Verbals

Grammar Lesson 10English 10

Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??

• Telling the difference between a verb and a verbal is not done by looking only at the word itself.

• You have to see how the word is being used.

• In both cases, the word looks like a verb, but if it’s used as something other than a verb…it’s a VERBAL

Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??

• Examples:o Waxedo Flowingo Playingo Sleeping

• These can be verbs or verbals depending upon how they are used in the sentence.

Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??

• Examples:o Our butler waxed the floors.o The waxed floors were slippery

and dangerous.• In the first sentence, the word

is being used as a verb to tell what action is being done.

• In the other one, the word still looks like a verb, but it is being used as an adjective

Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??

• Examples:o Water was flowing over the

rocks in the stream.o Flowing water carries a great

deal of potential energy.• The same thing is true here

as in the other example.• The second sentences shows

the verb working as an adjective instead of a verb.

Basic Information on Verbals

• Verbals are verb forms (words that look like verbs or could be verbs in other sentences) that are used as one of the following:o Nouno Adjectiveo Adverb

• A verbal can never be the verb of the sentence.

Basic Information on Verbals

• There are three different kinds of verbals:o Infinitiveo Participleo Gerund

• Each verbal has a specific purpose and use in a sentence.

Infinitives

• An infinitive is a verb form that is proceeded by the word “to.”o To playo To sleepo To be seeno To stealo To have been stoleno To speak

Infinitives

• In some sentences (following certain verbs), the “sign of the infinitive” (the word “to) is omitted.

• This is done for clarity.o Help him (to) move the sofa.o Watch the fish (to) snap at the

hook.o Can you feel the floor (to)

move?

Infinitives

• The verbs which call for an omitted “to” are:o Seeo Hearo Feelo Helpo Leto Makeo Watch

Infinitives

• An infinitive has three possible functions:o As a nouno As an adjectiveo As an adverb

• Knowing where an infinitive should go helps make the structure of the sentence more clear.

Infinitives

• As a noun:o I hate to go. (direct object)o To steal is a crime. (subject)

• As an adjective:o It’s time to go. (modify time)o There are jobs to be done

(modify jobs)• As an adverb:

o He always plays to win. (modify plays)

Infinitives

• Infinitives can also have modifiers or complements.

• This can be done because there is a verb form in the infinitive that (if being used as a verb in another sentence) could take a complement such as an indirect or direct object or a predicate complement.

Infinitives

• Be careful not to create “split” infinitives.

• This is done when an adverb is placed between the “to” and the verb form.o To boldly go….o To strenuously object…o To always comply…

• It is bad structure for this to be formed.

Participles

• Verb forms that are used as adjectives are called participles.

• They will have two forms:o Present (ending in “-ing”)o Past (ending in “-ed” or “-en”)

• These contain action, but they are not used as verbs in the sentence.

Participles

• Examples:o Smoking guno Snoring spouseo Broken windowo Elected officialo Streaming videoo Buzzing noiseo Winning touchdowno Walking track

Participles

• Participles can appear in several places in the sentence, but they are most commonly found describing / modifying the subject.

• Participle phrases can also be made from single participleso Running along the path

Participles

• Most participle phrases will have commas setting them off. This is especially true when they open a sentence and modify the subject.o Running at full speed, the

back raced twenty yards for a score.

o Crying loudly, the baby wanted some attention.

Gerunds

• A gerund looks a lot like a participle because it ends in “-ing.”

• However, the gerund is going to be used as a noun.

• Gerunds will show up as subjects, direct or indirect objects or objects of prepositions.

Gerunds

• Examples:o Chewing gum in class is not

allowed. (subject)o I liked eating at the new

restaurant. (direct object)o Without running very hard I

won the race.o Abusing the warm fuzzy

kitten is not allowed in this class. (subject)

Practice:

• You will be shown ten sentences with a word or phrase underlined.

• Identify the word or phrases as:o Infinitiveo Participleo Gerund

Practice:

1.Sleeping soundly in his bed, Ron was not going to be disturbed by anyone in his house.

2.I wanted to try out for the lacrosse team this spring.

3.The rushing waters of the Colorado River were great for rafting.

Practice:

4. The warm fuzzy kitten, meowing loudly in the hallway, was a nuisance.5. We tried shooting with the NBA’s new basketball and found it to be challenging.6. To run a mile in less than four minutes is nearly impossible.

Practice:

7. Charging wildly down the street, the bulls tried to crush the citizens of Pamplona.8. Cheating on a final exam in English is not an advisable solution to not studying.9. To sleep, perchance to dream.

Practice:

10. On the sixth day of Xmas, my true love gave to me six geese a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree.

SURPRISE, SURPRISE, SURPRISE!!• Now that you can identify

these verbals, you have the great privilege of going on to the next great step in verbals……..

DIAGRAMMING!!