Grammar Handout [Consolidated] 2nd Edition

8132019 Grammar Handout [Consolidated] 2nd Edition

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgrammar-handout-consolidated-2nd-edition 131

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2011

CHAPTER 1 GERUNDS INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLESCHAPTER 2 CONNECTORS OF TIME SEQUENCE AND CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

CHAPTER 3 NOUN PHRASES AND CLAUSES

CHAPTER 4 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

CHAPTER 5 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

CHAPTER 6 MODAL AUXILIARIES

CHAPTER 7 POETRY AND LYRICS ndash supplementary

CHAPTER 7 ADVERBIAL PHRASES AND CLAUSES

CHAPTER 8 DIRECT AND INDRECT SPEECH

CHAPTER 9 SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONSCHAPTER 10 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

CHAPTER 11 CONNECTORS OF REASON CONDITION AND CHOICE

CHAPTER 12 ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

APPENDIX 2 FORMULA OF TENSES IN ENGLISH

Buku (handout) ini bisa di download GRATISGRATISGRATISGRATIS di

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SECOND EDITION



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UNIT 1GERUNDS INFINITIVES amp PARTICIPLES

GERUND verb + ing (eg talking playing swimming)

Function Acts as a Noun

a Subject (eg Playing tennis is fun)

b Object of a verb (eg We enjoy playing tennis)

c Object of a preposition (eg He is excited about playing tennis)

d Subjective Complement (eg My hobby is playing tennis)

INFINITIVE (to) + verb (eg to go to eat to kiss)

Function

1 Acts as a Noun

a Subject (eg To fly without a parachute is dangerous)

b Object of a verb

i I like to fly by Garuda Air

ii He wanted to marry the girl

iii We try harder to finish the job on time

c Object of a preposition (I thought of nothing except to watch the movie)

d Subjective Complement (eg The main thing is to stay calm)

e Appositive (eg I have only one desire - to fly by Garuda Air)

2 Acts as an Adjective

a Describing noun

i She brought a lot of food to eat

ii She had no time to read the book

b Describing pronoun

i I tell him to work harder

ii I donrsquot have anything to lose

iii I asked her to help me

3 Acts as an Adverb [usually tells lsquowhyrsquo]

a Describing verb

i She slept to refresh her energy



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b Describing adjective

i The kids were ready to play

ii I am glad to hear the news

PARTICIPLE

Present Participle verb + ing (eg crying falling)

Past Participle verb + -d-ed [general] (eg cried fallen)

Function 1 Acts as a Verb

a It was raining when I got home (present participle)

b I have sent the letter (past participle)


a Describing noun

i I like the noise of falling rain (present participle)

ii She has just got a broken heart (past participle)

b Subjective Complement

i I am amazed because the show is amazing

ii The studentsrsquo test result were pleasing (present participle)

iii My mother was delighted with the present (past participle)

3 Acts as an Adverb

a She ran screaming out of the roomb It came gliding over the floor towards her

4 Participle Clause

a Closing her eyes she started praying (present participle)

b Raising her voice she scolded her sister (present participle)

c Supported by her friends she took part in the contest (past participle)

d The man sitting in the corner is a doctor (present participle)e Most of the people invited to the party did not turn up (past participle)



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UNIT 2

CONNECTORS OF TIME SEQUENCE AND CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE

as = saat ketika (eg As I walking down the street I saw Melyssa driving a BMW)

while = saat (eg While she is having a bath the phone rings)

when = ketika (eg When I was a child I lived in the country)before = sebelum (eg Before you finish your homework you are not allowed to go)

after = setelah (eg After she had learned to drive she felt more independent)

firstly = pertama (eg Firstly you add some sugar)

next = selanjutnya (eg Next mix the dough)

then = lalu (eg Then insert the dough into an oven)

since = sejak (eg Since they were in primary school they have been good friends)

until = sampai (eg I lived with my grandparents until I was ten)

now = sekarang (eg Now that spring is here we can expect milder weather)

once = pada saat sekali (eg Once he realized his fault everything would be fine)

whenever = kapanpun (eg Whenever you need me I will be there)

as soon as = segera (eg As soon as it stopped raining we would go out)

CONNECTORS OF CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

since = sebab (eg Since it was still light children were allowed to play in the park)

as = karena (eg As I was very tired I went to bed early)

because = karena (eg Because she is always friendly I like her very much)

for = atas dasar (eg I left in haste for I was already late for the appointment)

whereas = karena (eg Whereas you have proven your worth you are welcome to join the team)

so = maka (eg It rained heavily so we just stayed at home)

unless = jika tidak (eg I wonrsquot bring an umbrella unless the sky is dark)

so that = sehingga (eg We study diligently so that we can pass the exam)

if = jika (eg If you study hard you will pass the exam)

therefore = oleh karena itu (eg This statement is true therefore that statement must be false)



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UNIT 3

NOUN PHRASES AND CLAUSES

Noun Phrase a group of words functioning as a nounNoun Clause a clause functioning as a noun

NOUN PHRASE

determiner(s) premodifier(s) head postmodifier(s)

a very small dog red and blue chairs for children

the two wonderful recipes of yours for blueberry pie

those afternoons (that) we spent skiing

somebody tall dark and handsome

that very important meeting attended by board of directors in the four-star hotel

Position

1 Subject The badly needed competent staff for the branch office will get paid high

2 Object I lend my friend some new mystery books which I read two days ago

3 Complement That is a powerful computer for monitoring the whole building

Some other queer examples

1 the bookthe history bookthe American history bookthe illustrated American history bookthe recent illustrated American history bookthe recent controversial illustrated American history bookthe recent controversial illustrated leather-bound American history book

2 This is the house that Jack buil t

This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built

This is the mouse that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built

This is the cat that scared the mouse that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built

This is the dog that chased the cat that scared the mouse that ate the malt that lay in the

Determiner

Premodifier

Postmodifier

Head



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NOUN CLAUSE

Introductory Conjunction 1 a statement that2 a question

a YES NO answer whether ifb Interrogative word who what which when where why how

3 a request that4 an exclamation what how

Position 1 Subject

a Why he did not pass the test is hard to understand [ Question Interrogative Word ]b That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all [ Statement ]

2 Object of the Verba I know that coffee grows in Brazil [ Statement ]b He suggested that I write the letter soon [ Request ]

c I had not realized what a pretty girl she was [ Exclamation ]

3 Object of the Prepositiona We were concerned about whether she would win the contest [ Question YES NO ]b I was dreaming of how we had spent our last holiday [ Question Interrogative Word ]

4 Subjective Complement (Predicate Nominative)a My hope is that we can complete this mission on time [ Statement ]b The question is how we can complete this mission on time [ Question Interrogative Word ]

