a person todosom ething .
Md , of sa tisfa ction ,
’
surprise , etc .
The ne socommon in the vu lga r Yedodia lect (in otherpa rts ofJapan it is na or no) is a sort ofin terjection . It ha s
very litt le m ea ning , a nd m ere ly se rves todraw the a ttention
of the person a ddressed . It ha s a bout the sam e force a s the
mea ning less , ‘you know,
’ som etim e s hea rd in English con
versa tion . Yaroshine , ‘it is good , is it not’
? m a ta mio‘
nichi
oide na sa ru ne,‘you wil l com e again tomorrow, won
’
t
you sore lea ra na a fter tha t , don’
t you know
Ne is little u sed by m en .
CHAPTER XI .
ENGL I SH WORDS INTO JAPANESE .
1 44. At the risk of som e repetition , it ha s been con
sidered desira b le togive a few notes on the mode of render
ing in toJ a pa n ese som e com mon English word s .
1 45 .
‘Al though ’ or ‘though .
’
K eredowith indica tive s
or verb a l form s of a dj ectives , a s itta keredo‘a l thoughhe wen t ,
’
sam ui heredo‘a lthough it is cold ’
; pa rticip le
a nd m a or a dverb a nd te mo, a s itte mo‘a lthough h a vinggone ,
’
sam nkz’
i te mo‘though cold ’
; conces sive form , a s
ikedonzo a lthough (he) go,’
samukeredo, ‘a l though cold .
’
1 46.
‘And .
’ Connecting noun s , to, which is'
often
repea ted a fter the la st noun , a s sa ke tosa ka na , wine an d
fi sh kore toa re to, ‘this a nd th a t : ui, a s ha shiuifeuda
m ana cakes a nd fruit .
’ Som etim es the noun s a re sim p lyp la ced together a s sa ke sa ka na ‘wine a nd fi sh .
’
See a l so
da no, 1 1 1 a nd no, § I 2 2 . Connecting verbs , ‘a nd’
is
expressed by pu tting the fi rst verb in the pa rticip le form ,
a t lea st where the a ction of the fi rst verb is conceived a s
prepa ra tory or pre lim in a ry totha t of the one su cceeding it ,a s tokkurizooa kete m a tte koi, open the bott le a nd bring it
here .
’ I n other ca ses,a nd a t the beginning of a senten ce ,
soshite or sore niis u sed for ‘a nd .
’ When Adjectives a re
joined by ‘a nd ,’
the fi rst is u sua l ly put in the a dverbia l
form fol lowed by te , a s y a sukiite a ta ta kai‘it is chea p a nd
wa rm . See a l soshi, 1 2 6, a nd de, 1 1 1 .
The sub'eet of this cha pter ha s been more fully dea lt with in Dr. Im b rie’
s excellen t‘J a pa nese tymologyfl Messrs . Satow a nd Ishib ash l’
s Dictionary should a lsob econ sulted .
1 62 ENGL ISH WORDS iNToJAPANESE .
1 47 .
‘As .
’ ‘AS you know,
’
go3 0n notori, lit . ‘them a nne r ofyou r knowing
’
; a s you say ,’ ossha ru to
‘
ri; a s
dea r a s tha t ,’
sore hadota kai a s m a ny a s pos sib le ,’
nam
ta ke or na rub eku ta kiisa n ;‘a s soon a s finished
,
’
deki
shida ior deki-agam tosugu ui;‘a s fa r a s ,
’
m a de ;‘a s it
is ,’
sonom am a ;‘a s I wa s going out ,
’- deru toki; ‘j u st a s
I wa s going out ,’
d eru tokoro de ; ‘the sam e a s m ine ,’
wa ta kushinotoonajikoto.
1 48 .
‘Beca u se .
’ Ka ra, y uy e, y uy e ni, a llofwhich a re
u sed a fte r verbs in the indica tive mood a nd a djectives in
the verba l form :‘beca u se why ,
’
na ze na reb a ;‘Oh ! j u st
beca u se ,’
na ze demo.
1 49 . Before ’
is u su a l ly nom ay e ui,‘a s m e nonzay e ui,
before one ’ s eye s ;’ Nicki-ya nom ay e ui, before Sunday ;
m ay e uikiita ,
‘I hea rd before deru m ay e ui,‘before h e
goes (or wen t)out .’ ‘Before he com e s ’ m ay b e rendered
kim a seniiuchinior knru niaye ui.
1 5 0 .
‘But . ’ I n stea d of a conjunction like our ‘b ut ,’
the con struction s with m a or the conces sive form s
de scribed in 1 45 a re preferred . See a l sounder ga , 1 2 3.
At the begin ning of a senten ce , b ut’
m ay b e rende red
by shika shi, shika shin aga ra ,da tte
,daga ,or demo.
‘Thereis b ut one ,
’
hitotsu shika nai.
1 5 1 .
‘Ca n,
’ ‘cou ld .
’ ‘I ca n go,’
iku kotoga dehira ,
ika reru ;‘you ca n go,
’
(perm ission), ittemoy a roshi; ca n’
t
you com e oide na sa ru wa ke uizoa m airim a seni. ka P;
‘I cou ld not com e ,’
kuru kotozoa dekim a sena nda , kora re
m a sen z‘t’
d’
a tta .
1 5 2 .
‘I f. ’ ‘I f ’ is u sua l ly expres sed by on e of the
Condition a l or Hypothetica l termina tion s of Verbs , the
pa rticip le a nd zoo, or the indica tive with toki zoa or to.
1 64 ENGL I SH WORD S INTO JAPANESE .
1 5 7 .
‘Shou ld . ’ ‘I f a ny one shou ld com e ,’
m
‘
oshimo
k l'
ioga kita m ;‘ifyou had not fi red , I shou ld have been
kil led ,’
a na ta wa teppowouta na kereba , wa ta kz‘iski wa
inoclzi wo tom rete shim a u no da ; ‘you shou ld go a t
once ,’
sugu'
nioide na sa ru ga yoka ro‘
;‘if tha t shou ld
h a ppen ,’
moshisoin kotoga a tta toki ui run ;‘if I had
tim e , I shou ld go,’
him a ga a tta ra , iko‘
ga . See a l so‘ought ’
a nd ‘m u st . ’
1 5 8 .
‘Tha t . ’ Tha t ’
a s a conj un ction is u sua l ly to
(see Plea se te l l (you r m a ster) tha t it is som ebodywhoha s a t rifling reque st tom ake of him ,
’
szikoshigoira i
no suji ga a tte m aitta monodo toko‘
itta kure. O ther
modes of rendering ‘tha t ;’ ‘I am sorry tha t I did not
do so soone r,’
hay a ku shi-na ka tta ga za nnau da ;‘take
ca re tha t it does not ca tch fire ,’
higa ka ka m na i yom'
yojin shiro. For‘tha t ’
a s a re la tive a nd a s a demon stra
tive pronou n see 2 0 , 2 1 a nd 2 8 .
g 1 5 9 . Think ’
is in J a pa nese omou . I think of going ,’
iko'
toomozt , ika ka toomou . Other way s of t ra n s la ting
think : wha t doyou think of doing,’
ib aga n a sa ru tsumori
deszi ‘I think he ha s com e ,’
mokim a shita toomotte iwa sa ,
mo“
kim a shita ro; ‘I think he wil l go,’
ikim a sz‘z ‘I
don ’ t think it is rea dy ,’
m a da shita ka wa delcim a szim ai.
1 60 .
‘To.
’
For to’
a s a preposition with noun s see
ni, y e a nd m a de, Ch . IX ., 1 2 1 , 1 34 and 1 1 8 .
Where it is u sed with verbs toform a n infinitive mood‘to m u st be va riou s ly t ra n s la ted a ccording to cir c um
sta nces , a s I am una b le togo,’
iku kotoga dekinai;‘I
wa nt togo,’
ikitai ‘I have togo,’
z'
ka neb a na ra n fi ;‘it
is toola te togo,’
mo“
ikn m'
ma osoi; doyou in ten d togo?’
iku tsumorilea te l l him togo,’
ike toitte okure ‘te l l him
tosend m e som e money ,’
ka ne wookuru youilza na shite
ENGL ISH WORD S INTO JAPANE SE . 1 65
knre ;‘it is ea sy togo,
’
Newkotowa y a sni he promised
tocom e ,
’
[mm toy a kz’
isoku shim ‘it is a rra nged tha t he is
togo,’
ikn kotoui kim a fia ;‘he ha s gone tob uy ,
’
kai ni
itta ;‘it won ’ t dotobe la te ,
’ osokzi te ma ikenai.
1 61 . Wa nt .
’ I wa nt money ,’
ka ne ga iru ; I wa nt
togo,’
ikitai;‘I don ’t wa n t togo,
’
{kita /cu na i;‘doyou
wa nt this ? bore ma, 0 iriyo( 105 12 [ca 9, [core wa hos/ti lea 3
‘I wa n t tob uy ,’
Icainikimoshita .
1 62 .
‘Wou ld ‘He said he wou ld go,’
ikn (or fled)toz
’
tta ;‘I thought you Wou ld b e here ,
’
kokonioide n a sa rn
d’
a rotoonzotta I wou ld have com e today b ut Izonnicki
1 mm nodeshita ga‘ifhe cam e , wha t
'would you do,’
kita m don a sam ;‘it wou ld have been better if he ha d
gone ,’
itta Ito“
ga yok’
a tta , ittam yok’
a tta .