Introductory Conjunction

Subject

Verb



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DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner

a Quantifierallbothhalf

b Multiplierdoubletripletwice

c Fractionone-thirdone-fifthtwo-third

2 CentralDeterminer

a Articlei Definitethe

ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun

i Demonstrative(Deictic)thisthatthesethose

ii PossessiveAdjectivemyhisheritsyourourtheir

iii Indefinitesomeanyseveralmuchmany

iv Interrogativewhichwhatwherewhowhomwhose

c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number

i Cardinalonetwothree

ii Ordinalfirstsecondthird

iii Quantifiersomeseveralfewmanymuch



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UNIT 4

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1 Some nouns end in ndashs but they are SINGULAR

mathematics physics economics news athletics statistics gymnastics

eg Athletics IS my favorite sport

2 Some nouns do not end in ndashs but they are PLURALmen women children teeth mice oxen feet

eg The women ARE assigned to do the job

3 AMOUNT DISTANCE NUMBER TIME MONEY TITLES and PLACES are SINGULAR if used as subjects

eg 1 THREE YEARS IS a long time to be without a job

2 TEN THOUSAND RUPIAHS WAS the amount needed to purchase the pen

3 THREE METERS IS the length we need

4 VERB AGREEMENT WITH THE EXPLETIVE lsquoTHERErsquo

The subject (which determines the number of the verb) comes after the verb

eg 1 There IS an apple on the table

2 There ARE two apples on the table

5 VERB AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNa When regarded as a WHOLE UNIT use SINGULAR VERB

eg 1 The family HAS a happy life

2 The class IS in English session

b When regarded as a SEPARATE UNIT within the group use PLURAL VERB

eg 1 The family HAVE their own duties

2 The class ARE taking tests today

6 VERB AGREEMENT WITH INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

a These pronouns are always used with SINGULAR VERBS

bull one no one anyone someone everyone

bull nobody anybody somebody everybody

thi thi thi thi



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b These pronouns are always used with PLURAL VERBS

several few both most many

eg 1 Few books ARE lying on the shelves

2 In China most people only HAVE one child

c These pronouns may take either a SINGULAR or PLURAL verb depending on whether the

pronoun refers to something countable or not

all half none any some fractional expressions (one half two third)

eg 1 Some of the students in this class ARE good

2 Some of the grain IS ruined by the flood

7 VERB AGREEMENT WHEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB ARE SEPARATED

eg 1 A box of chocolates IS given to her as a present

2 John as well as Rina IS a smart student

3 The businessman who HAS two homes and three cars IS very wealthy

8 VERB AGREEMENT WITH COMPOUND SUBJECTS

a Subject joined by AND takes PLURAL verb

eg John and Mary ARE good friends

b When either and neither appear as a subject alone they are SINGULAR

eg Neither of these choices IS beneficial

c When either and neither act as correlative conjunction the subject that is closer to the verb

determines the number (singular or plural) of the verb

eg Either the leader or the members ARE at fault

Either the members or the leader IS at fault



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UNIT 5

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

Subject 1 Word phrase or clause functioning as a noun2 Telling who or what

eg 1 Rina lives in Medan [word]2 Such a smart pretty girl with a smiley face is loved by all [phrase]3 What the girl had done surprised everyone [clause]

Predicate 1 Parts of the sentence giving information about the subject2 Must contain a verb

The verb requires permits or precludes other sentence elements to complete thepredicate The elements are

bull objects (direct indirect prepositional)bull complements (subj comp obj comp)bull adverbial (obligatory optional)

eg 1 She dances (verb only)2 I invite Rina (transitive verb)3 I sleep (intransitive verb)4 She sings [a song] (can be either transitive or intransitive)

5 I write a letter (direct object)6 I write her a letter (indirect object)7 I write it for Rina (prepositional object)

8 Subj complement1 John is the manager (predicate noun nominative)2 John is happy (predicate adjective)3 John is at home (predicate adverb)

9 Obj complement1 They elected John the manager (noun)2 The students in this class always make me happy (adjective)

10 She is at the bust stop (adverbial [obligatory])11 She is waiting at the bus stop (adverbial [optional])

Some confusing verbsTRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE



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UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES

CAN COULD1 Permission eg

a You can leave the roomb You could use my phone

2 Request (informal) ega Can you switch on the light (informal)b Could I borrow your pen (more polite than lsquocanrsquo)

3 Possibility ega I donrsquot think the car can be repairedb Where is John He could be at home

4 Suggestion ega We can try asking Melyssa for help (more definite)b When you are in Spain you could go and see Rina (less definite)

5 Offer ega Can I help you (more definite)b I could mend your bicycle for you (less definite)

CAN1 Ability [eg I can lift the box]

COULD1 Criticism eg

a You could ask before you borrow my car (present)b You could have told me you were getting married (past)

CANNOT COULD NOT1 Impossibility [eg My favorite team cannot could not lose]

HAD BETTER1 Strong Advice eg

a You had better be on time or we will leave without youb I had better not go out tonight because I have to get up early tomorrow

2 Threat [eg You had better help me or else]

HAVE TO HAVE GOT TO1 Necessity eg



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3 Certainty ega I donrsquot believe you You have (got) to be jokingb Only five orsquoclock It has got to be later than that

MAY MIGHT1 Permission eg

a You may use my phone (formal)b You might bring your friend to the party (more formal than lsquomayrsquo)

2 Possibility or uncertainty eg

a Where is John He may be at the library (50)b Where is John He might be at the library (30)

MAY1 Request (very polite amp formal) [eg May I borrow your pen]

MAY NOT1 Prohibition [eg You may not talk during the exam]

MIGHT1 Suggestion [eg You might try asking your uncle for a job]2 Criticism [eg You might ask before you borrow your car]

MUST1 Strong Necessity [eg I must go to the dentist today]2 Certainty (95) [eg Mary is not in class She must be sick]

3 Obligation [eg You must be a member to join the weekly meeting]4 Order Strong Suggestion [eg You must stop smoking or you will get lung cancer]5 Prohibition (negative) [eg You must not open this parcel until Christmas Day]

NEED1 Necessity [The plants need watering]

OUGHT TO

1 Advisability Recommendations [eg I ought to study tonight]2 Necessity [eg We ought to reply the invitation]3 Certainty (90) [eg She ought to do well on the test]4 Expectation [eg If you like Picasso you ought to enjoy the exhibition]5 Deduction [eg Henry ought to be here soon ndash he left home at six]6 Criticism [eg You ought not to shout at your mother like that]



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SHALL WILL

1 Prediction ega We shall need the money on the 15thb All the family will be at the wedding

2 Suggestion (polite question) [eg Shall we go out for a meal]3 Offer (polite question) [eg Shall I open the window]

WILL1 Certainty (100) [eg He will be there at 600]

2 Willingness [eg The phone is ringing I will get it]3 Request (friendly) [eg Will you please pass the salt]4 Insistence [eg I will do whatever you say]5 Promise [eg I will do that for you]6 Threat [eg I will hit you if you do that again]

SHOULD1 Advisability Suggestion [eg You should go to the dentist]

2 Obligation [eg She should be at work before 0900]3 Deduction [eg Henry should get here now ndash he left home at six]4 Expectation [eg If you like Picasso you should enjoy the exhibition]5 Instruction (polite order) [eg Applications should be sent by 3rd January]6 Certainty (90) [eg She should do well on the test]

WOULD1 Request (polite) [eg Would you please pass the salt]

2 Offer Invitation [eg Would you like a cup of tea]



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UNIT 7

POETRY and LYRICS[ supplementary ]

DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

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UNIT 7

ADVERBIAL PHRASES AND CLAUSES

Adverb [I saw the movie yesterday]

Adverbial Phrase [I saw the movie on Friday]

Adverbial Clause [I saw the movie before I left for Paris]

ADVERBIAL PHRASE a group of words functioning as an adverb

1 Manner [eg The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer]2 Place [eg The woman who lives next door is a doctor]

3 Time [eg We must finish the projects before the holidays]

4 Frequency [eg Sally buys two CDs every month]

5 Purpose [eg John bought the flowers for his mother]

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE a clause functioning as an adverb

1 TIME

a Conjunction when while since as before after until as soon as by the time (that) now

that once

b Examples

i I can see you when I finish my work

ii It started raining while I was watering the flowers

iii I have not seen him since he returned to the country

iv As they are having their lunch their neighbors scream lsquoFirersquo

v They will leave before you get herevi After the fruit is harvested it is sold at the market

vii He read until his guests arrived

viii As soon as the sun goes down the temperature drops dramatically

ix I will have finished my task by the time he arrives

x Now that she has got married she looks happier than ever

xi Once you finish your homework you can go out and play

2 PLACEa Conjunction where wherever

b Examples

i We live where the road crosses the river

ii My dog always tails me wherever I go



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

ii He could not come since he was ill

iii As you are leaving last please turn off the lights

iv Now that he has passed the exam he can get his degree

v As long as we keep playing well we will win the games

vi He was a very unusual musician inasmuch as he was totally deaf [formal]

vii Owing to the fact that they lack of funds they will not continue the project next year

[formal]

viii On account of the fact that she had back problem she was told to wear flat shoes

ix In view of the fact that the weather turned unfriendly the event will be held indoors

[formal]

x Because of the fact that we forget our umbrella we spend three hours walking under the

rain

xi Due to the fact that the circumstances are beyond control the concert is canceled

4 CONDITION

a Conjunction if unless on condition that provided that providing that in the event that in case

that whether hellip or not b Examples

i If it rains we wonrsquot have the picnic

ii We wonrsquot have the picnic unless the weather is good

iii She accepted the position on condition that there would be opportunity for advancement

[formal]

iv I will go provided providing that the others go too

v In the event that you are late we will just leave without you

vi In case that I am late you just go firstvii Whether we go or stay it does not make any difference to me

5 CONTRAST

a Conjunction although though even though (real) even if (unreal) in spite of (the fact that)

despite (the fact that) notwithstanding (the fact) that

b Examples

i Although Though I felt very tired I tried to finish the work

ii The scientists keep going ahead with the experiment even though they know it is

dangerous

iii Even if I had time I would not do it

iv In spite of the fact that prices went down recently the company made a huge profit

v Kelly loved her husband despite the fact that he drank too much

i I h i l i h di h d diff [f l]



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

ii One arrived promptly whereas the others hung back

iii Where others might have been satisfied John had higher ambitions

7 PURPOSE

a Conjunction that so so that in order that for the purpose that

b Examples

i Give us strength that we may stand against them [formal]

ii I bathe my dog every day so it is always clean

iii They climbed higher so that they might get a better view

iv He is saving his money in order that he can go to college

v I established a charity foundation for the purpose that I wanted to help as many people as I

could

8 RESULT

a Conjunction so + adj or adv + that such (a) + noun + that so that

b Examples

i She is so pretty that she attracts a lot of attentionii She sang so beautifully that everyone applauded her performance

iii She has such pretty hair that we all enjoy looking at it

iv It is such a hot day that I must go to the beach

v They climbed higher so that they got a better view

9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction

i as + adj or adv + asii (not) so + adj or adv + as

iii -ermore + adj or adv + than

b Examples

i She works just as hard as her sister works

ii She doesnrsquot work so hard as her sister works

iii She works harder than her sister works

10 MANNER

a Conjunction as if as though

b Example

i He looks as if he needs more sleep

ii It was as though the world had come to an end

iii G b h i th h thi h d h d



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech spoken directly by someone (enclosed by quotations)Indirect Speech recites someonersquos speech involving certain grammatical changes (no quotation)

There are 3 kinds of Indirect Speech 1 Declarative (statement)2 Imperative (command request)

3 Interrogative (question)

GRAMMATICAL CHANGES

PRONOUN amp POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She

You (Obj) Me Him Her ThemMy His Her

Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT

Simple Present Simple PastPresent Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Simple Future Past Future

Future Continuous Past Future Continuous

Future Perfect Past Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Continuous

Past Simple Past PerfectPast Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect

MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could

MightMustShould + V1WouldOught to

Could

MightMustShould + HAVE + V3WouldOught to

TIME AND PLACE MARKER

DIRECT INDIRECTnow then

today that day

tonight that night

tomorrowthe next day the day after

the following day a day later

next the after the following

last the before the previous

the preceding

ago before earlier

yesterdaythe day before the previous day

the preceding day

the day before yesterday two days before

here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT

Ana ldquoI will go nowrdquo Ana said that she would go then

Rina ldquoWe went to the zoo with our teachersyesterdayrdquo

Rina said that they had gone to the zoo with theirteachers the day before

Mommy ldquoI am cooking these carrotsrdquo Mommy said that she was cooking those carrots

John ldquoI will do anything for my loverrdquo John said that he would do anything for his lover

J h ldquoRi h ld fi i h h h k t J h id th t h (Ri ) h ld h fi i h d h



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT

He said ldquoGo awayrdquo He told me to go away

Come hererdquo she said She asked him to come here

She said ldquoBe happyrdquo She told me to be happy

2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT

He said ldquoDonrsquot go awayrdquo He told me not to go away

Donrsquot come hererdquo she said She asked him not to come here

She said ldquoDonrsquot be noisyrdquo She told me not to be noisy

3 INTERROGATIVE

1 Starts with auxiliaries

a Change the question into a statementb Use lsquoifrsquo or lsquowhetherrsquo as the connectorc Apply the rules of grammatical changes

DIRECT INDIRECT

Doctor ldquoDo you usually take a naprdquo Doctor asked ifwhether I usually took a nap

Rina ldquoAre you a studentrdquo Rina asked if I was a student

John ldquoMay I borrow your carrdquo John asked if he might borrow my car

2 Uses Question Wordsa Change the question into a statementb Use the question word as the connectorc Apply the rules of grammatical changes

DIRECT INDIRECT

John ldquoHow do you spell your namerdquo John asked how I spelt my name

Rina ldquoWhere can I keep your moneyrdquo Rina asked where she could keep her money

Anna ldquoWhy donrsquot you love merdquo Anna asked why I did not love her



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9

SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS

SIMPLE SENTENCE contains one full subject and predicate

eg 1 I enjoy having dinner with my lover every weekend (statement)

2 Why do you love me so much (question)

3 Please close the door (request) [the subject is you ]

4 What a sweet smile she has (exclamation)

5 She goes to the library and studies every day (compound verb)6 My lovers and I play tennis and go swimming every weekend (compound subject and verb)

COMPOUND SENTENCE contains two or more main clauses joined together by either

1 Coordinator (coordinate conjunction)

Fomula main clause + coordinator + main clause

eg The weather was very bad so we canceled our picnic

FAN BOYSfor The second clause gives the reason for the first clause

eg I do not know what she looks like for I have never seen her

and The two clauses express equal similar ideaseg I love my lover and she loves me too

nor Joining two negative main clauseseg I donrsquot smoke nor do I consume alcohol

but The two clauses express equal contrasting ideas

eg It is an old car but it is very reliableor The two clauses express alternative possibilities

eg You should avoid smoking or you will get lung cancer

yet The second clause is a surprising or unexpected contrast to the first clauseeg John was a convicted criminal yet many people admired him

so The second clause is the result of the first clauseeg My lover felt hungry so I made her a sandwich