‘I wou ld get som e tea rea dy , on ly the fire ha s goneout ,
’
cha moirernnda (irern no do) ga , hi ga Iciy ete
shim a tta ;‘ifm y fa ther had been a live , I am su re he wou ld
h a ve been p lea sed ,’ ottotsnsa n gozo7wna ra , oyorokobi
na saima sho‘
.
CHAPTER X I I .
HONOR I F I C AND H UMBLE FORMS.
1 63 . O ne of the chief diffi cu l tie s which con fron t the
foreigner whose am bition it is to Spea k J a pa ne se with
a ccu ra cy a nd propriety is the u se of the honorific a nd
hum b le form s of expre ssion . G ram m a tica l ru les , however,
gob ut a short way in tea ching their use , and m uch m u st
be left tothe studen t ’s experien ce a nd observa tion .
It m ay b e taken tha t the honorific form s a re chiefly a p
pr0 pria ted toverbs , noun s , a nd pronoun s in the second
person , though they a re a l sou sed in speaking respectfu l lyof a bsent person s . The hum b le form s be long tothe fi rst
person , a nd the polite te rm ina tion m a siZ is u sed indis
crim in a tely with a ll th ree person s .
It wil l be seen be low tha t there is a con sidera b le va rietyofhonorific a nd hum b le expression s , va rying a ccording tothe ra nk of the person a ddressed . But even in Speaking tothe sam e person , form s , the neg lect ofwhich on a fi rst in
troduction or on other form a l occa sion s wou ld b e a gros s
brea ch of decorum , m ay b e d ropped withou t offen ce in the
hea t of a n a rgum ent ,or in the freedom of more fam ilia r in
tercourse . Wom en use honorifics more tha n m en ,a nd they
a re les s frequent in dependent tha n in prin cipa l c la u ses .
§ 1 64 . Respect a nd humility a re indica ted in the fol
lowing way s
1 68 HONOR IF I C AND HUMBLE FORMS.
lower ra n kgoka na z of“M " ofiicial.
oku sa n gen t lemen0 1 m sam a of ka nai.gon aishits u rank .
O ld -fa shioned peop le sometim es say ga sai(‘stupid wife ’
)for their own wives .
Another’s husb and. One’sown husb and.
da nna . tsure-ai(by the lower class) .teishi(familiar). da rm a or teishi.
goteishi. y ado.
But in genera l the hu sba n d ’ s su rnam e is u sed both in
a ddres sing the wife a nd by her in Speaking of her hu sba nd ,in the form er ca se with sun a dded , in the la tter withou t sa n
Another’s fa ther. O ne’s own fa ther.
gosompu .
ototsn sun (tochildren). chichi.
Another’s mother. One’
s own mother.
goboka. ha ha .
haha sama . 0 fnkuro.
okka ra n ( tochildren ). okka (by children ).
gofi lm (when aged).
Another’s grandfa ther. O ne’
s own gra ndfa ther.
gosofa sam a .
O ff ” w hochildren .
o] t sa n
Another’s grandmother. One’s own grandmother.
gosobo. sobo.
0 ba ra n (tochildren) . ba ba .
Another’s b rother. One’s own b rother.
0 am’
sa n ( e lder). ( mi.
gosankei do
gosha teisama (younger). otato.
gosha tei do.ototogo do.
HONOR IF I C AND HUMBLE FORM S.
Another’s sisterf One’sown Sister.
0 one San (elder). one.
one sun .
0 imatogo(younger) .
Another’s son .
goshisoku.
omnsfikosan .
daugh ters).
gosorié (e ldest).gojina n (second).
gosa nna n (third).
Another’s daughter. One’s own daughter.
gosokujo. musz'ime.
onzusfime go.
0 ja sa n .
s a nd ob a a re u sed for one ’s own unc le a nd a unt the
sam e words fol lowed by sa n or sam a for a nother’ s .
Oi a nd m ei a re u sed forone ’ s own nephew a nd niece
oigosam a a nd onzeigosa nza for a nother’ s .
Another’ s fa ther-in -law a nd mother-in -law a re Shin togo,shiutome go one ’ s own sim p ly Shin to, Shiutome
Simila rly on e’ s own son -in -law is m nko
,a nother’ s
om nko sa n ; da ughter-in -law (own ) yom e or (a nother’ s)
oyom e go gra ndchild (own) m agoor (a nother’s) om ago
cou sin (own ) itokoor (a nother’s) oitoko; a dopted son ,
(own ) yo'
slzior (a nother’ s) goyoshi. Sa n 0 r sam a m ay b e
a dded toa ny of the a bove honorific form s .
Children , a nd tosom e extent wom en , a dd ra n in speak
ing of their own e lder re la tions . They say , for in sta n ce ,a ne son for my e lder sister ,
’ okka sa n for m y m am m a .
’
The word s u sed of one ’ s own re la tion s m ay a l sobe u sed
of the re la tion s of third person s towhom noSpecia l respect
is due , or even of the re la tives of the person a ddressed
when the la tter is of a ra nk decided ly inferior tothe speaker.
iméto.
O ne’s own son .
seg a re.
mnsiiko.
kodomo( a lsoe iJ .
jinan .
sa nna n .
1 7 0 HONOR IF I C AND HUMBLE FORM S.
Toone ’ s se rva nt, one say s omay e nochichior amay e no
oy ajifor you r fa ther .’
Sega re a nd g a sai ca n on ly be u sed of one’ s own son ,
a nd one ’ s own wife .
1 66. Honorific a nd hum b le verbs . Honorific verbsa re of twokind s (a ) whe re a whol ly differen t word is substitu ted for the ordina ry verb a nd (b) where the ca u sa tive
or potentia l (pa ssive) verb is put in stea d of the Sim p le
verb, on the princip letha t it is more respectfu l tosay tha t
a person ha s ca u sed a thing to b e done or ha s been a b le
todoit tha n m erely tha t .he h a s done it . H um b le verb s
be long exc lu sive ly tothe fi rst of these twoc la s ses .
Exam p les .
(61 )Hum b le.
I ta sn ortsnkam a tsurn
I ku, togo M airn
Ta bern , toea tOm an , tothin k
Daits a noKatei g a The Germ an Em peror is dead .
Germ any EmperorShin arem a sh5 la .
wa s a b le todie .
D aijin g a dera rcm a shita . His Exce l lency (used of Mi
H'E'nistersof Sta te) ha s gone out.
Hinwini He died a violen t dea th.
without comm and ( i. e .
shina rem a shita .
Heaven) died.
0 m a chia sa b a se. Be p leased towait .
Honorific .
Nusuru ora sob a sn .
O ide na sam orzra ssha rn .
Ossha rn .
K nda sam orta m a n .
Mcshi-ag arn .
O boskimcsn .
1 7 2 HONOR IF I C AND HUMBLE FORM S.
h a ve becom e so a s simila ted tha t their C hine se origin is
overlooked , a n d they a re nolonge r recognized a s stra ngers .
They therefore take the n a tive prefix , while on the oth er
h and one or twoJ a pa nese word s have com e tob e som e
tim es preceded by go. Ex . 0 ta kn ,
‘you r hou se ;
’
0 ky a ku ,
‘a guest ;
’
0 tokei, ‘you r wa tch ;’
gowaitomo,‘you a re
right ;’
go (or 0) y nrnri to,‘a t you r ea se
’
(in pressing a
guest tostay longer).
A ve ry common use ofois with the stem s ofverbs in the
s econ d pe rson fol lowed by the honorific verbs n a sa rn or
a sob a sn a s oka shina sa re ‘lend ,’ oka slzi na sa tte knda sa re,
‘p lea se b e kind enough to lend m e ,’ om ao/ti a sob a se, ‘b e
good enough towait , Sir.
’
This com bin a tion is ve ry common in the im pera tive mood
when na sa re is som etim e s contra cted intonoor even omitted
a ltogether . But in such ca se s the honorific force a lmost
en tire ly disa ppea rs . O m a c/iina or 0 m a chi‘wait ’
wou ld
on ly b e u sed toserva n ts or m em be rs ofone’ s own fam ily .
0 is a l sou sed before the stem fol lowed by the hum b le
word m dsn in the fi rst person , sotha t this con st ru ction
com prise s a n expres sion of respect for the pe rson a ddre ssed
with a hum b le refe ren ce toonese l f. Ex . 0 nega imoshim a sii‘I a sk a fa vor ofyou , 0 ta nomimosu
’
i‘‘I p ray you .
’
0 m ay a l sob e u sed with a dj ective s . Ex . 0 sam un goza rim a s/to‘I am su re you a re cold ,
’
0 wa kogoza rzm a su ‘youa re young .
’
I n the com pound goza rinza sz‘ior gozaim a sii, socommon
a s a polite substitute for the verb a rn tob e ,’
gois not a
honorific pa rtic le indica tive of respect tothe pe rson whois
the su bject of the ve rb , b ut like m a sii,its u se im p lies
This phra se or 0 ta nom a , ta nom a or 0 ta namimoshimasiiis ca lled out by thewa ter toa J a panese house instead ofknockingor ringing a bell.
HONORI F I C AND HUMBLE FORMS . 1 73
cou rtesy to the person a ddress ed wha tever m ay b e the
nomin a tive toit . When we say wa ta kzv
ishide goza zm a su
‘it is I ,’
a re de gozaim a su it is he ,’
there is noin ten tion of
spea king honorifica lly of onese l f or of him ; the courtesyim p lied by the use ofgois a ll intended for the benefit of the
person a ddressed .