2 Conjunctive adverb

Formula main clause + conjunctive adverb + main clause

eg The weather was very bad therefore we canceled our picnic

besidesfurthermore

The concert was fantastic besides we could join the lucky drawHe is very kind and generous furthermore he often offers his help to



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet

howeverneverthelessnonetheless

still

This is a simple process however it is dangerousWhat you said was very rude nevertheless that was the truthThe panorama is fantastic nonetheless she cannot enjoy itThe boy did everything to attract the girl still the girl did not get attracted at all

or otherwise You will have to go now otherwise you will miss your bus

so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus

Some of their opinions were contradictory accordingly measures weretaken to clarify them

The manager announced the wrong schedule consequently nobody

appeared in the meetingThe cost of transport is a major expense hence factory location is an

important considerationProgress so far has been very good therefore we are very confident thatthe work will be completed on time

Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire thus it would be difficultto prove him guilty

3 SemicolonFormula main clause main clauseeg The weather was very bad we canceled our picnic

COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one main clause and one (or more) subordinate clause(s)

The subordinate clause may be either

1 Adverbial clause (unit 7 SA 3)

eg We canceled our picnic because the weather was bad2 Noun clause (unit 3 SA 3)

eg I cannot understand why I fall in love with you

3 Adjective (relative) clause

eg My uncle who owns this big house is a businessman

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE combination of two or more main clauses and one (or more) subordinate

clause(s)

eg 1 I wanted to travel after I graduated from college however I had to go to work immediately2 He could not decide where he should work or what he should do so he did nothing



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSE

RELATIVEPRONOUN USE EXAMPLES

whopeople[subj]

(followedbylsquoVERBrsquo)ThemanwhowhowhowholivesnextdoorisveryfriendlyItoldhimaboutthemanwhowhowhowholivesnextdoor

whompeople[obj]

(notfollowedbylsquoVERBrsquo)ThemanwhomwhomwhomwhomIsawyesterdayisadoctor

IlikethemanwhomwhomwhomwhomIsawyesterday

whose possessionTheboywhosewhosewhosewhosemotherisanurselivesnextdoor

Iknowtheboywhosewhosewhosewhosemotherisanurse

whichanimalsamp

non-livingthingsThecatwhichwhichwhichwhichlikestosleephereismypet

Itoldhimaboutthecatwhichwhichwhichwhichlikestosleephere

thatneutral

[whowhomwhich]Idonrsquotlikethetablethatthatthatthatstandsinthekitchen

RELATIVEADVERB USE EXAMPLES

where place Thisistheofficewherewherewherewheremyfatherworks

when time Tellmetheexacttimewhenwhenwhenwhenthenexttrainwillarrive

why reasonThereasonwhywhywhywhymyloverfallsinlovewithmeisthatI

amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Prepositional Phrase a preposition followed by an object [The object could be a noun a pronoun anoun phrase or a gerund]

Prepositional phrase can function adjectivally (modifying noun) or adverbially (modifying verb adjective oradverb)

Function gives more details to used to modify

1 A noun or noun phrasea I saw Rina in her new dress (adj noun)b The child got a balloon with red color (adj noun)c The five-watt light bulb at the front door suddenly went out (adj noun)

2 A verb or verb phrase

a I lay on the couch (adv

verb)b Rina was playing with her new puppy (adv verb)3 An adjective

a I was happy with my marks last term (adv adj)b Rina was very skillful at painting (adv adj)

4 A clausea To my surprise there was no one there b In my opinion this red skirt is the most attractive

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS

ahead of because of by means of contrary toin addition to in back of in case of in front ofin lieu of [instead of] in light of in place of in regard toin spite of instead of in view of next toon account of out of prior to



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11

CONNECTORS OF REASON CONDITION AND CHOICE

CONNECTORS OF REASON



for = karena (eg I left in haste for I was already late for the appointment)

in order to (eg Plants need water in order to live)

since = karena (eg Since it was still light children were allowed to play in the park)

so that (eg We study diligently so that we can pass the exam)

CONNECTORS OF CONDITION

as long as (eg You can go as long as you are back by four orsquoclock)

except (eg I would go except it is too far)if (eg If it rains we wonrsquot have a picnic)

only if (eg The missiles can be fired only if the operator types in a six-digit code)

provided (that) (eg I will go provided (that) the others go too

on the condition that (eg She accepted the position on the condition that there would be opportunity for advancement)

CONNECTORS OF CHOICEor (eg You can accept refuse or ignore the offer)

or else (eg You had better leave now or else I will scream for help)

nor (eg She did not reply nor did she look at him)

alternatively (eg You can relax on the beach Alternatively you can go shopping)

instead of (eg You should do something instead of just sitting around all day)

either or (eg Either she leaves or I do)

neither nor (eg Neither his father nor his mother speaks English)whether or not (eg We should try to meet them whether it is raining or not)



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES

Elliptical Clauses clauses that have missing words but the meaning is understood from the rest of the

clause or other clauses

1 Relative pronoun

a That is the man (whom) I met at Rinarsquos party

b The girl (who is) talking to John is my loverc The man (who was) injured in the accident was taken to the hospital

2 lsquothatrsquo introducing the noun clause

a I know (that) coffee grows in Brazil

b I believe (that) you are my true love

3 Comparative structures using lsquoasrsquo and lsquothanrsquo

a The weather is not as good as (it was) last year

b She works just as hard as her sister (doesworks)

c I found more apples than you (didfound)

4 The repeated portion of subjects or verbs in compound sentences

a John (washed the dishes) and Rina washed the dishes

b The food (is ready) and the drinks are ready

c Rina has cleaned the room (Rina has) washed the dishes and (Rina has) swept the floor

d She was intelligent but (she was) lazy

5 The subject of sentences in the imperative mood (command or request)

a Close the door

b Donrsquot touch me

6 Prepositions (in a few time expressions) [informal]

a See you (on) Monday night

b We are staying here (for) another three months

c (At) what time should I arrive here



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Present Past Past Participleawake awoke awoken

be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent beset beset beset

bet bet bet

bid bidbade bidbidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast(ed) broadcast(ed)

build built built

burn burnedburnt burnedburnt

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosencling clung clung

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dive diveddove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreameddreamt dreameddreamt

drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

Present Past Past Participlefit fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forego (forgo) forewent foregoneforgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung hunghear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit

know knew knowlay laid laid

lead led led

leap leapedlept leapedlept

learn learnedlearnt learnedlearnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lightedlit lightedlose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misspell misspelt misspelt



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Present Past Past Participle pay paid paid

plead pled pled

prove proved provedproven

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid

ride rode riddenring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sentset set set

sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shavedshaven

shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shoed shoedshod

shoot shot shotshow showed showedshown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain

slide slid slidsling slung slung

slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d

Present Past Past Participlestand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk

stride strod stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strungstrive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swelledswollen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torntell told told

think thought thought

thrive thrivedthrove thrived

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upsetwake woke woken

wear wore worn

weave weavedwove weavedwoven

wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withhold withheld withheldwithstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123

NO TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE EXAMPLE (ACTIVE) EXAMPLE (PASSIVE)