1 68 . HONOR IF I C SUFF IXE S .
The Plura l Suflixes ga ta a nd ta chi a nd in a less degree
Shin h ave a modera te ly honorific force : m a nd domoa re
u sed when nohonorific m ea ning is in tended .
Sam a, the origin a l m ea ning of which is a ppea ra n ce ,
’
is
u sed a fter the nam e, description or tit le in a dd re ssing or in
speaking respectfu l ly of superiors , more especia l ly by
Serva nt s to their m a sters , a nd by t ra de speop le to their
cu stom ers . It indica tes m u ch the sam e degree of re spect
a s our ‘Sir.
’ Ex . D a nna sa m a Sir,’
a na ta sa m a
’ ‘you r
honour,’
Ta keda sam a M r. Ta keda , 0 1 m sa m a‘the honou r
a b le in terior of the hou se ,’
i.e .
‘the la dy of the hou se ,’
ko‘
shi
sa m a‘the Minister
,
’
Tenshisam a‘the Mika do,
’ oTen tosam a
‘the sun,
’
tono sa m a (tod aimios)‘you r Lord s hip .
’
It is a l sou sed with a few other words , a s go[eurosa m a
tha nks for you r troub le ,’ osewa sam a I am m uch ob liged
toyou .
’
Kochira sam a , a c/zim sam a a re high ly respectfu l
expression s for kochira , a chira .
Sa n , a con tra ction of sam a , corresponds rough ly toourMr. ,
M rs . or Mis s . It is u sed chiefly between equa l s , occasion a lly tosuperiors a nd even toinferiors when on e wishestob e civil . It is not u sed with referen ce toone ’ s own
re la tion s or in a ddressing one ’ s own serva n ts . My fa ther
is not oy ajisa n b ut sim p ly oy aji. Sa n m ay b e a dded either
tothe per son a l nam e or tothe su rnam e . In the ca se of
wom en 0 is u sua l ly prefixed a t the sam e tim e , when the
1 74. HONOR IF I C AND HUMB LE FORMS.
pe rson a l nam e is u sed , a s 0 Ta ra sun‘Mis s Tora .
’
To
one’ s own se rva n t or wife the persona l n am e with or
without 0 is u sed . A wife doe s not Speak of or ca l l her
husb a nd— sun ; a concubine does . In speaking of her
hu sba nd in the third person , a wife gene ra l ly say s y a do‘the hou se ’ or teislzin (pron . teishi),
‘husba nd .
’
Sa n is not
u sed toone ’ s friend ’ s se rva n ts . But to the se rva n ts of
stra ngers don Shou ld b e u sed in stea d of sa n .
‘Ma dam e ’
is 0 1 m sa n or in a lower c la ss of Society 0 kami sa n .
M a demoise l le ’
is ojosa n or onznsnnze go. I n the
third person for M rs . A A sa n no go
ka na ior sa i/cnn is the proper expres sion . Sa n is m uch
u sed a fter n am es of t ra des a nd profession s , a s daiku sa n
‘the ca rpen te r,’
b a n tosa n‘the m ercha nt ’ s c le rk ,
’
isha
sa n‘the doctor,
’ both in the second a nd in the third
person .
Child ren use toea ch other the fi rst pa rt of the persona l
n am e with or without sa n . One ’ s own m a le se rva n ts a re
a ddres sed by their persona l n am es which a re mostlya bbrevia ted , a s Tsune for Tsunesa b nro. Litt le boy s u p
tofive or Six a re ca l led be cha n (for bo‘
sa n).
Donois litt le u sed in speaking b ut its con tra ction don is
u sed in a ddressing or in speaking of the se rva n t s ofothers ,a l soby fem a le serva n ts a nd b a n tos (m ercha n t ’ s c le rks) to
ea ch other.
K a n is the word in use by students for M r It is fam ilia r,like the use of the ba re su rn am e in Eng lish . The su rn am e
withou t a ny a ddition is a n exceedingly familia r form of
a ddress , a nd is litt le u sed .
As a n exam p le of the use of these suffixes , take you r
se rva n t . His fu l l nam e is I keda Tora kichi, I keda being
the su rnam e a nd Tora kiclzithe persona l nam e . You wil l
1 7 6 HONOR IF IC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
Nouns .
A . Go shin (for sa ke) wa
ikaga de goza rima sz'i B . Hai,
how is
eltadai
receiveitashim a sho.wil l do
0 tsumuri(for a tama ) ka ra sa kihead from first
uiita shim asholeaSha l l do
Gozen (for mes/ti) ga (felti
m ea lm a shita .
Go zen tsub n de tsnkete
boiled rice grains having0 knre.
stuck give
A. Ya goha n wa m ad a de
goz aim a sn lea B . H e ; y i'
i-maslzi
we: mada desn.
sa ke ?som e .
A. May I offer you som eB . Thanks, I wil l ta ke
Sha l l I doyour head first ,Sir ? (a sham pooer asks).
Dinner (b rea kfast or supper) isready , Sir.
S tick it on with some boiledrice .
A . Have you not had supper
yet? B . No, not yet.
Ve rb s .
O maelrimb‘shite (hum b le for
wait doingshite) orim a shita .
rem ained
Ka ta lan go ehiukokn mashi
ha rd a dvice dom a sfi (hum b le for snrn).
Go leonrei a sob a sa nai(honom a rriage donot
rif. for snru) nchi.
within
0 suki a soba sn anga ku.
like do m usic
Oki-tam ay e.
put give
0 rei woo uke mosu hodothanks receive doamoun t
nokoto de u m gozaim a sen fi.
thing is not
I was waiting for you.
I strongly advise you .
Before you perform the m arriage .
The m usic which your Lordship is sofond of.
Have done. lan
guagel
I t is not worth being tha nkedfor.
(studen t’
s
HONOR IF I C AND; HUMBLE FORMS. 1 7 7
O him a no toki oha na shi When you have time , p lea seleisure tim e ta l k
com e a nd have a cha t .niira ssha tte (for kite) knda sare.
having com e give
Dona ta de ira sshaim a sa lea P May I ask whoyou are , Sir
who a re (for a rn)
N a n ’
to osshaim a shz’
ta 2 Wha t did you say , Sir ?
wha t say (for itta )
Mioniehiokay eslzimoshima sz’
i. I wil l re turn it tomorrow .
tomorrow re turn do
H aiken shitemo May I see it ?see having done even
(for mitemo) ii nodesiika 2
good is it
H aisha kn shite Would it b e a ny harm if Iborrow having done borrowed it
wa rnilea 9
b ad
Honorific P r efixe s .
O toshia m 0 ikntsn ui o Wha t age are you ?year how m any
na ri na sa ru
b ecom e do
0 toshinishite a m 0 ta ssha You are a robust m an for youryear rob ust
de goza rima sz‘i.
is
age .
0 medetogoza rima sii.b eautiful
0 y akama shin gozarima shita .
noisy
Ma kotoniosewa da .
tru ly troub le
O a tsnn goza rimasfi.
hot
0 shidznka niira sshaim a se. Goin peace. (toa departingquiet ly b e , goor com e . guest).
Da nna rent 0 nehi lea 9 Is your m aster a t hom e ?m aster within
I b eg tocom p lim en t you. (a new
year’s gree ting , a lsoused a t wed
dings etc .)
I have b een m aking myse l f anuisan ce toyou .
I am m uch ob liged toyou (saidironica l ly or toin feriors).
I t is hot.
1 78 HoN0 R1F1 c AND ‘HUMBLE FORM S.
Okn sama tea 0 nehilea Is your mistress at hom e ?
He, 0 rusn de goza rima sii. No, he (or she) has gone out .a b sen t
0 deka ke de goza rima sfi . Ditto.
O uramiuiwa zonj tm asem‘z. I don ’ t ha te you for it .
ha te not thin k
Ana ta ma 0 wa kai kam . Because you are young .
you a re young because
An a ta noa ka ngaye de too. In your opinion .
Opinion with
O kage de. Than ks toyou.
shadow with
0 jam a moita shim ashita .
in terference did
Dolzoniosum aidesz“; kawhere dwe l l is
Otokono0 kodesiilea ; onnam a le child is fem a le
no0 ko desfi. lea ?child
Da nna ! o m nkai nim airi I have com e tom ee t you , Sir.
m a ster m ee t h avem a shita .
com e
0 m aehina sa re .
Koko ui kite o kurehere having come give(na sa re).
0 a ki ui na ttam wa ta Won ’ t you lend it tom e whenem p ty when b e cam e
kfishini lens/rite lenrenn ka 2
m e having len t give not
you have done with it ?
0 tsnkisama nisupport da .
moon tortoise
Yokn oiad znne kudasa tta .
we l l visit have given
0 leinodoku sama .
mind of poison
0 m aehidodeshila . I have kep t you waiting .
I apologize for having in terrupted you.
Where doyou (or your fa ther,m aster e tc .) live ?
Is it (your friend’
s child) a boyor a girl
I t is as differen t as cha l k fromcheese .
Than k you ,for coming to
see m e.
I am sorry for you.
1 80
A. Uy eki-
y a sa n ! kono ki
ga rdener this treewa ka rern ja nai lea ? B.
witherHe ! a ehira sam a y e
there tony e
-kay em asho.p lan t change .
Da nna sama ui mashi-wa kem a ster excuse
g a gaza rim a senn.
sa n nogobiakida ughter-in -law il lness
wa ikaga de gazaim asaP
how
Kouo fnjinla dies
g a ta 10 0
a nn ai
guidan celeinsoknjo ye gorestingp la ce tomashi-agera .
do
1 7 1 .