1 Simple Present Tense Subj + V1 + (ses) Subj + isamare + V3 I EAT rice Rice IS EATEN (by me)

2 Simple Past Tense Subj + V2 Subj + waswere + V3 I ATE rice Rice WAS EATEN (by me)

3 Present Continuous Tense Subj + isamare + V1 + ing Subj + isamare + BEING + V3 I AM EATING rice Rice IS BEING EATEN (by me)

4 Past Continuous Tense Subj + waswere + V1 + ing Subj + waswere + BEING + V3 I WAS EATING rice Rice WAS BEING EATEN (by me)

5 Present Perfect Tense Subj + hashave + V3 Subj + hashave + BEEN + V3 I HAVE EATEN rice Rice HAS BEEN EATEN (by me)

6 Past Perfect Tense Subj + had + V3 Subj + had + BEEN + V3 I HAD EATEN rice Rice HAD BEEN EATEN (by me)

7 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Subj + hashave + BEEN + V1+ ing Subj + hashave + BEEN BEING + V3 I HAVE BEEN EATING rice Rice HAS BEEN BEING EATEN

8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense Subj + had + BEEN + V1+ ing Subj + had + BEEN BEING + V3 I HAD BEEN EATING rice Rice HAD BEEN BEING EATEN

9 Simple Future Tense Subj + WILL + V1 Subj + WILL + BE + V3 I WILL EAT rice Rice WILL BE EATEN (by me)

10 Simple Past Future Tense Subj + WOULD + V1 Subj + WOULD + BE + V3 I WOULD EAT rice Rice WOULD BE EATEN (by me)

11 Present Future Continuous Tense Subj + WILL BE + V1 + ing Subj + WILL BE BEING + V3 I WILL BE EATING rice Rice WILL BE BEING EATEN (by me)

12 Past Future Continuous Tense Subj + WOULD BE + V1 + ing Subj + WOULD BE BEING + V3 I WOULD BE EATING rice Rice WOULD BE BEING EATEN

13 Present Future Perfect Tense Subj + WILL HAVE + V3 Subj + WILL HAVE BEEN + V3 I WILL HAVE EATEN rice Rice WILL HAVE BEEN EATEN

14 Past Future Perfect Tense Subj + WOULD HAVE + V3 Subj + WOULD HAVE BEEN + V3 I WOULD HAVE EATEN rice Rice WOULD HAVE BEEN EATEN

15 Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense Subj + WILL HAVE BEEN + V1 + ing Subj + WILL HAVE BEEN BEING + V3 I WILL HAVE BEEN EATING rice Rice WILL HAVE BEEN BEING EATEN

16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Subj + WOULD HAVE BEEN + V1 + ing Subj + WOULD HAVE BEEN BEING + V3 I WOULD HAVE BEEN EATING rice Rice WOULD HAVE BEEN BEING EATEN



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 1GERUNDS INFINITIVES amp PARTICIPLES

GERUND verb + ing (eg talking playing swimming)

Function Acts as a Noun

a Subject (eg Playing tennis is fun)

b Object of a verb (eg We enjoy playing tennis)

c Object of a preposition (eg He is excited about playing tennis)

d Subjective Complement (eg My hobby is playing tennis)

INFINITIVE (to) + verb (eg to go to eat to kiss)

Function

1 Acts as a Noun

a Subject (eg To fly without a parachute is dangerous)

b Object of a verb

i I like to fly by Garuda Air

ii He wanted to marry the girl

iii We try harder to finish the job on time

c Object of a preposition (I thought of nothing except to watch the movie)

d Subjective Complement (eg The main thing is to stay calm)

e Appositive (eg I have only one desire - to fly by Garuda Air)


a Describing noun

i She brought a lot of food to eat

ii She had no time to read the book

b Describing pronoun

i I tell him to work harder

ii I donrsquot have anything to lose

iii I asked her to help me

3 Acts as an Adverb [usually tells lsquowhyrsquo]

a Describing verb

i She slept to refresh her energy



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PARTICIPLE







a Describing noun







3 Acts as an Adverb


4 Participle Clause







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UNIT 2





























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 3



NOUN PHRASE







Position











Determiner

Premodifier

Postmodifier

Head



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NOUN CLAUSE




Position 1 Subject







Subject

Verb



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DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






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UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



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UNIT 5















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UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









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OUGHT TO




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SHALL WILL











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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

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983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

983123983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983155983151983157983154983139983141 983151983142 983143983151983151983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

B983137983154983147983155 983156983144983141 983159983137983161 983144983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140983155 983144983145983149 983155983141983141983149983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983140983151983143 983158983145983151983148983141983150983156 983151983154 983142983151983154983139983141983142983157983148

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2 983127983145983150983140 983161983141983148983148983155 983159983144983145983148983141 983138983148983151983159983145983150983143 983131983151983138983146983141983139983156983133

3 983124983145983149983141 983150983141983158983141983154 983155983156983151983152983155 983154983157983150983150983145983150983143 983131983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983133

983140 H983129983120E983122B983119LE 983117983137983147983145983150983143 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983151983157983150983140 983138983145983143983143983141983154 983138983141983156983156983141983154 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983145983156 983145983155

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2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

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2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

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1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















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UNIT 11
























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UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091




PARTICIPLE







a Describing noun







3 Acts as an Adverb


4 Participle Clause







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 2





























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 3



NOUN PHRASE







Position











Determiner

Premodifier

Postmodifier

Head



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

NOUN CLAUSE




Position 1 Subject







Subject

Verb



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

983123983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983155983151983157983154983139983141 983151983142 983143983151983151983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

B983137983154983147983155 983156983144983141 983159983137983161 983144983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140983155 983144983145983149 983155983141983141983149983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983140983151983143 983158983145983151983148983141983150983156 983151983154 983142983151983154983139983141983142983157983148

983139 983120E983122983123983119983118IFICA983124I983119983118 G983145983158983145983150983143 983144983157983149983137983150 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983156983151 983137983150983145983149983137983148983155 983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983155 983151983154 983145983150983137983150983145983149983137983156983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983145983154983140983155 983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983141983140 983156983144983141983145983154 983146983151983161 983131983137983150983145983149983137983148983133

2 983127983145983150983140 983161983141983148983148983155 983159983144983145983148983141 983138983148983151983159983145983150983143 983131983151983138983146983141983139983156983133

3 983124983145983149983141 983150983141983158983141983154 983155983156983151983152983155 983154983157983150983150983145983150983143 983131983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983133

983140 H983129983120E983122B983119LE 983117983137983147983145983150983143 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983151983157983150983140 983138983145983143983143983141983154 983138983141983156983156983141983154 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983145983156 983145983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150 983131983156983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983137983155 983144983141983137983158983161 983150983151983156 983137983139983156983157983137983148983148983161 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150983133

2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

983141 ALL983125983123I983119983118 I983150983140983145983154983141983139983156 983154983141983142983141983154983141983150983139983141 983156983151 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983157983139983144 983137983155 983139983144983137983154983137983139983156983141983154 983152983148983137983139983141 983151983154 983141983158983141983150983156

983141983143 1 G983141983156 983151983142983142 983156983144983137983156 983154983151983151983142 983127983144983151 983140983151 983161983151983157 983156983144983145983150983147 983161983151983157 983137983154983141 983123983152983145983140983141983154983149983137983150