HONOR IF I C AND HUMBLE FORM S.
A. Gardener ! is not this treedying
? B. Yes. Sir ; I ’ l l tra nsp lan t it over there .
My conduct has been inexcusa b le , Sir.
How is your daugh ter-in -law ?
Show these ladies tothe waitingroom .
The word com e ! (im p . mood) in a gra dua l lya scending sca le of re spect towa rd s the person a ddressed .
K ai.
O ide .
O ide na .
0 ide nasa re.
I ra sshare.
0 ide n asa rem a se.
I ra ssha rem a se
O ide asa base.
O ide asa b ashim ase.
Tochildren or anim a ls , a nd to
servan ts, coolies etc . in givingshort orders.
Familiar.
Ordinary form among equals.
Tosuperiors.
To persons m uch superior inran k .Exceedingly respe c tful .
I f the word ‘pleaSe’
is introduced , the sca le wil l be a s
fol lows
HoNOR IFIc AND HUMBLE FORM S. 1 8 1
Kite knre na .
Kite oknre.
K t tam ay e. Studen t ’s language .
Kite lenda sa re.
O ide lenda sa re.
O ide na sa tte knd asa re.
O ide woneg a z'
maszi.
I ra ssha tte knda sa re.
I ra ssha tte lenda sainza se.
1 7 2 . CONTEMPTUOUS FORM S OF EXPRE SSION .
Som e noun s have a contem ptuou s force , a s tsa ra m ug ,
’
for lzawa ‘fa ce ,’
y a tsu‘fe l low,
’
for kita ‘m a n .
’
Exam p l es of Contem ptuous Ve rb s a re
Knu or knra n , toea t ’ for ta bern .
Usern , togoaway for iku.
K etsnka rn ,
‘tob e for am or am .
Aga rn with the stem s of verbs is a contem ptuou s a ux
ilia ry , a s leana b a ka y a rd m e na ni wa nn lea shi-aga rn ?
‘Wha t is this fool gabb ling a bou t ?
M e is u sed a fter nou n s a s a con tem ptuou s su ffix , a s clii
lez‘isltom e bea st ,
’
am a m e‘hu ssy ,
’
b era bom e‘scoundre l ,
’
y a rd me low fe l low.
’
CHAPTER X I I I .
SYNTAX.
ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTEN CE .
1 73 . The fi r st p la ce in a J a pa nese senten ce is occupi
ed , by the nomin a tive ca se , the next by the indirect objectofthe verb or by a noun fol lowed by a postposition , the third
by the direct object of the verb (a ccu sa tive ca se) a nd the
la st by the verb or the a dj ective in the verba l form . Ex .
Wa ta lensliiwa nehinita b a kowonom a n z‘i,I don ’t smoke
(lit . drink’
) toba c coin the hou se tenkiwa sa knjitsn lza ra
a tsni, the wea ther is hot Since yesterday .
’
Exception . I n com pa rison s the obj ect with which the
com pa rison is m a de is u sua l ly , b ut not a lway s , put fi rst .
Ex . Kana y am a y aria re ma ta leai,‘this mountain is higher
tha n tha t .
’
1 7 4 . Qua lifying word s or ph ra ses precede the word s
which they qua lify . Thu s
(a ) The a djective a nd the verb in the a ttributive form
precede the noun towhich they be long , a s y aroshi ltito,a good m a n ,
’
lea rn kita the m an whocom es . ’
(b) The a dverb precedes the verb , a djective or a dverb
which it qua lifies , a s ga len lzay a len ve ry ea rly ,’
gokn hay ai‘ve ry ea rly ,
’
lzay a kn leai com e quick.
’
(c) The noun fol lowed by the possessive pa rtic le noor ga
precedes the nou n towhich it is joined , a s ln'
ta noclzilea ra‘a m a n ’s strength ,
’
kin notakei‘a gold wa tch .
’
1 84 SYNTAX .
IND IRE CT NARRAT ION .
1 80 . I n Europea n la nguages , a senten ce when reportedby a nother person cha nges its form con sidera b ly . I f I say‘I wil l go,
’
a nother person in reporting m y prom ise , say s‘he said he wou ld go,
’ ‘wil l ’ being cha nged in to‘wou ld ,’
a nd he’ su b stitu ted for I . ’ In J a pa nese nocha nge ta ke s
p la ce , a nd the fa ct tha t the sen ten ce is a quota tion is in
dica ted sim p ly by the pa rtic le top la ced a fter it . Thus ‘I
wil l go is ikn he said he wou ld go is ikn toiinza shita .
See to, p . 1 46.
APOSIOPESIS .
1 8 1 . The J a pa nese a re very fond of breaking off a
sentence in the midd le leaving the rem ainder tob e under
stood . This habit of theirs exp lain s m a ny a ppa rent
a nom a lies .
Examp l e s .
0 rnsn na ra , sa shi-aleide I f he is ab sen t , it wil l b ea b sen t lf ls leave
sufficien t to leave it , so (don’ t
y aroshi ka ra (ma tte kayernna ). b ring it b ack again).is good because
D aikn wa yonde Ca l l a carpen ter.
carpen ter having ca l led
(a kure).give
0 lenre is itse l f an exam p le of this practice , na sa re b eing omitteda fter it.
D J zJ [ta nnin shite P lease have pa tience with m e .
p lea se pa tien ce having done
(kudasa re).
,C OORD INAT ION .
1 82 . The Ru le by which , when twoor more Verbs or
Adjectives a re coordina ted in a sentence , the la st on ly takes
the inflection or pa rtic le be longing toa ll, the others being
SYNTAX . 85
put in the indefinite form , ha s been a l rea dy exp lained in
46 a nd 82 .
A som ewhat Simila r ru le a pp lies tonoun s . Pa rtic les
which be long tosevera l noun s a re not put with ea ch of
them , b ut on ly with the la st of the num ber . We donot
say for exam p le nia'
bo'
wokadomowa sn tete nigem a slzita
b ut nia‘
ba‘
leadamowosa iete nigem a shita ,
‘he ra n away
a ba ndoning his wife and children .
’
CHAPTER XIV .
T IME , MONEY, WE IGHTS AND'MEASURES .
YEARS.
1 83 . The J a pa nese have twomodes of reckoning yea rs .O ne is by m ea n s of a cyc le of twe lve yea rs , towhich the
nam es of the twe lve Sign s of the J a pa nese zodia c have beengiven . These sign s a re
1 87 6 N e, the ra t .
1 87 7 Uslzi, the bu l l .1 87 8 Ta ra , the tiger.1 87 9 U (for n sagi) the ha re .1 880 Ta tsu , the dra gon .
1 88 1 Mi, the serpent .
1 882 Miim a , the horse .
1 883 Hitsnji, the goa t .1 884 Sam , the monkey .
1 885 Tori, the cock .
1 886 I nn , the dog .
1 887 I , the wild boa r.1 888 is again N e
, a nd soon .
This mode of reckoning is not m uch u sed now exceptin referring tothe yea r ofone
’ s birth .
The other p la n is by m ea n sof periods of u ncertain lengthdistinguished by a Specia l n am e (nenga). These period s
were form erly fixed a rbit ra rily , b ut it ha s been a nnounced
tha t in futu re they'
will coincide with the reign s of theMika dos . The present yea r ( 1 888) is the 2 1 st yea r of
Meiji. The J a pa nese yea r now coincides with ourown a nd
begin s on the rst J anua ry .
1 88 T IME , MONEY , WE IGHTS AND MEASURE S .
The a bove num era l s m ay a l sob e u sed when a num ber ofday s is m ea nt , a nd not the day of the month . For‘on eday however we m u st say ieliiniclzinot tsuita chi. Misolra
is u sed for the la st day of the month on wha tever day itm ay fa l l .
186. The day s of the week a re
Sunday , Nielziy a”
b i.
Monday , Getsn yo“
b i.
Tue sday , K a yobi.Wedne sday , Sniy a
'
bi.
Thursday , Molzn yo‘
bi.
F riday , Kin yob iSa tu rday , Doya b i.
Bi (for hi)‘day
’
is often omitted . Thus for‘Sunday’
one m ay say either Niclziyo'
b ior Nicliiy a“
.
The month is a l sodivided intoth ree jun , the fi rst ten day s
being ca l led ja'
ja n , the secon d chinjun , a nd the third gejnn .
HOURS.
1 87 . The J a pa nese h ave now a dopted the Europea n
division of the day . For ‘one o’c lock ’
they say iclziji, for‘twoo’ c lock niji,
‘th reeo’ c lock sa n j t ,‘fou ro’clock ’*
yoji
a nd soon .
‘One hou r ’ is ielii-ji-ka n ,‘twohou rs ’
niji
lea n etc. Min utes a re ca l led fun , a nd seconds bia Thu s
five minu tes a nd th ree seconds pa st Six ’
is rakn J t ga fnn
sam bid.
MONEY .
§ 1 88. 1 00 sen= 1 yen .
The y en is a Silver coin worth a t the present ra te of excha nge a bout three Eng lish shil lings . It is the equiva lent
of the Mexica n dol la r which ha s disa ppea red from circu la
tion in J a pa n .
See p . 37 .
T IME,MONEY , WE IGHTS AND MEASURE S . 1 89
MEASURE OF LENGTH .
1 89. 1 0 rin I b n1 0 b it 1 sun
1 0 snn 1 slia kn
6 sha kn I ken
1 0 slia kn 1 ja60 ken 1 Clio36 0720
“
1 ii
The slza kn or ka neslia kn m ay be taken a s equa l tooneEng lish foot . More a ccu ra te ly , it is in ches .
The ken is nea rly Six Eng lish feet inches).
The iiis equ a l to Eng lish m iles .
The him is not m uch u sed for a ccu ra te m ea su rem ents .
It m ay b e taken a s equa l toa bou t 5 feet , a nd like our‘fa thom is chiefly u sed in Speaking of the depth ofwa ter.
For na u tica l pu rposes , the Eu ropea n G eogra phica l mile
(kai-ri) is u sed .
DRY GOODS MEASURE .
1 90 . For m ea su ring dry goods , a sha kn (ca l led the
knjiraja kn)of inche s is u sed . The Eng lish ya rd ispretty genera l ly known .
J apa ne se cotton a nd silk good s a re u su a l ly m a de u p in
piece s of a litt le over rog yds (ta n) or of twice tha t
length (liiki).
SUPERF I C IAL OR LAND MEASURE .
1 9 1 . 30 tsn b a 1 se
1 0 se 1 ta n
1 0 ta n 1 eha‘
The tsnbo, which is the ordina ry unit, ofm ea su rem ent is
6 ka nesha kn squa re or a bout sq . yds . The eho’
is equa l
to a cres .
1 90 T IME,MONEY , WE IGHTS AND MEASURE S.
WE IGHT .
1 92 . 1 0 rin 1 fnn
1 0 fun 1 momm e
1 0 0 m amm e lzy a kn-m e
1 0 00 nzomm e kamm e
1 60 m amuze 1 kin
Thefnn is equa l to grain s avoirdupois the kam
m e to lbs . a voirdupois . The lzy a kz’
i-kin or picu l ( 1 0 0kin) is the weigh t common ly u sed in comm ercia l tra n sa c
tion s with foreigners . It is equa l to lbs . avoir
dupois , b ut is u sua l ly taken a s if the kin were 1 s; lbs .
MEASURE OF CAPAC ITY .
1 93. 1 0 sai 1 sha kn
1 0 slza kn 1 go1 0 go 1 ska
“
1 0 ska"
1 to
1 0 to 1 kakn
This m ea su re is u sed for liquids a nd grain . The slid is
397 of a ga l lon . A slza'
of rice weigh s a bou t 2&kin . The
kakn is u sed for junks ’ m ea su rem ent . One koku is equa l
toa bou t2
17of a ton or picu l s .
1 94. All the word s in the a bove ta b les , except lzira a nd
tsnbo, a re of Chine se origin , a nd a re a ccom pa nied by Chin
ese num era l s on ly . See Cha p . V .
CHAPTER XV I .
EXTRACTS.
The fol lowing extra cts are intended chiefly toil lu stra te
the use of honorifics . They a re ta ken from mode rn
J a pa nese nove l s , the conversa tion s in which a re in the
col loquia l sty le, the na rra tive pa rt being in the written
la ngua ge . Yeizelia’
s nove l s , which a re en tire ly com posed in
the Spoken la nguage, a re a n exception . Yenelza is the best
known pub lic story -te l ler of Tokio, a nd a n am a nuen sis
takes down his ta les exa ctly a s he de livers them .
The num ber of la dy students of J a pa nese is inc rea sing ,a nd it m ay therefore b e convenien t tosta te tha t the storyca l led A snkagawa , the opening pa s sa ge ofwhich is givenin Extra ct V .
,is suita b le for their rea ding. The n a rra tive
pa rt , howeve r, is in the written sty le , a nd perha ps the
best p la n wil l b e not toa ttem pt to rea d it b ut toget a
Ja pa nese tea cher tore la te the Substa n ce ofit viva voce .
I .
Conversa tion with a Jin rikisha Coolie .
Fare. Oi! oi! K urnmaya ! miehig a ehigaiwa shinai ka ?
I say j inriksha m an road m ista ke not doCoolie. He, b e, M y , da g azai
in
s
im F . Da ka y e ik a ndaquite sa fe where to gois
(for ikn noda ) ka shitte am lea ?
S
C . He, zanjite arima sii
knowin g rem ain knowing rem ain
kaelzira k a ra m airim a shita ha ga chikainode gazaim a si (g amthis way from cam e side near is ra ttle
gam g a ra ) . F. Oi! oi! Daga , dako da ka shittern
ra t tle ra tt le I say But where is knowing remain
EXTRACTS.
lea ? C . He, he, Z ONJ Z te arimasii. (ga ra ga ra ) . F . Z a nj itaknowing rem ain ra tt le ra tt le knowing
a rn ja (for de u m) wa ka ra nai. Da ko y e iknnda ? C .
rem ain with is not in te l ligib le where to gois
He, he (g a ra g a ra ) . F . Kare ! m a tte knre to in
ra ttle ra t tle this having waited give tha t sayingui. (ga ra g a ra ga ra g a ra g a ra g a ra ) .
in ra ttle ra t tle ra ttle ra tt le ra tt le ra ttle
From a Ja pan ese nove l ca l led Skosaika tagi.
TRAN SLAT ION .
Fare . I say , j inriksha m an ! are not you going the wrong way ?Coolie. Yes , Sir, it is a ll righ t , Sir. F . Doyou know Where youa re going ? Yes, Sir, I know , this is the short roa d (ra ttle , ra tt le).F . I say , b ut doyou know where it is (I am going) ? C . Yes ,
Sir, I know . (ra ttle , ra tt le). F . I don ’ t unders ta n d wha t youm ea n with your ‘I know.
’ Where is it you a re going ? C . Yes ,
Sir (ra t tle , ra ttle). F . Look here ! wait , I te l l you. (ra ttle , ra ttle ,ra t tle , ra ttle , ra t tle , ra ttle).
I I .
A La dy Tea cher is in form ed by one of her pupil s tha ta gent lem a n of ra nk ha s com e topay her a visit .
Pupil . O shishosama y e m ashi-agem a sii. Ta daim a Yagi
te acher say raise just nowwara sama goa ide ni na rim a shita ga , a ima y e a resin
com e b ecam e sitting room pa ssnzashim a sha ka 9 Tea cher. E ,
n a ni9 Yagiwa ra sa nia
(hum b le auxiliary) eh wha t0 , say ? desa ka 9 Im a y ari wa a no0i noOh so is it sitting-room ra ther tha n b a ck
ko- za shiki y e go a nnai m ashi-agete knda sai. Sore ka rasm a l l - parlour invita tion (hum b le aux.) p lea se tha t a ftersny e y e iitsiikete, a tamono shin nima ga shin wa da shite,servan t toordering suite of person s totoo sa ke put out
akn y e m a itsumo no a riori tea a m aehi
b a ck part of the house a lways of cooked food ta kena saiyo: H ay a kn na sa ra nfi to(iken ai) a isogi ka m a zanji
soon donot if ha ste even notm a send y a .
knowShinsonogajin .
1 94 EXTRACTS.
TRANSLAT ION .
Pupil . Madam , I beg toin form you tha t Mr. Yagiwara has
jus t arrived. Sha l l I Show him in tothe sitting-room ? Tea cher,Eh ! wha t ? Mr. Yagiwara ha s Is tha t so? Don ’ t Showhim in tothe sit ting -room b ut in tothe sm a l l recep tion room a t
the b a ck of the house. Then te l l the servan ts tolet the peop leof his suite have som e sa ke , a nd b eing the usua l refreshm en ts to
the b a ck part of the house. You m ust be quick about it , for hem ay perhaps b e in a hurry .
Note the high ly respec tfu l form s sama , moshi-agern , used by the pupiltothe tea cher, and the honorific re feren ces tothe guest b y the use
ofsama , a ide nina rn , a tashimoshim a sho, goa nnai, orioria nd a isogi.
The tea cher’s language tothe pupil differs from tha t used toa servan ta s the form s desii, knda sai, a machina sai, na sa ra niiand zonjim asennShow. I t ha s an air of friendly condescen sion .
I I I .
A young m a n of the lower c la s s m eets a m ercha n t ’s sona s the la tter is going tothe ba th -hou se .
A. Takiuiwa ka -da nn a ! kare ka ra go niuto ni n a tte,
tim e young m a ster this from en ter b a th having be com e
sore k a ra donasa rn nodesz’
i.’ B . Uehiy e kay ern nosa . A. 0
tha t from how do IS house tore turnnehi y e okay eri ui n a tte, sore ka ra ? B. Asameslzi wohouse to re turn having b ecom e tha t from morning riceknn noy a . A. Asa gazen wa m eshi-aga tte, sore ka ra ?ea t morning m ea l having-pa rta ken of tha t fromB . Urnsaino; mise ni itte, a kina i wa sum nosa . A .
bothersom e shop tohaving gone b usiness doN a rnhada sonoa a kinai wa shite hi ga knrer n
b e com e quan tity tha t b usiness having done sun godownto9 B. Yn-meshi wa knn nosa . A. Sana go y i
'
tha n ga
when evenin g rice ea t tha t evening m ea lsnm n to, don a saima sii? B . Mise nowa kaimonowa aite
finish when how do shop young person partn erui (shite) ha na shidemo snrn noso. A. Sana ha na shiga snm n
ta l k even do tha t ta l k finishta 9 B. Urnsaino. haka ni shzka ta m a nai ka ra ,
when bothersom e ! e lse do-Side even is not be causenew noso.
gotobedMeijinkiyonofnra .