2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

983137 983119983118983119983117A983124983119983120983119EIA 983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155

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983138 ALLI983124E983122A983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983156983144983137983156 983155983156983137983154983156 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156

983155983151983157983150983140983155 983141983143 1 B983154983137983150983140983155 D983157983150983147983145983150991257 D983151983150983157983156983155 983120983137983161983120983137983148 C983151983139983137983085C983151983148983137 B983141983140 B983137983156983144 amp B983141983161983151983150983140

2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

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983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















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UNIT 2





























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 3



NOUN PHRASE







Position











Determiner

Premodifier

Postmodifier

Head



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NOUN CLAUSE




Position 1 Subject







Subject

Verb



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

983123983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983155983151983157983154983139983141 983151983142 983143983151983151983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

B983137983154983147983155 983156983144983141 983159983137983161 983144983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140983155 983144983145983149 983155983141983141983149983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983140983151983143 983158983145983151983148983141983150983156 983151983154 983142983151983154983139983141983142983157983148

983139 983120E983122983123983119983118IFICA983124I983119983118 G983145983158983145983150983143 983144983157983149983137983150 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983156983151 983137983150983145983149983137983148983155 983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983155 983151983154 983145983150983137983150983145983149983137983156983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983145983154983140983155 983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983141983140 983156983144983141983145983154 983146983151983161 983131983137983150983145983149983137983148983133

2 983127983145983150983140 983161983141983148983148983155 983159983144983145983148983141 983138983148983151983159983145983150983143 983131983151983138983146983141983139983156983133

3 983124983145983149983141 983150983141983158983141983154 983155983156983151983152983155 983154983157983150983150983145983150983143 983131983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983133

983140 H983129983120E983122B983119LE 983117983137983147983145983150983143 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983151983157983150983140 983138983145983143983143983141983154 983138983141983156983156983141983154 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983145983156 983145983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150 983131983156983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983137983155 983144983141983137983158983161 983150983151983156 983137983139983156983157983137983148983148983161 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150983133

2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

983141 ALL983125983123I983119983118 I983150983140983145983154983141983139983156 983154983141983142983141983154983141983150983139983141 983156983151 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983157983139983144 983137983155 983139983144983137983154983137983139983156983141983154 983152983148983137983139983141 983151983154 983141983158983141983150983156

983141983143 1 G983141983156 983151983142983142 983156983144983137983156 983154983151983151983142 983127983144983151 983140983151 983161983151983157 983156983144983145983150983147 983161983151983157 983137983154983141 983123983152983145983140983141983154983149983137983150

2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

983137 983119983118983119983117A983124983119983120983119EIA 983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983144983145983155983155 (983155983150983137983147983141991257983155 983155983151983157983150983140) 983138983157983162983162 (983138983141983141991257983155 983155983151983157983150983140) 983138983151983151983149 (983141983160983152983148983151983155983145983151983150 983155983151983157983150983140)

983138 ALLI983124E983122A983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983156983144983137983156 983155983156983137983154983156 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156

983155983151983157983150983140983155 983141983143 1 B983154983137983150983140983155 D983157983150983147983145983150991257 D983151983150983157983156983155 983120983137983161983120983137983148 C983151983139983137983085C983151983148983137 B983141983140 B983137983156983144 amp B983141983161983151983150983140

2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

983120983154983151983152983141983154 983152983148983137983150983150983145983150983143 983152983154983141983158983141983150983156983155 983152983151983151983154 983152983141983154983142983151983154983149983137983150983139983141



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154

983141983143 983155983156983154983145983147983141 amp 983143983154983145983150983140 983131983137I983133 983144983137983156 amp 983149983137983150 983131983270983133 983139983148983151983137983147 amp 983149983151983137983150 983131Ə983157983133

983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 3



NOUN PHRASE







Position











Determiner

Premodifier

Postmodifier

Head



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

NOUN CLAUSE




Position 1 Subject







Subject

Verb



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

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FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

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2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

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1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

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2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

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2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

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983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

NOUN CLAUSE




Position 1 Subject







Subject

Verb



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

DETERMINER

1 Pre-Determiner




2 CentralDeterminer


ii Indefiniteaan

b Pronoun





c Negativeno

3 Post-Determiner

a Number






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

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3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

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1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















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UNIT 11
























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UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 4

























thi thi thi thi



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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









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OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

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2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

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983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



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983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

983123983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983155983151983157983154983139983141 983151983142 983143983151983151983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

B983137983154983147983155 983156983144983141 983159983137983161 983144983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140983155 983144983145983149 983155983141983141983149983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983140983151983143 983158983145983151983148983141983150983156 983151983154 983142983151983154983139983141983142983157983148

983139 983120E983122983123983119983118IFICA983124I983119983118 G983145983158983145983150983143 983144983157983149983137983150 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983156983151 983137983150983145983149983137983148983155 983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983155 983151983154 983145983150983137983150983145983149983137983156983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983145983154983140983155 983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983141983140 983156983144983141983145983154 983146983151983161 983131983137983150983145983149983137983148983133

2 983127983145983150983140 983161983141983148983148983155 983159983144983145983148983141 983138983148983151983159983145983150983143 983131983151983138983146983141983139983156983133

3 983124983145983149983141 983150983141983158983141983154 983155983156983151983152983155 983154983157983150983150983145983150983143 983131983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983133

983140 H983129983120E983122B983119LE 983117983137983147983145983150983143 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983151983157983150983140 983138983145983143983143983141983154 983138983141983156983156983141983154 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983145983156 983145983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150 983131983156983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983137983155 983144983141983137983158983161 983150983151983156 983137983139983156983157983137983148983148983161 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150983133

2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

983141 ALL983125983123I983119983118 I983150983140983145983154983141983139983156 983154983141983142983141983154983141983150983139983141 983156983151 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983157983139983144 983137983155 983139983144983137983154983137983139983156983141983154 983152983148983137983139983141 983151983154 983141983158983141983150983156

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

983137 983119983118983119983117A983124983119983120983119EIA 983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155

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2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

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1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




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SHALL WILL











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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

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2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

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2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

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983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

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2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

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2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

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3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

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983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

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2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

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2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

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2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

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2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154

983141983143 983155983156983154983145983147983141 amp 983143983154983145983150983140 983131983137I983133 983144983137983156 amp 983149983137983150 983131983270983133 983139983148983151983137983147 amp 983149983151983137983150 983131Ə983157983133

983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 5















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















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UNIT 6

MODAL AUXILIARIES








COULD1 Criticism eg









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091












OUGHT TO




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

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2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

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2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

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3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















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UNIT 11
























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UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983091983089

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OUGHT TO




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SHALL WILL











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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

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2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

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2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

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2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

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2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

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3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

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1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

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2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

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2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

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2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

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3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

983120983154983151983152983141983154 983152983148983137983150983150983145983150983143 983152983154983141983158983141983150983156983155 983152983151983151983154 983152983141983154983142983151983154983149983137983150983139983141



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154

983141983143 983155983156983154983145983147983141 amp 983143983154983145983150983140 983131983137I983133 983144983137983156 amp 983149983137983150 983131983270983133 983139983148983151983137983147 amp 983149983151983137983150 983131Ə983157983133

983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

SHALL WILL











983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983145983150983143 983145983140983141983137983155 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983155 983137983150983140 983141983160983152983141983154983145983141983150983139983141983155 983145983150 983155983144983151983154983156 983148983145983150983141983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983137 983155983149983137983148983148 983150983157983149983138983141983154 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155

2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983156983144983137983156 983138983154983145983150983143983155 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983156983151 983149983145983150983140

3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150

983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

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2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















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UNIT 7


DEFI983118I983124I983119983118

1 983120983151983141983156983154983161 983137 983152983145983141983139983141 983151983142 983159983154983145983156983145983150983143 983145983150 983159983144983145983139983144 983148983137983150983143983157983137983143983141 983145983155 983157983155983141983140 983142983151983154 983145983156983155 983137983141983155983156983144983141983156983145983139 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983145983150 983137983140983140983145983156983145983151983150 983156983151 983145983156983155 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143

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2 L983161983154983145983139983155 983137 983155983141983156 983151983142 983159983151983154983140983155 983159983144983145983139983144 983137983154983141 983155983141983156 983156983151 983149983157983155983145983139 983149983151983155983156983148983161 983156983151 983141983150983156983141983154983156983137983145983150 983156983144983141 983148983145983155983156983141983150983141983154983155

FEA983124983125983122E983123

1 983124HE983117E

983137 983124983144983141 983149983137983145983150 983145983140983141983137 983151983154 983156983144983141 983152983154983145983149983137983154983161 983156983144983151983157983143983144983156983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983137983138983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983155983157983138983146983141983139983156

983138 983124983144983141 983157983150983140983141983154983148983161983145983150983143 983149983141983137983150983145983150983143 983149983151983154983137983148 983151983154 983149983141983155983155983137983143983141 983151983142 983148983145983156983141983154983137983154983161 983159983151983154983147983155

2 C983119983118983124E983118983124 983123983125BJEC983124 983117A983124983124E983122 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983156983151983152983145983139983155 983156983144983137983156 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141 983155983156983154983151983150983143 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142

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3 A983124983117983119983123983120HE983122E 983156983144983141 983141983149983151983156983145983151983150983137983148 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143 983145983150983155983152983145983154983141983140 983138983161 983137 983159983151983154983147 983139983154983141983137983156983141983140 983138983161 983140983145983139983156983145983151983150 983155983141983156983156983145983150983143 983145983149983137983143983141983154983161 983137983150983140

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983123983119983125983118D 983120A983124983124E983122983118983123

1 983122H983129983124H983117 983152983137983156983156983141983154983150 983156983144983154983151983157983143983144 983156983144983141 983137983154983154983137983150983143983141983149983141983150983156 983151983142 983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983137983150983140 983157983150983155983156983154983141983155983155983141983140 983155983161983148983148983137983138983148983141983155

983141983143 L983151983158983141 983145983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983157983149983152 983151983142 983143983151983148983140H983137983154983140 983156983151 983143983141983156 983137983150983140 983144983137983154983140 983156983151 983144983151983148983140

983119983142 983137983148983148 983156983144983141 983143983145983154983148983155 I991257983158983141 983141983158983141983154 983149983141983156

983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983156983144983141 983151983150983141 I 983139983137983150991257983156 983142983151983154983143983141983156 983131L983151983161 B983151983159983149983137983150983133

2 983122H983129983117E 983137 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983145983150 983156983144983141 983155983151983157983150983140 983151983142 983159983151983154983140 983141983150983140983145983150983143983155

983141983143 1 A983150 983137983152983152983148983141 983137 983140983137983161 983147983141983141983152983155 983156983144983141 983140983151983139983156983151983154 983137983159983137983161

2 D983151983150991257983156 983148983151983155983141 983161983151983157983154 983159983137983161 983131983154983144983161983149983141 983155983139983144983141983149983141983133

983127983145983156983144 983141983137983139983144 983152983137983155983155983145983150983143 983140983137983161

3 C983151983148983157983149983138983157983155 983155983137983145983148983141983140 983156983144983141 983151983139983141983137983150 983138983148983157983141I983150 983142983151983157983154983156983141983141983150983085983144983157983150983140983154983141983140983085983150983145983150983141983156983161983085983156983159983151

3 983122E983120E983124I983124I983119983118 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983151983154 983152983144983154983137983155983141983155 983142983151983154 983141983149983152983144983137983155983145983155

983141983143 I 983148983151983158983141 983161983151983157 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137983150983161983156983144983145983150983143

983117983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983137 983140983145983137983149983151983150983140 983154983145983150983143



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983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

983137 983123I983117ILE 983156983144983141 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983140983145983142983142983141983154983141983150983156 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983157983155983145983150983143 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140 991256983148983145983147983141991257 983151983154 991256983137983155991257

983141983143 1 H983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983138983154983137983158983141 983148983145983147983141 983137 983148983145983151983150 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983154983137983158983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983148983145983151983150991257983133

2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

983138 983117E983124A983120H983119983122 I983149983152983148983145983139983145983156 983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983155983151983150 983138983141983156983159983141983141983150 983156983159983151 983157983150983148983145983147983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155 983156983151 983155983144983151983159 983156983144983137983156 983156983144983141 983156983159983151 983156983144983145983150983143983155 983144983137983158983141

983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983137983150983140 983156983151 983149983137983147983141 983156983144983141 983140983141983155983139983154983145983152983156983145983151983150 983149983151983154983141 983152983151983159983141983154983142983157983148 (983159983145983156983144983151983157983156 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155 991256983148983145983147983141991257

983151983154 991256983137983155991257)983141983143 1 983129983151983157 983137983154983141 983149983161 983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983161983151983157991257 983156983151 991256983155983157983150983155983144983145983150983141991257983133 983150983151983157983150

983123983157983150983155983144983145983150983141 983155983151983157983154983139983141 983151983142 983143983151983151983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

2 H983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983137983148983159983137983161983155 983138983137983154983147983155 983137 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140 983137983156 983144983145983149 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983157983150983139983148983141991257 983156983151 983137 991256983140983151983143991257983133 983158983141983154983138

B983137983154983147983155 983156983144983141 983159983137983161 983144983145983155 983157983150983139983148983141 983139983151983149983149983137983150983140983155 983144983145983149 983155983141983141983149983155 983148983145983147983141 983137 983140983151983143 983158983145983151983148983141983150983156 983151983154 983142983151983154983139983141983142983157983148

983139 983120E983122983123983119983118IFICA983124I983119983118 G983145983158983145983150983143 983144983157983149983137983150 983153983157983137983148983145983156983145983141983155 983156983151 983137983150983145983149983137983148983155 983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983155 983151983154 983145983150983137983150983145983149983137983156983141 983151983138983146983141983139983156983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983145983154983140983155 983141983160983152983154983141983155983155983141983140 983156983144983141983145983154 983146983151983161 983131983137983150983145983149983137983148983133

2 983127983145983150983140 983161983141983148983148983155 983159983144983145983148983141 983138983148983151983159983145983150983143 983131983151983138983146983141983139983156983133

3 983124983145983149983141 983150983141983158983141983154 983155983156983151983152983155 983154983157983150983150983145983150983143 983131983137983138983155983156983154983137983139983156983133