1 96 EXTRACTS.
y a . R. Do ita shimashite—sare ja m aido neg a
(em pha tic part .) how having done we l l then every tim e t e
nn’desii ka ra , jissen niitad a kim a sho. H e, sore dey arashikn
questing is b ecause ten sen Wil l receive th a t With if good
b a he. C . Shika ta ga n ai ne ; m a tte a ide y a . R . Ariga todo-side is not having ta ken go tha n k
zonyzma sii: chodojissen ; m aido a rig a tozanjn na sfi. Kudzu y ayou exa c t ly ten sen every tim e than k you ragm an
de g azai. C . I ngona kndzn y a da na . R. Kudzu a m 0 ha raide
it is ha rd ragm a n rags se l l
g aza rimasen fi ha 9
is not
Kud zu y a nokaga .
TRAN SLAT ION .
Ra gm an . (ca l ls) The Ragm an ! Any rags for sa le !Custom er. I say , ra gm an ! won ’ t you ta ke this ?Yes, M a
’am ! p lea se let m e see it ; it is pre tty old, a nd dirty
b e sides ; yes , M a’
am ! how m uch sha l l I give you for it ?Doyou put a price on it.
Yes, Ma’
am . Would eigh t cen ts ?Don ’ t ta l k nonsen se tha t wa s a very pretty and expen sive thingwhen it wa s new and I can ’ t le t it gofor solittle a s tha t .
Yes, Ma’am Nodoub t it wa s a pre tty a nd expen sive thing when
it wa s new, and it is just b ecause it is cra pe tha t I wil l ta ke it from
you for eigh t sen , otherwise I rea l lyWe l l , I suppose you have a righ t tonam e your price , b ut Iwould have you know tha t I have som e thing tosay toit tooa nd
I won ’ t ta ke eigh t sen . M a ke it fifteen sen ; you wil l lose nothingby it.
Rea l ly , Ma’am , I cou ld’n t thin k We l l then , a s you are such
a good custom er, I wil l ta ke it from you for ten sen . I f tha t wil lsuit youWe l l ! it ca n ’ t b e he lped, ta ke it away .
Tha n k you , M a’
am , (here is your money)—just ten sen . Muchob liged for a ll your custom . (ca l ls) The Ra gma n !
How fond tha t ra gm an isof a hard b argain !Any rags for sa le ! Exit .
EXTRACTS . 1 97
V .
A young engaged coup le view the p lum b lossom s a nd
listen tothe nigh tinga le .
She (from the garden). Ta keo sa n Ta keosa n I cha tto.
(persona l n am e) M 1 . a mom en tHe (from the house). Na nika a rim a shita ka 9 ; im a ikn tokoro
a nythin g wa s now go p la cedesii. (com es out). She. I ma m uko no m z
’
imeb ay a shi de
it is . now Opposite p lum grove in
ng nisn noha tsn na ga shita yo desii ka ra , kiki nin igh tinga le first note did m anner is b ecause hear to
ikim a sho. He . S ayodesii ka . Sore wa y a kai desiina so,let us go thus it is tha t p leasan t is com e
itte kikim asho. (A litt le la ter). O josa n ! a na ta wa 0
having gone let us hear Miss you
dam a shi de ma a rim a seniilea 9 Chitta mo ngnisn ga n a kideceiving is not a little even nigh tinga le singsm a seniine. She . Iye, sa kki y ai na wo shite, futanot noa while agogood voice havin g done two
kay e b a ka rin akima shita ka ra a na ta wa oy a bimoshita nodesii.cries on ly san g b ecause you ca l l did is
He . Sodesii ka 9 Shika shi n a n’da ka a te ui na ra
it is so b ut som ehow re lia n ce not
nai yo na ki ga shim a sfi n a. She . M a tta kn
b ecom e m a nner m ind does com p lete lysa kki naita koto wa n a kim a shita k ar a siikashi
a while ago sun g thing sung b ecause a little
m a tte ite mim a sho. He . Sanna ra kore [mm 111 6 iehijiwaiting rem aining Wil l see if so this from moreone hour
ka n hado m a tte n a ka na ka tta ra donasaim a sii. She . Sospa ce amoun t waiting ifshou ld not sing how do so
desa ne. Koshim a sho. Na n ’da ha hina ta y e deta ra
it is thus wil l do wha t is it sun shine to Since wen t outnado g a kawaita yo desii k a ra , ka he woii-tsiikethroa t b ecam e dry a ppearan ce it is b ecause coffee order
niikn otsukaiwoshima sho. He . Sarewa amashirai. Wa ta kiishi
togoyour m essenger wil l do tha t is am using Im a n a nda ka namimonoga hashilan na tta tokorodesiika ratoowha t is it drin k thing desirous have b ecom e p la ce is b ecauseShe. Sore de wa ta kz
’
ishinooyoku wa dekim a shita ga ; moshitha t With m y oflice ha s b een m ade if
The ngnisn is not a nigh tinga le b ut a b ird som ewha t resem b ling it.
1 98 EXTRACTS.
naita ra a na ta wa dona saima sii. He . Sodesi‘ina. N aita ra
it should sing you how do soit is ifshould singwa ta kiishim a sono a tsukai niikim a sho. She . Sore wa ikem a
I a lso your m essenger a s wil l go tha t won ’ tseniiy a . Sana kotowa wa ta kiishig a ka ng ay eta nodesfi. ka ra .
do tha t thing I though t of is b ecauseHe. Sanna ra na n
’
demo a nazaminokotowa shim a sho. She .
if so a ny thing a t a ll your wish thing wil l doS a kki mite oide na sa tta wa ta shino n am ay era shi monoa while agoreading you were m y n am e resem b ling thingnoa tta a no a tegami woa mise n a sai n a . He . Yogazaim asii;wa s tha t le tter Show good it is
mashi naita ra a m e nika kema sho. She . Kitto desn ka 9
if it shou ld sing your eyeson willhang certain it is
He. Kitta a me nika kem a sn toma . She . Ima ga sa ka ricertain ly eyes on Wil l hang now ful l b lossom
desn na. He. Sodesz’i, ima ga choda midokara desiig a , jitsu niis so it is now exa c t ly see -p la ce it is trulym zim a wa hoka no ha na ta ehiga tte hin ga y ai ka rap lum other flowers from difl ering qua lity is good b ecausemirn htto nokokoro m ade shizen to kosho ni n a ru
see person heart a s far a s na tura l ly e leva ted b ecom e
yo desiina. She . Sayode gozaim a sfi. Hito no kosaim anner it is thus it is peop le in tercoursemo kore ta anaj i-ka ta de ma ta shin a da m a ko shite a na taga
a lsothis a s sam e thing b eing I etc . a lsothus doing you
ta noyona a ka ta to shijin a tsnki-ai wa shite iru
kindof gen tlem an with consta n tly a ssocia tion doingnode jib nn no ichi ga shizan toaga rn ka toamoim as zi yo.b y own position n a tura l ly rises thin k
He . Do shite ; wa ta kashina da wa sonn a wa ke nin'a m ai
how having done I etc . such rea son do
rim a senii ga : na n’de m a hita ma tam ada chi wa y era b n noga
not go (pause) anyhow peop le friends choosing
ka njin desii. Toki ni, a josa n ! tsiika nai kotoma 0 kikiim portan t is b y the way Miss not stick thing inquiremoshima sii g a , kono m ay e noNiehiyomoim a noNiehiyo ma
( hum b le aux .) this b efore Sunday now Sunday a lsoDuijin ma n
’
a nika oshira be monono yo desiz
His Exce l lency som e thing investiga tion appea ran ce is
ga , a kajim nki na o shira be desii ka . She . Iy e, wa ta shimohousehold investiga tion is no I too
y akn wa shirima seniz ga , a na ta mogozanji no toriwe l l donot know b ut you too know m anner
EXTRACTS.
The p lum -trees are just now in fu l l b lossom .
Yes, now is exa ctly the tim e tosee them . Indeed the p lum isof
a qua lity so far surpa ssing other flowers tha t it na tura l ly e leva tesa s it were the minds of those wholook on it .You are righ t . And it is the sam e with the socie ty one keeps ;I fee l as if the position of a person like m yse l f were n a tura l ly raised
b y consta n t a ssocia tion in this way with gen tlem en like you .
Not a t a ll ! tha t is not soin my case. S til l peop le ough t tob every careful in their choice of friends. By the way , Miss ! to
change the sub jec t , I wan t to a sk you a question . Both lastSunday and today His Exce l len cy seem s tohave b een engagedin investiga ting som e thing ; is it som e priva te m a tter ?No, I rea l ly donot q uite
’
know, b ut as you wil l rem em b er, he ha s
b een in the ha bit of giving an en tertainm en t every yea r when the
p lum -trees are in ful l b lossom . When m y mother a sked him a boutit the other day ,
he said tha t un fortuna te ly he would b e preven tedfrom giving it this year b y an investiga tion which he had in hand .
V I .
A m an of high ra nk ta lks toa newly -engaged
serva n t .