983140 H983129983120E983122B983119LE 983117983137983147983145983150983143 983155983151983149983141983156983144983145983150983143 983155983151983157983150983140 983138983145983143983143983141983154 983138983141983156983156983141983154 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983156983144983137983150 983145983156 983145983155

983141983143 1 983124983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150 983131983156983144983141 983138983137983143 983159983137983155 983144983141983137983158983161 983150983151983156 983137983139983156983157983137983148983148983161 983159983141983145983143983144983141983140 983137 983156983151983150983133

2 J983151983144983150 983144983137983155 983137983150 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983151983142 983137 983155983156983137983154983158983145983150983143 983148983145983151983150 983131J983151983144983150991257983155 983137983152983152983141983156983145983156983141 983145983155 983158983141983154983161 983155983156983154983151983150983143983133

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2 983119983144 983140983151983150991257983156 983138983141 983155983157983139983144 983137 983122983151983149983141983151 983156983151 983149983141

3 983127983144983141983150 983145983156 983139983137983149983141 983156983151 983139983137983148983139983157983148983157983155 I 983144983137983140 983149983141983156 983149983161 983127983137983156983141983154983148983151983151

2 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983137 983155983141983150983155983141 983151983142 983155983151983157983150983140

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2 983120983141983151983152983148983141 983122983151983150983137983148983140 983122983141983137983143983137983150 983117983145983139983147983141983161 983117983151983157983155983141 D983151983150983137983148983140 D983157983139983147 F983154983141983140 F983148983145983150983155983156983151983150983141 B983141983154983150983137983154983140 B983141983137983154

3 983123983137983161983145983150983143983155 983150983151983159 983151983154 983150983141983158983141983154 983140983151 983151983154 983140983145983141 983155983159983145983149 983151983154 983155983145983150983147 983139983154983137983139983147 983156983144983141 983139983151983140983141

4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

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983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















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UNIT 11
























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UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




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plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















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983120983119E983124IC LI983124E983122A983122983129 DE983126ICE983123

1 983124983151 983139983154983141983137983156983141 983145983149983137983143983141983155 983137983150983140 983142983141983141983148983145983150983143983155

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2 983123983151983149983141 983155983156983157983140983141983150983156983155 983137983154983141 983137983155 983138983157983155983161 983137983155 983137 983138983141983141 983131983139983151983149983152983137983154983145983150983143 991256983138983157983155983161991257 983156983151 983137 991256983138983141983141991257983133

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4 983123983156983137983156983141983149983141983150983156983155 D983151983150991257983156 983140983154983145983150983147 983137983150983140 983140983154983145983158983141

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1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



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UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





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[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







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7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






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UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



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Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









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2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






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UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




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butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




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whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



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UNIT 10















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UNIT 11
























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UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








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be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983139 A983123983123983119983118A983118CE (983158983151983159983141983148 983154983144983161983149983141) 983156983144983141 983155983145983149983145983148983137983154983145983156983161 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983158983151983159983141983148 983155983151983157983150983140983155 983145983150 983159983151983154983140983155 983156983144983137983156 983137983154983141 983139983148983151983155983141

983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154

983141983143 983155983156983154983145983147983141 amp 983143983154983145983150983140 983131983137I983133 983144983137983156 amp 983149983137983150 983131983270983133 983139983148983151983137983147 amp 983149983151983137983150 983131Ə983157983133

983142983154983141983141 amp 983141983137983143983148983141 983131983145983133 983149983151983151983150 amp J983157983150983141 983131983157983133 983143983154983151983159983148 amp 983139983154983151983159983140 983131983137983157983133

1 I 983156983154983161 983156983151 983148983145983143983144983156 983156983144983141 983142983145983154983141 983131983137I983133

2 I 983148983145983141 983140983151983159983150 983138983161 983156983144983141 983155983145983140983141 983151983142 983149983161 983138983154983145983140983141 983131983137I983133

983140 C983119983118983123983119983118A983118CE 983156983144983141 983157983155983141 983151983142 983156983159983151 983151983154 983149983151983154983141 983159983151983154983140983155 983139983148983151983155983141 983156983151983143983141983156983144983141983154 983159983145983156983144 983156983144983141 983155983137983149983141 983139983151983150983155983151983150983137983150983156 983155983151983157983150983140983155

983159983145983156983144983145983150 983156983144983141 983159983151983154983140983155

983141983143 983155983144983151983154983156 amp 983155983159983141983141983156 983131983156983133 983142983145983154983155983156 amp 983148983137983155983156 983131983155983156983133 983142983145983155983144 amp 983138983154983157983155983144 983131int983133

983138983148983137983150983147 amp 983156983144983145983150983147 983131ŋ983147983133 983155983156983154983151983150983143 amp 983155983156983154983145983150983143 983131ŋ983133

1 983123983151983149983141 983149983137983149983149983137983148983155 983137983154983141 983139983148983137983149983149983161

2 I 983159983137983150983156 983156983151 983138983141 983152983137983154983156 983151983142 983161983151983157983154 983144983141983137983154983156



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 7











1 TIME


that once

b Examples












b Examples





983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091







[formal]



[formal]


rain


4 CONDITION






[formal]




5 CONTRAST



b Examples



dangerous







983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



7 PURPOSE


b Examples






could

8 RESULT


b Examples





9 COMPARISON

a Conjunction



b Examples




10 MANNER


b Example






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 8





GRAMMATICAL CHANGES


DIRECT INDIRECT

I He She

You (Subj) I He She


Our Their Our

Your My His Her

TENSES

DIRECT INDIRECT










MODAL AUXILIARIES

DIRECT INDIRECT



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

Could


Could




today that day

tonight that night





the preceding

ago before earlier


the preceding day


here there

this that

these those

EXAMPLES

1 DECLARATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT









983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

2 IMPERATIVE

1 POSITIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




2 NEGATIVE

DIRECT INDIRECT




3 INTERROGATIVE



DIRECT INDIRECT





DIRECT INDIRECT






983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 9
























besidesfurthermore




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

butyet


still



so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus















clause(s)




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



whopeople[subj]


whompeople[obj]





whichanimalsamp



thatneutral






amhandsome



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 10















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 11
























983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

UNIT 12

ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES



1 Relative pronoun
















a Close the door








983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


be was were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat


begin began begun


bet bet bet


bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken



build built built


burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught


come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug


do did done

draw drew drawn


drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten


flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown





freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown


hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


lead led led



leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain


make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met




983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159 983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155 983159983141983141983138983148983161 983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091



983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124 983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091

983091983089

983110983119983122983117983125983116983105 983119983110 983124983109983118983123983109983123




















983144983156983156983152983098983087983087983159983159983159983140983137983158983145983155983157983147983155983141983155983159983141983141983138983148983161983139983151983149 983164 983108983137983158983145 $983157983147$983141$ 983111983122983105983108983109 983098 983128 983123983117983105 983123983125983124983085983089983099 983123983124983109983120 983105983112983109983105983108 983091


plead pled pled


put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid


rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawedsawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold


sew sewed sewedsewn

shake shook shaken


shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone




shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain


slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowedsown

speak spoke spoken

d d d


steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk




swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept


swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught




throw threw thrown


tread trod trodden




wear wore worn


wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won



wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

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Grammar Handout [Consolidated] 2nd Edition

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Transcript of Grammar Handout [Consolidated] 2nd Edition