M aster. Kare ! ka re ! Tem aye wa Kodznke ta mosu ka ?
this this you a re ca l led
Servan t . H ei, Tanasumu uiwa gokigen y arashin - wa ta kilshi
yes your Lordship hea l th good I
wa Kodznke tomoshima sii shinza n mono de gazaim a szi.
ca l led new cam e person am
M . Sana homa shinza n mono demo kage hina ta na kn
you new com e person even Sha de sunshine without
y akn ha ta ra kn toitte , daibu hiob a n yokn minadistinc tion we l l work saying a good dea l repu ta tion we l l a ll
no nke ga y ai yo. Toshigora wa nijin ichi ui tomiy ara
reception is good age twen ty oneor two seem
ga , itito-g a ra tou , a tokob nri to ii, zori-tori niwa
persona l a ppea ran ce say m an ly b earing say sanda ls take a s
oshi monoda . S . Tanosawa niwa kanaida -jin goregrettab le thing is your Lordship for som e days pa st
fnkai de gozaimashita . 5 5 de a a nji-moshiindisposition having b een appearance by feel anxious
EXTRACTS. 2 0 1
agema shita ga ;'
sashi-ta rn koto m a g azaim a sen a ka .
did (hum b le) (pause) im portan t thing is not
M . O , yokn tadznnete knreta ; b etsa m sa shitarn.
ka ta m a
oh wel l having a sked gave specia l ly im portan t thin g even
nai g a . Shite—tem ay e ma im a m ade idznka ta y e hoko woit is not (pause). And you now un til Where service
shita kotoga a tta ka 9 S . H eil Ta daima inade hobo hokomodid thing was Yes just now un til a ll quarters service
ita shima shita m a dzn iehi-b a n sa kiniYotsuy a noka nam anay ahave done tob egin with first -of-a ll ironmonger’
y e m airim a shita g a , iehinen hodo a rim a shite, ka ke-da shinza
wen t b ut one year amoun t having rem ained ran away’
shita ; sare ka ra Shim bashino kajiy a ye m airi, mi tsiiki
tha t a fter b la cksmith going three mon ths
hoda sngite ka ke-da shi, m a ta N a kadorinoYezoshiy a yeamoun t having passed ran away a gain pic ture dea ler
m airim a shita g a , toka de k a ke-da shim ashita . M . Sana honowen t b ut ten days with ran away yoh
yoni so a kite wa hokowa dekinaiy a . S . Wa ta kiishig a
m an ner sogetting tired service ca nnot do I
a kip/Joi node m a gazaima senn ga , wa ta kiishi wa
readily disgusted am not (paus’
e) I
dozo shite b nke hokoga ita shitai to om ai,som e howor another military house service wish todo thin king,sonowa ke wooji ni ta namim a shitem a , a] : wa b nke hokowatha t rea son unc le having a pp lied even un c le
m endoda ka ra , choka y e ike tomoshim a shite,troub le is b ecause m erchan t ’s house togo(im p. ) havin g said
a ehi koehi hokoniya rim a sn ka ra , wa ta kzishim a tsnra
thither hither service sends b ecause I too fa ce
a te ni ka ke-da shite ya rima shita . M . Sana hom ahit by way of h aving run away gave you
kinkn tsn na b uke hokowo shitai toin monom a ikaga na
irksom e Wish todo said thing how
wa ke ja ? S .
i
Hei; wa ta knshiwa b nke hokowoitashi,reason I milita ry house doing
a kenjn tsii wa oboy etai node, hei. M . H a ! kenjn tsn -snki
fen cing wish tolearn b y ah fen cing liketono.
Bota n dorob y Yeneho.
2 0 2 EXTRACTS .
TRAN SLAT ION .
Master. Look here ! Is your nam e Kodzuke ?Servan t . Yes, Sir, My nam e is Kodzuke , I have just en tered your
Lordship ’s service ; I hope your Lordship is in good hea l th .
I hear tha t though you a re a new com er you have m ade a favoura b le im pression on everybody , a nd tha t you have got a goodchara c ter for working hard nigh t and day . You seem about twen tyone or twen ty twoyears Of age , a nd with your looks and hea ring,
it is a pity you are nothing b e tter than a sanda l b earer.
I understa nd tha t your Lordship ha s b een unwe l l for som e dayspa st , and I was anxious about you ; I hope it is nothing serious .
Than k you,it is nothing of im porta nce . And where have you
b een a t service up tonow ?
U p tothe presen t , I have b een a t service in various p la ces . Firstof a ll I wen t toan ironmonger’s in Yotsuya , and after b eing therethree years I ra n away : then I wen t toa b la cksmith ’s in Shimbashi. I ra n away from him a fter three mon ths. I nex t tookservice with a pic ture -dea ler in Na kadoriS t , b ut I left him in ten days .
But you ca n’ t doyour duty as a servan t if you get disgusted in
tha t way .
Oh ! I t is not tha t I am easily disgusted ; it is b ecause I wan tedtota ke service in the house of som e m ilitary nob le . I b eggedm y un c le toget m e a situa tion of this kind, b ut he told m e tha tservice with a military nob le wa s very troub lesom e , a nd tha t I m us t
gotoa m erchan t ’s . Sohe sen t m e toservice here a nd there , a ndI ra n away just toSpite him .
But wha t m a de you wan t tota ke em p loym en t with a m ilitarynob le ? I t is a n irksom e kind of service .
We l l , Sir, I t wa s in order tha t I m igh t lea rn fencing .
Ah ! You say you a re fond of fen cing ?
V I I .
A you th n am ed Ta siike goes tothe Toda ya shikitoa sk
for his fa ther. H e a ddres se s the oflicer in cha rge of the
ga te .
Tasi'
ike . Hail G amen na sai. Officer. Da koy e m airnnda ? Manapa rdon do where are going b eg
m araina ra aehira y e ike. T . Hai. Shoshomonoga nketam awa
gar ifare thither go litt le thing wish to
40 2 EXTRACTS.
p rovince is U tsunom iya in Kodzuke , is it not ? . 0 . I t was U tsunom iya form erly , b ut there was a n exchange ofdom ain With LordMa tsudaira Tonomonokam i, a nd now it is Shim a b a ra in Hizen .
T . Is Shim a b a ra in Hizen far off ? 0 . Tha t it is . I t is threehundred a n d one ria nd a h a l f toShim a b ara . (Ta sr
'ike fa l ls down
in a fain t.) 0 . Here ! here ! Be off with you. Be OHwith you.
VI I I .
Dream s .‘
A. Yuma de m a tsn -ja ga zammeishite iru yosndream in youngest daughter a live doing rem a in a ppe arance
wa mite , kokoroga m ay aim a shite n a , ika na rn dori tomah aving seen hea rt being b ewildered how b e ra tiona le
ik ai shika nem a szi g a ; zen tai Shina de mosit yo ui
understa nd do ca nnot (pa use) genera l ly Chin a in say m ann er by
seim n na zoto in kotog a gazaima shoka na 9 Ninna sa n
true dream (p lur.) Ca l led thin g Wil l be (surnam e)wa tetsng a kuka da ta nketam awa tta ka ra , fn ta go
studen tofphilOSOphy is learn t b ecause sudden lyshitsnm an wa ita szi wa ke desi
't ga
in terroga tion do rea son it is (pause)B . N a ruhoda , sa rzy a ha na hada kitaina 0 y ume uim a soiindeed tha t very stra nge dre am m is ta ke
nai g a—shika shi karai sono rei wa a ma ta a m
is not (pause) b ut from old tim e oftha t preceden t p len ty is
koto de , na ni m a kikai na kotoja a rim a sen ii yo. Sei
thing b ein g a ny thing mira culous thing is not truem n
_
nog a toki wa m a ta y arimotoa rnbeka ra za rn dori de,dream the likeof of course a jot ough t not tob e princip le beingsam a -sam a y ume to in monowa ika na ra monoka to in
this b ein g sodream ca l led thing how b eing thing sayingni kada shi waga kokoronoha ta ra ki ui haka n a ra
in pre t ty nea rly one’sown mind Opera tion tha n other does not
zn deso. Yarn ui n a rn toningen noshin taiwa hirnm a nob ecom e is nigh t b ecom es hum an body day tim e
tsa b a re de na-iite shim ai,m a rn de ka n
fa tigue on a ccoun tofhaving fa l len a sleep finish whol ly sensa
ka kn g a na kn n a rim as u go, noma m a tta kn shin tai ta ehiga tte
tion not b e comes b ut b rain whol ly body from difl'
ering
y arn toiy edam a kinsokn sezn shite him no tori uiha ta ra ki
nigh t a l though rest not dodoing day of m anner in worksm asn ka ra , noga aday a ka de nai taki na nzo
b e cause b rain quie t (Sign of pred.) is not tim e (p lura l part.)
EXTRACTS . 2 0 5
wa koto ui iraira na kotowomirnn ’
de a rim a sii. Ka tsu y apa rticularly a ll kinds of thin g seeing(pred.) is fa rther
ka nka kn g a y a snn’de iru node gwaib n k a ra no shig eki
sen sa tion resting rem aining b y outside from im pression
g a sakoshim a n ai ka ra , shitaga tte moknzen noa little even is not b ecause , a ccordin gly eye
-b eforekoto wa ka ngay ern hitsnyo mo n a kn , shizen
thing reflec t upon necessity is not na tura l lyamai-y ara nn m nka shinoka ta na da y ume de m a mirn kotoganot thin k of an cien t thing (p lur.) dream in see thinga rim a sfi no
‘sa . Kare ta n a shi. Sojite ningen to in
is this other is not on the whole m an kind ca l ledmonowa yoskono ta ki ka ra no keiken wa b a minna noznithin g in fa n cy tim e from experien ce a ll b rain
no nehi ni asamete_
tsnne ni ta knway ete wa arim a sn
within having laid up ordina rily stored rem ain s
nod a ga , hirn wa mi-kiki suru kotog a okute sore y a hare
is b ut day see hea r do thing b eing m any tha t this
y a ni tari-m agirete moknzen no ka ta ni muyo-na shisowa
by b eing con fused eye-b efore thing for need less though t
shizan akn nohoy e hiki-komi-g a chini na tte y in ui
n a tura l ly b a ck part side retire ha ving be com e readilyam a zda sfi mono de a rim a senii. Ta toy e wa m a tte kare wa
thin k of thing (pred.) is not il lustra tion ta king thismoseb a yorzn k ag e knroshite keika no sa n -ta rn wa miru ga
ifone say wil low Shade da rk firefly shin e see
g a takn , y a shakn chin -chin ta shite haj imete ntnshinokay e 20 0
like nigh t -colour quie t first insec t cry
kikn to ifpa n , hota rn m a hirnma a ra nii monode m a
hear sam e thing firefly day tim e not rem ain thing evenna kn , m nshiza a hirn n a ka n n monode m a nai ga , hirn m a
is not insec t day not cry thing even is not b ut day
sozoshi y uy e hoka no shig eki ui sa say era rete g a-jin g a
noisy b ecause other im pression s b ein g im peded I+m a n=we
kig a tsnka nii dori de a rim a sii. Desi k a ra yume to in
min d not stick prin cip le it is it is b ecause dream ca l ledmonowa tonika kn ka tszite amotte a tta kotowa mirnthin g in - a ny
-case previously having though t put thing see
m an’
de kesshite amawa naikotowa mirn m an’de a rima seniiy a .
thin g b eing certain ly not thin k thin g see thin g is not
The a bove passage is in a m uch less familiar sty le tha n the
others . I t con tains n um erous expression s a nd form s which are
on ly used b y educa ted m en or in books.
From the ShaseiKa tagi.
2 06 EXTRACTS.
TRAN SLAT ION .
A. Having seen in a dream m y youngest daugh ter a s if a live , m ymind is quite perp lexed , a nd I ca nnot understand on wha t princip lethis cou ld ta ke p la ce . Is it possib le tha t there m ay b e a fter a ll suchthings a s true dream s , a s they say in China ? I hea r tha t you , Mr.
Ninn a , a re a studen t of philosophy , and it amoun ts tosub jec ting
you without warning toa n examina tion—(b ut I should like toknow
youropinion).
B . Indeed . Tha t is unquestion a b ly a very stra nge dream . But
there are num erous preceden ts of such dream s from old tim es, a nd
there is nothing m ira cu lous a bout it . In prin cip le there can of
course b e nosuch thing a s‘true dream s.
’ This b eing so, let m e
exp lain the n a tureofwha t we ca l l dream s. I t m ay b e ta ken tha tthey a re neither more nor less than the Opera tion of one ’
s own
mind . At night , the hum an body , owing tothe fa tigue of theday , fa l ls a sleep , a nd a ll sensa tion cea ses. But the mind , un likethe body , does not rest even a t nigh t . I t con tinues its a c tivity a s
in the day tim e . The b rain therefore , when it is unquie t , is specia l lysensitive toa llm annerof things, a nd a s sensa tion is suspended , therea re noim pressions from without . There is therefore nonecessityfor it toa t tend to tha t which is imm edia te ly b efore it , a nd soin
dream s we n a tura l ly be com e conscious of pa st things which we hadnot b een thin king of. The sole rea son for this is tha t m a n kind
geneia lly a re from their in fan cy con tinua l ly receiving a nd storin gup a ll their experien ces in their b rain s. In the day tim e , owing to
the m ul titude of im pressions, our m inds b ecom e con fused b y onething a nd another, and though ts need less for imm edia te m a t ters arehudd led b a ck in tothe in teriorof the mind from when ce they are not
readily b rough t out a gain b y reflec tion . As a n il lustra tion of this ,I m ay quote the saying ‘I t is in the da rk shade of the wil low tha twe can b est see the lustre of the firefly ; it is not un til nigh t , whena llis stil l , tha t we can hear the cries of the insec ts .
’ I t is not tha tthere a re nofireflies in the day tim e , or tha t the insec ts donot uttertheir note b y day , b ut our m inds donot a t ten d tothem owing totheir b eing em b arrassed by other im pressions ca used by the noises
ofdaytim e .
Hen ce wha t we ca l l dream s a re visions of things which we m usthave previously though t of, a nd we certain ly ca n not dream ofthings tha t have never en tered our minds be fore.
2 08
CouldD a
l) a chi
D ag a
D a nnaD a na
Da re
Da re de m aDare kaDa re m aDaysD e (nega tive )D e (partic le)Dec len sion ofNounsD emo
Demonstra tivesDependen t C lauses .
Deriva tive Adj.NounsVerb s
Desidera tive Adj.Desi?Do(pronom ina lDo(concessive)I) a ehi
DohaDa kk aDa koDokodemo
DomoDon
Dan a taDonnaB a una ni
Dona
DoreDa re maDore de maDozo
INDEX.
Hypothe tica l FormHypothe tica l Pa stII dznre
Dry Goods MeasureDzuts n
E
Ea ch otherEnglish Words in toJ apanese 1
Errors in spea king do 1
Extra c ts I
Fra c tion sFutureG
0
0
G a taGenaGenderGa (hon . prefix .)Ga (hon . suffix .)Go-jin ~on
G az a ru, Gaza rim a si
‘i
H adz n
He
IIers
His
Hito 3
Honorific a nd Hum b leWords 1 6
Honorific Noun s 1 6
Honorific Prefixes 1 67 , 1 7
Honorific Suflixes 1 7
Hours 1 8
3
6
5
1
2
1 6
I ka 3
I kken I
I kn 3
Im pera tive Mood 7
Indefinite Form of Adj. 9.
Indefinite Form of .Verb 5
INDEX .
PAGEI ndefinite Pronouns 2 9
I ndica tive Presen t . 7 1
I ndirec t N a rra tion . 1 84
I n terj ec tions 1 60
I n terroga tives 1 8
I rregu la r Verb s 46
[ me 5 5 , 1 1 0
I t 1 4
33
1 1 2
30
30
. 1 8, 1 9 , 2 5 ,
t 2 0
K a kn 2 0
Ka ra 1 2 8 , 1 83
Ka ra position of 1 83
K a no 1 8 , 2 5
Ka re 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 5
[( a yo 1 9
Kereb a 1 0 0
Kereda 1 1 2
1 0 1
Keredowith ‘Verb 61 , 67 , 7 7
1 1 2
1 3
1 3
2 0
1 8, 1 9
1 9
I 9
1 9
-1 3, 1 8, 1 9 , 2 3
1 9
1 9
1 9
I 9
-1 0 , 1 1 3
o. 1 2 9
o0
0
0
2 0 9
PAGEI 74
K nrn 46
Land Mea sure 1 89
Len gth ,m easure of 1 89
Le tterChangesin Conjuga tion . 46
1 30
M ai 74
M a sn 1 7 5
M a sn , Conjuga tion of 46 , 49
M ay 1 63
1 81
M e-
(gender) 7 , 1 83
Aden 7 , 1 83
Migh t 1 63
Mina 33
Mine 1 6
MO 2 9 1 7 7 , I3 I
Money 1 88
Mano 1 1 5
Mon ths 1 87
Mosu 1 7 0
Must 65 , 1 63
N fina l 1
N a 1 8 , 2 7
N a (neg. im p.) 74
N a (with adj) . 1 0 5
N a (for nasa r‘e) 7 5
1 32
62 , 69 , 98
2 7
63
1 8, 2 7
30
1 8, 2 7
2 9
2 9
5 8
1 1 0
2 1 C) INDEX .
PAGE
Nega tive Adjec tive 65 , 69 ,
Ba se
Con cessiveCondition a lEm pha tic Ten ses . 5 1
Future 74
Hypothe tica l 66
Im pera tive 74
Particip lePa stPresen t
Nenga
Ni
NigoriNo
Nonii
NounNum ber 7 , 4 2
Num era ls 34
a hi 1 3
O 7 , 1 0 , 1 7 1 , 1 83
0 (Term . of Future) 7 0
O liayo 1 9 1
Oira 1 1
Omoye 1 3, 1 5 , 1 6
On 7
One 3 2
One’s own 30
Onare 30
Onom a topoeic Adverb s 1 5 9
Gunshi 1 3
Or 1 63
Ordina l Num b ersOre
OrderofWordsOrdina l Num b ers
0
O
0
Orn
Other Peop leOugh tPa rts of SpeechPartic les, OrderofPa ssive Verb sPa st Particip lePa st TensePerfec t FuturePersona l PronounP leaseP lura lPossessive PronounPoten tia l Verb sPredica tePreposition sPresen t Indica tiveProb ab le Pa stPronoun
lim ited use ofPronun cia tionR a
R a shi
Reflexive Pronoun sRe la tionsRe la tive Pronoun sRiohoRa
Sa (Ab stract Term s)Sa (tha t)Sa (Partic le)Sa hada
Sa n or Sam aSa sern
Se l fSen seiSern
SesshuShe
2 1 2 INDEX.
When0 . " oo
0 . . 0 0 0 Q .
a0 . 0 0 0 . O .
ERRATUAI .
Bot tom of p . 5 7 a fter ta beta reb a , add ka shita ra ba , ta bit’
a ra b a'.
Printed at the “H aknbnnsha Tokio.
